Personalized Radiation Therapy: Guided with Imaging Technologies

Download Personalized Radiation Therapy: Guided with Imaging Technologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832511090
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Personalized Radiation Therapy: Guided with Imaging Technologies by : Yingli Yang

Download or read book Personalized Radiation Therapy: Guided with Imaging Technologies written by Yingli Yang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-01-09 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Image-Guided Radiation Therapy

Download Image-Guided Radiation Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439802734
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Image-Guided Radiation Therapy by : J. Daniel Bourland

Download or read book Image-Guided Radiation Therapy written by J. Daniel Bourland and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-02-22 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Image-Guided Radiation Therapy presents key image-guided radiation treatment (IGRT) technologies for external beam radiotherapy. The book explores the decades-long technological developments that have occurred in the realm of image-guided conformal, customized radiation treatment. Expert authors, all of whom have actively participated in the development or implementation of IGRT, imaging, and enabling technologies, share their first-hand experiences on the science, clinical uses, and impact of these technologies. They describe kilovoltage and megavoltage imaging as well as radiological, ultrasound, and optical technologies for determining and validating target and patient positioning. The book examines how anatomical and biological imaging using CT and PET has contributed to the understanding of target volume boundaries and biological behavior. It also explores such innovations as 4D PET/CT and digital tomosynthesis. Advancing patient care, this book focuses on a wealth of hybrid IGRT technologies and devices for coupled imaging and treatment inside the radiation treatment room. It thoroughly covers the modalities, software tools, and imaging treatment geometries that constitute IGRT.

Image-Guided and Adaptive Radiation Therapy

Download Image-Guided and Adaptive Radiation Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1469801876
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (698 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Image-Guided and Adaptive Radiation Therapy by : Robert D. Timmerman

Download or read book Image-Guided and Adaptive Radiation Therapy written by Robert D. Timmerman and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2012-10-09 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides detailed, state-of-the-art information and guidelines on the latest developments, innovations, and clinical procedures in image-guided and adaptive radiation therapy. The first section discusses key methodological and technological issues in image-guided and adaptive radiation therapy, including use of implanted fiducial markers, management of respiratory motion, image-guided stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy, three-dimensional conformal brachytherapy, target definition and localization, and PET/CT and biologically conformal radiation therapy. The second section provides practical clinical information on image-guided adaptive radiation therapy for cancers at all common anatomic sites and for pediatric cancers. The third section offers practical guidelines for establishing an effective image-guided adaptive radiation therapy program.

Image-Guided Radiation Therapy

Download Image-Guided Radiation Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1439802742
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Image-Guided Radiation Therapy by : J. Daniel Bourland

Download or read book Image-Guided Radiation Therapy written by J. Daniel Bourland and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2012-02-22 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Image-Guided Radiation Therapy presents key image-guided radiation treatment (IGRT) technologies for external beam radiotherapy. The book explores the decades-long technological developments that have occurred in the realm of image-guided conformal, customized radiation treatment. Expert authors, all of whom have actively participated in the development or implementation of IGRT, imaging, and enabling technologies, share their first-hand experiences on the science, clinical uses, and impact of these technologies. They describe kilovoltage and megavoltage imaging as well as radiological, ultrasound, and optical technologies for determining and validating target and patient positioning. The book examines how anatomical and biological imaging using CT and PET has contributed to the understanding of target volume boundaries and biological behavior. It also explores such innovations as 4D PET/CT and digital tomosynthesis. Advancing patient care, this book focuses on a wealth of hybrid IGRT technologies and devices for coupled imaging and treatment inside the radiation treatment room. It thoroughly covers the modalities, software tools, and imaging treatment geometries that constitute IGRT.

MR Linac Radiotherapy

Download MR Linac Radiotherapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0323985483
Total Pages : 564 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis MR Linac Radiotherapy by : Sara L. Hackett

Download or read book MR Linac Radiotherapy written by Sara L. Hackett and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-12-01 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MR Linac Radiotherapy: A New Personalized Treatment Approach comprises both clinical and physical aspects of this new technology. The book covers treatment planning, workflow and technical issues about MR-Linac. Specially, the clinical use of MR-Linac according to different cancer types is presented by experienced physicians. This is a unique guide for medical physicists, RTTs, dosimetrists and physicians, as well as radiation oncologists and their teams. The MR Linac combines two technologies - a magnetic resonance imaging scanner and a linear accelerator - to precisely locate tumors, tailor the shape of radiation beams in real-time, and precisely deliver doses of radiation, even to moving tumors. This highly innovative technology is very new, and the number of newly installed MR-Linac machines will gradually increase worldwide. However, as there is no published book as a guideline, this book will help new MR-Linac users and centers planning to have MR-Linac. Presents the first book on MR Linac Radiotherapy Comprises both clinical and physical aspects of this new technology Written by leading editors and authors in the field

Advances in Radiation Oncology

Download Advances in Radiation Oncology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319532359
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Radiation Oncology by : Jeffrey Y.C. Wong

Download or read book Advances in Radiation Oncology written by Jeffrey Y.C. Wong and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-04-20 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book concisely reviews important advances in radiation oncology, providing practicing radiation oncologists with a fundamental understanding of each topic and an appreciation of its significance for the future of radiation oncology. It explores in detail the impact of newer imaging modalities, such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) using fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and other novel agents, which deliver improved visualization of the physiologic and phenotypic features of a given cancer, helping oncologists to provide more targeted radiotherapy and assess the response. Due consideration is also given to how advanced technologies for radiation therapy delivery have created new treatment options for patients with localized and metastatic disease, highlighting the increasingly important role of image-guided radiotherapy in treating systemic and oligometastatic disease. Further topics include the potential value of radiotherapy in enhancing immunotherapy thanks to the broader immune-stimulatory effects, how cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment influence response, and the application of mathematical and systems biology methods to radiotherapy.

Image-Guided Radiotherapy of Lung Cancer

Download Image-Guided Radiotherapy of Lung Cancer PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780849387838
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (878 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Image-Guided Radiotherapy of Lung Cancer by : James D. Cox

Download or read book Image-Guided Radiotherapy of Lung Cancer written by James D. Cox and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-09-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, but IGRT (image guided radiation therapy) offers the possibility of more aggressive and enhanced treatments. The only available source on the subject that emphasizes new imaging techniques, and provides step-by-step treatment guidelines for lung cancer, this source helps clinicians locate and target tumors with enhanced speed, improve the accuracy of radiation delivery, and correctly target cancerous masses while avoiding surrounding structures. Edited by radiation oncology experts from the renowned M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, this guide: focuses on novel approaches using IGRT, particularly PET/CT, SPECT, 4-D CT, stereotactic body radiation therapy, IMRT and proton radiotherapy, and offers expert guidance on the dose, fractionation, target volume delineation (including recommended margins with and without respiratory gating based on our new 4-D CT study), and normal tissue tolerances stands as the first step-by-step guide for radiation oncologists to implement new image-guided techniques into their day-to-day clinical practice, and considers the practical issues of implementing these approaches into their routine helps clinicians use imaging technologies to detect changes in tumor size, shape, position, or metabolism over a course of radiotherapy treatment provides disease stage-specific treatment guidelines and clearly lays out imaging techniques serves as roadmap for future research and development

Principles and Practice of Image-Guided Radiation Therapy of Lung Cancer

Download Principles and Practice of Image-Guided Radiation Therapy of Lung Cancer PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1498736785
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (987 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Principles and Practice of Image-Guided Radiation Therapy of Lung Cancer by : Jing Cai

Download or read book Principles and Practice of Image-Guided Radiation Therapy of Lung Cancer written by Jing Cai and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-09-18 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a comprehensive overview on the use of image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) in the treatment of lung cancer, covering step-by-step guidelines for clinical implementations, fundamental principles and key technical advances. It covers benefits and limitations of techniques as well as quality and safety issues related to IGRT practice. Addresses imaging simulation, treatment planning, verification, and delivery Discusses important quality assurance issues Describes current methods using specialized machines and technologies Jing Cai, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology at Duke University Medical Center. Joe Y. Chang, MD, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Radiation Oncology at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. Fang-Fang Yin, PhD, is Chief of the Division of Radiation Physics, Professor of Radiation Oncology, and Director of the Medical Physics program at Duke University.

Adaptive Radiation Therapy

Download Adaptive Radiation Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781439816356
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (163 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Adaptive Radiation Therapy by : X. Allen Li

Download or read book Adaptive Radiation Therapy written by X. Allen Li and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-01-27 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern medical imaging and radiation therapy technologies are so complex and computer driven that it is difficult for physicians and technologists to know exactly what is happening at the point-of-care. Medical physicists responsible for filling this gap in knowledge must stay abreast of the latest advances at the intersection of medical imaging and radiation therapy. This book provides medical physicists and radiation oncologists current and relevant information on Adaptive Radiation Therapy (ART), a state-of-the-art approach that uses a feedback process to account for patient-specific anatomic and/or biological changes, thus delivering highly individualized radiation therapy for cancer patients. The book should also benefit medical dosimetrists and radiation therapists. Adaptive Radiation Therapy describes technological and methodological advances in the field of ART, as well as initial clinical experiences using ART for selected anatomic sites. Divided into three sections (radiobiological basis, current technologies, and clinical applications), the book covers: Morphological and biological biomarkers for patient-specific planning Design and optimization of treatment plans Delivery of IMRT and IGRT intervention methodologies of ART Management of intrafraction variations, particularly with respiratory motion Quality assurance needed to ensure the safe delivery of ART ART applications in several common cancer types / anatomic sites The technology and methodology for ART have advanced significantly in the last few years and accumulated clinical data have demonstrated the need for ART in clinical settings, assisted by the wide application of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). This book shows the real potential for supplying every patient with individualized radiation therapy that is maximally accurate and precise.

Image-guided Radiation Therapy

Download Image-guided Radiation Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : PMPH-USA
ISBN 13 : 9781607950424
Total Pages : 672 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (54 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Image-guided Radiation Therapy by : Arno J. Mundt

Download or read book Image-guided Radiation Therapy written by Arno J. Mundt and published by PMPH-USA. This book was released on 2010-12-31 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) is a true revolution in the field of radiation oncology. IGRT provides the unprecedented means of conforming does to the shape of the target tissues in 3-dimensions reducing the risk of complications thereby improving the quality of life of irradiated patients. Moreover, IGRT provides the means to deliver higher than conventional doses thus improving the chance of cure in these patients. Despite its established benefits, several barriers exist to the widespread clinical implementation of IGRT. In the past, great concerns existed regarding the large capital outlay needed for both software and hardware. This barrier is less relevant today given the increased reimbursements possible with IGRT. Today, the most significant barrier is education. IGRT is a fundamentally new approach to both treatment planning and delivery. Adoption of the IGRT approach entails new ways of thinking in regard to patient selection, treatment planning and quality assurance measures. Unfortunately, apart from a few University-based short courses, limited resources are available for the physician and physicist interested in learning IGRT.

Principles and Practice of Radiation Therapy

Download Principles and Practice of Radiation Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Mosby
ISBN 13 : 9780323053624
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (536 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Principles and Practice of Radiation Therapy by : Charles M. Washington

Download or read book Principles and Practice of Radiation Therapy written by Charles M. Washington and published by Mosby. This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn everything you need to know about radiation therapy with the only comprehensive text written for radiation therapy students by radiation therapists. Principles and Practice of Radiation Therapy is designed to help you understand cancer management, improve clinical techniques for delivering doses of radiation, and apply complex concepts to treatment planning and delivery. This edition features enhanced learning tools and thoroughly updated content, including three new chapters to inform you of increasingly important technologies and practices. The up-to-date and authoritative coverage of this text make it a resource you'll want to consult throughout your radiation therapy courses and beyond. Complete coverage of radiation therapy provides all introductory content plus the full scope of information on physics, simulation, and treatment planning. This popular and well-reviewed text continues to be regarded by many radiation therapy professionals as a strong, comprehensive, and authoritative source. Contributions from a broad range of practitioners bring you the expertise of radiation therapists, physicians, nurses, administrators, and educators who are part of cancer management teams. Chapters on image guided radiation therapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy, and CT simulation keep you up-to-date with emerging technologies. Objectives, bulleted summaries, and spotlights join an already impressive list of pedagogical features including chapter outlines, key terms, review questions with answers, critical thinking questions, and a complete, updated glossary. Color inserts show significant procedures and imaging technologies clearly.

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

Download Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 364225604X
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy by : Simon S. Lo

Download or read book Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy written by Simon S. Lo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-28 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has emerged as an important innovative treatment for various primary and metastatic cancers. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the physical/technological, biological, and clinical aspects of SBRT. It will serve as a detailed resource for this rapidly developing treatment modality. The organ sites covered include lung, liver, spine, pancreas, prostate, adrenal, head and neck, and female reproductive tract. Retrospective studies and prospective clinical trials on SBRT for various organ sites from around the world are examined, and toxicities and normal tissue constraints are discussed. This book features unique insights from world-renowned experts in SBRT from North America, Asia, and Europe. It will be necessary reading for radiation oncologists, radiation oncology residents and fellows, medical physicists, medical physics residents, medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, and cancer scientists.

Image-Guided Radiation Therapy

Download Image-Guided Radiation Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : People's Medical Publishing House
ISBN 13 : 9781607952091
Total Pages : 631 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Image-Guided Radiation Therapy by : Arno J. Mundt

Download or read book Image-Guided Radiation Therapy written by Arno J. Mundt and published by People's Medical Publishing House. This book was released on 2011 with total page 631 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: IGRT covers nearly every aspect of radiation treatment planning and delivery in radiation therapy and explains both the "why" and the "how," the art and the science of IGRT. Image Guided Radiation Therapy: A Clinical Perspective provides an overview of the basic concepts of IGRT and includes a review of its history and present status. Additionally, Image-Guided Target Delineation Technologies presents an in-depth overview of the main imaging modalities used for target delineation, namely computed tomography (CT) including 4-dimensional (4D) CT, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and positron emission tomography (PET). Image Guided Treatment Technologies systemically introduces the reader to the major in-room IGRT treatment technologies available today, including video, ultrasound, planar and volumetric-based imaging systems. Organized anatomically, Clinical Sites and Case Studies is a comprehensive overview of the clinical applications of IGRT. Within each section, traditional overview chapters are paired with case studies of actual treated patients, focusing on image-guided target delineation and image-guided treatment delivery.

Image-Guided IMRT

Download Image-Guided IMRT PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540303561
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Image-Guided IMRT by : Thomas Bortfeld

Download or read book Image-Guided IMRT written by Thomas Bortfeld and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-05-28 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), one of the most important developments in radiation oncology in the past 25 years, involves technology to deliver radiation to tumors in the right location, quantity and time. Unavoidable irradiation of surrounding normal tissues is distributed so as to preserve their function. The achievements and future directions in the field are grouped in the three sections of the book, each suitable for supporting a teaching course. Part 1 contains topical reviews of the basic principles of IMRT, part 2 describes advanced techniques such as image-guided and biologically based approaches, and part 3 focuses on investigation of IMRT to improve outcome at various cancer sites.

New Technologies in Radiation Oncology

Download New Technologies in Radiation Oncology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540299998
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Technologies in Radiation Oncology by : Wolfgang C. Schlegel

Download or read book New Technologies in Radiation Oncology written by Wolfgang C. Schlegel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-27 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: - Summarizes the state of the art in the most relevant areas of medical physics and engineering applied to radiation oncology - Covers all relevant areas of the subject in detail, including 3D imaging and image processing, 3D treatment planning, modern treatment techniques, patient positioning, and aspects of verification and quality assurance - Conveys information in a readily understandable way that will appeal to professionals and students with a medical background as well as to newcomers to radiation oncology from the field of physics

Image-Guided Cancer Therapy

Download Image-Guided Cancer Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9781441907509
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (75 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Image-Guided Cancer Therapy by : Damian E. Dupuy

Download or read book Image-Guided Cancer Therapy written by Damian E. Dupuy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-08-06 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Image-Guided Cancer Therapy: A Multidisciplinary Approach provides clinicians with in-depth coverage of the growing, dynamic field of interventional oncology. Combining the knowledge of expert editors and authors into one powerhouse reference, this book looks at tumor ablation, HIFU, embolic therapies, emerging technologies, and radiation therapy throughout the body (liver, bone, breast, gynecologic and prostate cancers, to name just a few) , and includes discussion of different imaging modalities. In the words of Peter Mueller, MD, author of the book’s Foreword: “... The senior authors are all world renowned experts in interventional oncology, which is another example of the high quality authorship and experience that is brought to this book. The later chapters discuss therapies that are simply not covered in any other source. Everyone who is doing or wants to do ablation therapies and interventional oncology will face a time when they will be asked to use their expertise in less used and less investigated areas. There is nowhere else where the reader can get information on the prostate, breast, and gynecologic areas, and especially pediatrics....This book is an outstanding contribution to the literature and will become a ‘must read’ for all physicians who are interested in Interventional Oncology.”

Surface Guided Radiation Therapy

Download Surface Guided Radiation Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429951809
Total Pages : 515 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Surface Guided Radiation Therapy by : Jeremy David Page Hoisak

Download or read book Surface Guided Radiation Therapy written by Jeremy David Page Hoisak and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-02-13 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface Guided Radiation Therapy provides a comprehensive overview of optical surface image guidance systems for radiation therapy. It serves as an introductory teaching resource for students and trainees, and a valuable reference for medical physicists, physicians, radiation therapists, and administrators who wish to incorporate surface guided radiation therapy (SGRT) into their clinical practice. This is the first book dedicated to the principles and practice of SGRT, featuring: Chapters authored by an internationally represented list of physicists, radiation oncologists and therapists, edited by pioneers and experts in SGRT Covering the evolution of localization systems and their role in quality and safety, current SGRT systems, practical guides to commissioning and quality assurance, clinical applications by anatomic site, and emerging topics including skin mark-less setups. Several dedicated chapters on SGRT for intracranial radiosurgery and breast, covering technical aspects, risk assessment and outcomes. Jeremy Hoisak, PhD, DABR is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences at the University of California, San Diego. Dr. Hoisak’s clinical expertise includes radiosurgery and respiratory motion management. Adam Paxton, PhD, DABR is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the University of Utah. Dr. Paxton’s clinical expertise includes patient safety, motion management, radiosurgery, and proton therapy. Benjamin Waghorn, PhD, DABR is the Director of Clinical Physics at Vision RT. Dr. Waghorn’s research interests include intensity modulated radiation therapy, motion management, and surface image guidance systems. Todd Pawlicki, PhD, DABR, FAAPM, FASTRO, is Professor and Vice-Chair for Medical Physics in the Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences at the University of California, San Diego. Dr. Pawlicki has published extensively on quality and safety in radiation therapy. He has served on the Board of Directors for the American Society for Radiology Oncology (ASTRO) and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM).