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Perceived Barriers To Participation In Hiv Vaccine Trials Among Eligible Men Who Have Sex With Men
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Book Synopsis Perceived Barriers to Participation in HIV Vaccine Trials Among Eligible Men who Have Sex with Men by : Babatunde Adewoyin
Download or read book Perceived Barriers to Participation in HIV Vaccine Trials Among Eligible Men who Have Sex with Men written by Babatunde Adewoyin and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enrollment of participants is a vital step in the conduct of clinical trials to test candidate HIV vaccines. In order to efficiently enroll participants in vaccine trials, there is a need for investigators to adequately understand and address concerns or perceived barriers of potential participants. Between December 2010 and March 2011, HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) carried out a mixed methods study among men who have sex with men (MSM) with the aim to better understand their attitudes towards getting involved in biomedical HIV prevention research. This study was a supplement to HVTN505, a phase IIb vaccine trial recruiting MSM in the US. Data collection among MSM included a survey with 1,835 respondents and six focus group discussions with a total of 62 participants in six cities in the US (Boston, Denver, Chicago, New York, Houston and Los Angeles). Of 324 survey respondents that were asked to rate their willingness to participate in an HIV vaccine trial on a four-point scale (very, somewhat, not sure and not at all willing), only 70 (21.6%) cited "very willing". Among those who did not cite "very willing", perceived side effects of vaccination (78%), perceived risk of iatrogenic HIV infection from vaccination (42%) and Vaccine-induced HIV Seropositivity (VISP) (37%) emerged as their topmost three barriers to participation. Reassurance about vaccine safety and more information about HIV vaccine research emerged as the two most important possible motivators for the respondents not very willing. Focus group participants cited barriers similar to those indicated by survey respondents. They expressed concern about not having sufficient information about the potential side effects of study vaccines, were skeptical that study participants could not be infected with HIV from study vaccines, and cited several physical, social and financial concerns regarding VISP. Focusing efforts on increasing awareness among MSM (especially most at risk groups i.e. African Americans and Latinos) regarding HIV vaccine research might increase willingness. Explaining key vaccine trial concepts to communities might dispel perceived barriers and misconceptions about HIV vaccine trials.
Book Synopsis Maximizing Effectiveness of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Men Who Have Sex with Men by : Julia Lenore Marcus
Download or read book Maximizing Effectiveness of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Men Who Have Sex with Men written by Julia Lenore Marcus and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite decades of prevention and treatment efforts, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a global pandemic, with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among the leading causes of death for children and adults in developing countries. HIV/AIDS disproportionately affects men who have sex with men (MSM), including in the United States, where MSM account for over half of all new HIV infections. Existing HIV prevention tools have not been sufficient to curb the pandemic, and biomedical prevention strategies, such as circumcision and microbicides, had not been shown to be effective in preventing HIV infection in MSM until 2010, when the multi-national iPrEx study found that daily oral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using antiretroviral therapy (emtricitabine/tenofovir, or FTC/TDF) prevented HIV infection among MSM and transgender women. Although the success of FTC/TDF PrEP in such trials has given new hope to the HIV prevention field, excitement has been tempered by concerns about low adherence to daily pill use among trial participants. Adherence, as measured by self-reported pill use, was high among participants in the iPrEx trial, but testing for evidence of the drug in blood specimens from a subset of participants indicated that actual pill use was much lower than reported pill use. Adherence is critical for PrEP effectiveness; iPrEx participants in whom antiretroviral drug was detected in blood experienced a substantially greater reduction in HIV risk than was seen overall. The iPrEx results suggest that low adherence may be a barrier to successful implementation of PrEP as an HIV prevention strategy among MSM. Identification of effective strategies for supporting the consistent use of prophylactic medications could provide much needed guidance in the development of interventions to support adherence to PrEP. In addition to concerns about adherence, there is a widespread concern that PrEP could result in an increase in sexual risk behaviors by lowering users' perception of their risk of acquiring HIV infection; such risk compensation could reduce or even negate the benefits of PrEP. Foundational to most models of health behavior is the hypothesis that perceived risk is a primary motivation for self-protective behavior. Based on this theory, when a new prevention strategy, such as PrEP, is introduced, risk compensation could be prevented by sustaining individuals' perceptions of their own HIV risk. While the act of taking PrEP on a daily basis could result in risk compensation, it could also provide a daily opportunity to contemplate and manage HIV risk, thus motivating condom use and other self-protective behaviors. A better understanding of whether, and how, PrEP use affects sexual risk behavior could inform the development of risk-reduction interventions for individuals prescribed PrEP. In addition to preventing HIV infection, there is evidence that FTC/TDF PrEP may also be protective against infection with Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-2 is the primary cause of genital ulcer disease worldwide, and HSV-2 infection is known to increase the risk of sexual transmission and acquisition of HIV infection. In the CAPRISA 004 study, a topical 1% tenofovir gel used as PrEP against HIV infection also reduced the risk of HSV-2 acquisition by 51% in women. In the Partners PrEP study, oral FTC/TDF reduced HSV-2 acquisition by 35% among heterosexual couples. Protection against HSV-2 acquisition or expression could enhance the public health impact of PrEP, but it is unknown whether FTC/TDF has anti-herpetic properties in men who have sex with men. The effectiveness of FTC/TDF PrEP in protecting against HIV infection depends on individual-level behaviors, including adherence and sustained risk reduction, as well as its effect on other sexually transmitted infections (STI) that increase the risk of HIV acquisition. Chapter 1 of this dissertation describes a systematic review that aimed to identify interventions that have been used to support adherence to daily oral medications prescribed to healthy or asymptomatic individuals. This review found evidence of interventions that demonstrated short-term improvements in medication adherence across a variety of prevention settings, thus identifying potential strategies for adherence support among PrEP users. Chapter 2 describes an analysis of data from the randomized phase of the iPrEx study to determine whether sexual risk compensation occurred among trial participants. Consistent with other PrEP studies, this analysis found no evidence of increased sexual risk behavior or STIs among participants who believed they had been assigned to the FTC/TDF arm and that the drug was highly effective. Finally, Chapter 3 describes an analysis that used data from the randomized phase of iPrEx to measure the effect of FTC/TDF on HSV-2 acquisition and expression among men who have sex with men. Although there was no effect of FTC/TDF on HSV-2 acquisition, participants receiving the active drug had a lower prevalence of herpetic ulcers than participants receiving the placebo. Taken together, these papers contribute to the HIV prevention field by providing guidance on behavioral support strategies for daily oral PrEP and identifying anti-herpetic properties of FTC/TDF that could increase its effectiveness as a novel prevention tool.
Book Synopsis Barriers to Expanding HIV Testing Among Male Students Who Have Sex with Men in Chengdu, China by : Sitong Luo
Download or read book Barriers to Expanding HIV Testing Among Male Students Who Have Sex with Men in Chengdu, China written by Sitong Luo and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background In China, HIV transmission among students who are men having sex with men (MSM) is growing at an alarming rate. This study aimed to explore barriers to expanding HIV testing among student MSM in Chengdu City, China. Methods A mixed method was used in the study. We first conducted four anonymous focus group discussions with a total of 21 implementers of the HIV campaign in the city. Secondly, the anonymous face-to-face in-depth interviews were performed with 24 student MSM. At last, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 536 student MSM. Results In the focus group discussions, barriers to promoting HIV testing among student MSM were summarized into four levels: 1) the target-level obstacles included fear of personal information being disclosed, lack of access to HIV testing promotions, and lack of HIV knowledge and risk perceptions; 2) the provider-level challenges were HIV stigma and discrimination, lack of professional training, and extra workload with low payment; 3) the institutional-level inhibitors comprised of manpower shortage with excessive turnover, lack of funding and flexible use of it, and lack of leadership support; and 4) the policy-level barriers contained lack of involvement of MSM communities, lack of emphasis on HIV testing, and ambiguity of implementation details. In the in-depth interviews, the barriers to HIV testing identified by the participants were lack of detailed HIV knowledge and risk perceptions, concerns of confidentiality and privacy, lack of availability of HIV testing information, inconvenient location and open time of HIV testing sites, perceived and internalized homosexuality stigma, and HIV stigma and discrimination. In the cross-sectional study, 68.0% and 59.8% of the student MSM reported having received an HIV test ever and in the past 12 months, respectively. The level of HIV knowledge (adjusted odds ratio=0.84; p-value=0.019) and no affiliation to MSM-oriented organizations (adjusted odds ratio=2.88; p-value
Book Synopsis Public Health and Human Rights by : Chris Beyrer
Download or read book Public Health and Human Rights written by Chris Beyrer and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2007-09-28 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides critical evidenced based assessements and tools with which to investigate the role of rights abrogation in the health of populations.
Download or read book Piecing the Puzzle written by Larry Krotz and published by Univ. of Manitoba Press. This book was released on 2012-06-08 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1979, Dr. Allan Ronald, a specialist in infectious diseases from Canada, and Dr. Herbert Nsanze, head of medical microbiology at University of Nairobi, met through the World Health Organization. Ronald had just completed a successful project that cured a chancroid (genital ulcer) epidemic in Winnipeg and Nsanze asked him to come to Kenya to help with Kenya’s “sexual diseases problem.” That initial invitation led to a groundbreaking international scientific collaboration that would uncover critical pieces in the complex puzzle that became today’s HIV/AIDS pandemic. In Piecing the Puzzle, journalist and documentary filmmaker Larry Krotz chronicles the fascinating history of the pioneering Kenyan, Canadian, Belgian, and American research team that uncovered HIV/AIDS in Kenya, their scientific breakthroughs and setbacks, and their exceptional thirty-year relationship that began a new era of global health collaboration.
Book Synopsis The Global HIV Epidemics Among Men who Have Sex with Men by :
Download or read book The Global HIV Epidemics Among Men who Have Sex with Men written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human Rights; Risk behavior; Cost-effectiveness; Low and middle income countries; Human Immunodeficiency Virus; Epidemic; Men who have sex with men; Attributable fraction; Intervention/Prevention; Homosexuality.
Download or read book Good Participatory Practice written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2007 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These Good Participatory Practice guidelines aim to provide systematic guidance on the roles and responsibilities of entities funding and conducting biomedical HIV prevention trials towards participants and their communities. Such entities include investigators, research staff, pharmaceutical industry sponsors, foundations, government-supported research networks, non-governmental research sponsors, and all others involved in designing, financing, and executing clinical trials research.
Book Synopsis Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 6) by : King K. Holmes
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 6) written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
Book Synopsis The Global HIV Epidemics among Sex Workers by : Deanna Kerrigan
Download or read book The Global HIV Epidemics among Sex Workers written by Deanna Kerrigan and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-12-01 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A global economic analysis of HIV infection amongst sex workers, finding that evidence based and rights affirming interventions are not implemented to the level that their efficacy warrants, and that doing so at scale would be cost effective and deliver significant returns on investment.
Book Synopsis HIV/AIDS in South Africa 25 Years On by : Poul Rohleder
Download or read book HIV/AIDS in South Africa 25 Years On written by Poul Rohleder and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-09-01 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much has happened since the first appearance of AIDS in 1981: it has been identified, studied, and occasionally denied. The virus has shifted host populations and spread globally. Medicine, the social sciences, and world governments have joined forces to combat and prevent the disease. And South Africa has emerged as ground zero for the pandemic. The editors of HIV/AIDS in South Africa 25 Years On present the South African crisis as a template for addressing the myriad issues surrounding the epidemic worldwide, as the book brings together a widely scattered body of literature, analyzes psychosocial and sexual aspects contributing to HIV transmission and prevention, and delves into complex intersections of race, gender, class, and politics. Including largely overlooked populations and issues (e.g., prisoners, persons with disabilities, stigma), as well as challenges shaping future research and policy, the contributors approach their topics with rare depth, meticulous research, carefully drawn conclusions, and profound compassion. Among the topics covered: The relationship between HIV and poverty, starting from the question, "Which is the determinant and which is the consequence?" Epidemiology of HIV among women and men: concepts of femininity and masculinity, and gender inequities as they affect HIV risk; gender-specific prevention and intervention strategies. The impact of AIDS on infants and young children: risk and protective factors; care of children by HIV-positive mothers; HIV-infected children. Current prevention and treatment projects, including local-level responses, community-based work, and VCT (voluntary counseling and testing) programs. New directions: promoting circumcision, vaccine trials, "positive prevention." South Africa’s history of AIDS denialism. The urgent lessons in this book apply both globally and locally, making HIV/AIDS in South Africa 25 Years On uniquely instructive and useful for professionals working in HIV/AIDS and global public health.
Book Synopsis Evidence, Ethos and Experiment by : P. Wenzel Geissler
Download or read book Evidence, Ethos and Experiment written by P. Wenzel Geissler and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2011-09-01 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medical research has been central to biomedicine in Africa for over a century, and Africa, along with other tropical areas, has been crucial to the development of medical science. At present, study populations in Africa participate in an increasing number of medical research projects and clinical trials, run by both public institutions and private companies. Global debates about the politics and ethics of this research are growing and local concerns are prompting calls for social studies of the “trial communities” produced by this scientific work. Drawing on rich, ethnographic and historiographic material, this volume represents the emergent field of anthropological inquiry that links Africanist ethnography to recent concerns with science, the state, and the culture of late capitalism in Africa.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher : ISBN 13 :9780309683951 Total Pages :750 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (839 download)
Book Synopsis Sexually Transmitted Infections by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Sexually Transmitted Infections written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by . This book was released on 2021-12-24 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One in five people in the United States had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) on any given day in 2018, totaling nearly 68 million estimated infections. STIs are often asymptomatic (especially in women) and are therefore often undiagnosed and unreported. Untreated STIs can have severe health consequences, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, miscarriage or newborn death, and increased risk of HIV infection, genital and oral cancers, neurological and rheumatological effects. In light of this, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, through the National Association of County and City Health Officials, commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to examine the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and provide recommendations for action. In 1997, the Institute of Medicine released a report, The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Although significant scientific advances have been made since that time, many of the problems and barriers described in that report persist today; STIs remain an underfunded and comparatively neglected field of public health practice and research. The committee reviewed the current state of STIs in the United States, and the resulting report, Sexually Transmitted Infections: Advancing a Sexual Health Paradigm, provides advice on future public health programs, policy, and research.
Book Synopsis Alcohol Use and Sexual Risk Behaviour by :
Download or read book Alcohol Use and Sexual Risk Behaviour written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2005-07 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The link between alcohol use and sexual behaviour has serious implications for the health of populations due to the advent of HIV infection. WHO coordinated a multi-country study to identify factors related to risky sexual behaviour among alcohol users in diverse cultural settings. The countries involved included: Belarus, India, Mexico, Kenya, Romania, the Russian Federation, South Africa and Zambia."--Back cover.
Book Synopsis International technical guidance on sexuality education by : UNESCO
Download or read book International technical guidance on sexuality education written by UNESCO and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on 2018-01-15 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Global AIDS Monitoring 2019 by : United Nations Publications
Download or read book Global AIDS Monitoring 2019 written by United Nations Publications and published by UN. This book was released on 2019-04-17 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this document is to provide guidance to national AIDS programmes and partners on the use of indicators to measure and report on the country response. The 2016 United Nations Political Declaration on Ending AIDS, adopted at the United Nations General Assembly High-Level Meeting on AIDS in June 2016, mandated UNAIDS to support countries in reporting on the commitments in the Political Declaration. The Political Declaration on Ending AIDS built on three previous political declarations: the 2001 Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, the 2006 Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS and the 2011 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS.
Book Synopsis The Hidden Epidemic by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book The Hidden Epidemic written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-03-28 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States has the dubious distinction of leading the industrialized world in overall rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), with 12 million new cases annually. About 3 million teenagers contract an STD each year, and many will have long-term health problems as a result. Women and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to these diseases and their health consequences. In addition, STDs increase the risk of HIV transmission. The Hidden Epidemic examines the scope of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and provides a critical assessment of the nation's response to this public health crisis. The book identifies the components of an effective national STD prevention and control strategy and provides direction for an appropriate response to the epidemic. Recommendations for improving public awareness and education, reaching women and adolescents, integrating public health programs, training health care professionals, modifying messages from the mass media, and supporting future research are included. The book documents the epidemiological dimensions and the economic and social costs of STDs, describing them as "a secret epidemic" with tremendous consequences. The committee frankly discusses the confusing and often hypocritical nature of how Americans deal with issues regarding sexualityâ€"the conflicting messages conveyed in the mass media, the reluctance to promote condom use, the controversy over sex education for teenagers, and the issue of personal blame. The Hidden Epidemic identifies key elements of effective, culturally appropriate programs to promote healthy behavior by adolescents and adults. It examines the problem of fragmentation in STD services and provides examples of communities that have formed partnerships between stakeholders to develop integrated approaches. The committee's recommendations provide a practical foundation on which to build an integrated national program to help young people and adults develop habits of healthy sexuality. The Hidden Epidemic was written for both health care professionals and people without a medical background and will be indispensable to anyone concerned about preventing and controlling STDs.
Book Synopsis HIV Infection in Women by : Howard L. Minkoff
Download or read book HIV Infection in Women written by Howard L. Minkoff and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 1995 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
