A People's Curriculum for the Earth

Download A People's Curriculum for the Earth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rethinking Schools
ISBN 13 : 0942961579
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (429 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A People's Curriculum for the Earth by : Bill Bigelow

Download or read book A People's Curriculum for the Earth written by Bill Bigelow and published by Rethinking Schools. This book was released on 2014-11-14 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A People’s Curriculum for the Earth is a collection of articles, role plays, simulations, stories, poems, and graphics to help breathe life into teaching about the environmental crisis. The book features some of the best articles from Rethinking Schools magazine alongside classroom-friendly readings on climate change, energy, water, food, and pollution—as well as on people who are working to make things better. A People’s Curriculum for the Earth has the breadth and depth ofRethinking Globalization: Teaching for Justice in an Unjust World, one of the most popular books we’ve published. At a time when it’s becoming increasingly obvious that life on Earth is at risk, here is a resource that helps students see what’s wrong and imagine solutions. Praise for A People's Curriculum for the Earth "To really confront the climate crisis, we need to think differently, build differently, and teach differently. A People’s Curriculum for the Earth is an educator’s toolkit for our times." — Naomi Klein, author of The Shock Doctrine and This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate "This volume is a marvelous example of justice in ALL facets of our lives—civil, social, educational, economic, and yes, environmental. Bravo to the Rethinking Schools team for pulling this collection together and making us think more holistically about what we mean when we talk about justice." — Gloria Ladson-Billings, Kellner Family Chair in Urban Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison "Bigelow and Swinehart have created a critical resource for today’s young people about humanity’s responsibility for the Earth. This book can engender the shift in perspective so needed at this point on the clock of the universe." — Gregory Smith, Professor of Education, Lewis & Clark College, co-author with David Sobel of Place- and Community-based Education in Schools

People and the Earth

Download People and the Earth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521568722
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (687 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis People and the Earth by : John James William Rogers

Download or read book People and the Earth written by John James William Rogers and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998-03-13 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the basic components of human interaction with the earth, and speculates on what the future may hold.

How Many People Can the Earth Support?

Download How Many People Can the Earth Support? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 9780393314953
Total Pages : 548 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (149 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis How Many People Can the Earth Support? by : Joel E. Cohen

Download or read book How Many People Can the Earth Support? written by Joel E. Cohen and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 1996 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses how many people the earth can support in terms of economic, physical, and environmental aspects.

People of the Earth

Download People of the Earth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 146681778X
Total Pages : 613 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (668 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis People of the Earth by : W. Michael Gear

Download or read book People of the Earth written by W. Michael Gear and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2009-11-03 with total page 613 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New York Times and USA Today bestselling authors and award-winning archaeologists W. Michael Gear and Kathleen O'Neal Gear bring the stories of these first North Americans to life in this and other volumes in the magnicent North America's Forgotten Past series. Set five thousand years ago and ranging through what is now Montana, Wyoming, northern Colorado, and Utah, People of the Earth follows the migration of the Uto-Aztecan people south out of Canada. It is the unforgettable tale of a woman torn between two peoples and two dreams, of the two men who love her and the third who must have her, and of the vision given to the peoples long ago by the spirit of the wolf. At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.

Abundant Earth

Download Abundant Earth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022659680X
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Abundant Earth by : Eileen Crist

Download or read book Abundant Earth written by Eileen Crist and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2019-01-17 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Abundant Earth, Eileen Crist not only documents the rising tide of biodiversity loss, but also lays out the drivers of this wholesale destruction and how we can push past them. Looking beyond the familiar litany of causes—a large and growing human population, rising livestock numbers, expanding economies and international trade, and spreading infrastructures and incursions upon wildlands—she asks the key question: if we know human expansionism is to blame for this ecological crisis, why are we not taking the needed steps to halt our expansionism? Crist argues that to do so would require a two-pronged approach. Scaling down calls upon us to lower the global human population while working within a human-rights framework, to deindustrialize food production, and to localize economies and contract global trade. Pulling back calls upon us to free, restore, reconnect, and rewild vast terrestrial and marine ecosystems. However, the pervasive worldview of human supremacy—the conviction that humans are superior to all other life-forms and entitled to use these life-forms and their habitats—normalizes and promotes humanity’s ongoing expansion, undermining our ability to enact these linked strategies and preempt the mounting suffering and dislocation of both humans and nonhumans. Abundant Earth urges us to confront the reality that humanity will not advance by entrenching its domination over the biosphere. On the contrary, we will stagnate in the identity of nature-colonizer and decline into conflict as we vie for natural resources. Instead, we must chart another course, choosing to live in fellowship within the vibrant ecologies of our wild and domestic cohorts, and enfolding human inhabitation within the rich expanse of a biodiverse, living planet.

One Earth

Download One Earth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Orca Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1459818881
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (598 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis One Earth by : Anuradha Rao

Download or read book One Earth written by Anuradha Rao and published by Orca Book Publishers. This book was released on 2020-04-07 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ★ “The activists’ stories are extraordinary...It’s a powerful answer to Rao’s framing questions: ‘Who is an environmental defender? What does she or he look like? Maybe like you. Maybe like me.’”—Publishers Weekly, starred review ★ “Thought-provoking reading for young people figuring out their own contributions. This valuable compilation shows that Earth’s salvation lies in the diversity of its people.”—Kirkus Reviews, starred review One Earth profiles Black, Indigenous and People of Color who live and work as environmental defenders. Through their individual stories, the book shows that the intersection of environment and ethnicity is an asset to achieving environmental goals. The twenty short biographies introduce readers to diverse activists from all around the world, who are of many ages and ethnicities. From saving ancient trees on the West Coast of Canada, to protecting the Irrawaddy dolphins of India, to uncovering racial inequalities in the food system in the United States, these environmental heroes are celebrated by author and biologist Anuradha Rao, who outlines how they went from being kids who cared about the environment to community leaders in their field. One Earth is full of environmental role models waiting to be found.

Origins

Download Origins PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 1541617894
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (416 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Origins by : Lewis Dartnell

Download or read book Origins written by Lewis Dartnell and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2019-05-14 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A New York Times-bestselling author explains how the physical world shaped the history of our species When we talk about human history, we often focus on great leaders, population forces, and decisive wars. But how has the earth itself determined our destiny? Our planet wobbles, driving changes in climate that forced the transition from nomadism to farming. Mountainous terrain led to the development of democracy in Greece. Atmospheric circulation patterns later on shaped the progression of global exploration, colonization, and trade. Even today, voting behavior in the south-east United States ultimately follows the underlying pattern of 75 million-year-old sediments from an ancient sea. Everywhere is the deep imprint of the planetary on the human. From the cultivation of the first crops to the founding of modern states, Origins reveals the breathtaking impact of the earth beneath our feet on the shape of our human civilizations.

Earth in Human Hands

Download Earth in Human Hands PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Grand Central Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1455589136
Total Pages : 519 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (555 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Earth in Human Hands by : David Grinspoon

Download or read book Earth in Human Hands written by David Grinspoon and published by Grand Central Publishing. This book was released on 2016-12-06 with total page 519 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NASA Astrobiologist and renowned scientist Dr. David Grinspoon brings readers an optimistic message about humanity's future in the face of climate change. For the first time in Earth's history, our planet is experiencing a confluence of rapidly accelerating changes prompted by one species: humans. Climate change is only the most visible of the modifications we've made--up until this point, inadvertently--to the planet. And our current behavior threatens not only our own future but that of countless other creatures. By comparing Earth's story to those of other planets, astrobiologist David Grinspoon shows what a strange and novel development it is for a species to evolve to build machines, and ultimately, global societies with world-shaping influence. Without minimizing the challenges of the next century, Grinspoon suggests that our present moment is not only one of peril, but also great potential, especially when viewed from a 10,000-year perspective. Our species has surmounted the threat of extinction before, thanks to our innate ingenuity and ability to adapt, and there's every reason to believe we can do so again. Our challenge now is to awaken to our role as a force of planetary change, and to grow into this task. We must become graceful planetary engineers, conscious shapers of our environment and caretakers of Earth's biosphere. This is a perspective that begs us to ask not just what future do we want to avoid, but what do we seek to build? What kind of world do we want? Are humans the worst thing or the best thing to ever happen to our planet? Today we stand at a pivotal juncture, and the answer will depend on the choices we make.

Harvesting the Biosphere

Download Harvesting the Biosphere PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 026201856X
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Harvesting the Biosphere by : Vaclav Smil

Download or read book Harvesting the Biosphere written by Vaclav Smil and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2012-12-21 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An interdisciplinary and quantitative account of human claims on the biosphere's stores of living matter, from prehistoric hunting to modern energy production. The biosphere—the Earth's thin layer of life—dates from nearly four billion years ago, when the first simple organisms appeared. Many species have exerted enormous influence on the biosphere's character and productivity, but none has transformed the Earth in so many ways and on such a scale as Homo sapiens. In Harvesting the Biosphere, Vaclav Smil offers an interdisciplinary and quantitative account of human claims on the biosphere's stores of living matter, from prehistory to the present day. Smil examines all harvests—from prehistoric man's hunting of megafauna to modern crop production—and all uses of harvested biomass, including energy, food, and raw materials. Without harvesting of the biomass, Smil points out, there would be no story of human evolution and advancing civilization; but at the same time, the increasing extent and intensity of present-day biomass harvests are changing the very foundations of civilization's well-being. In his detailed and comprehensive account, Smil presents the best possible quantifications of past and current global losses in order to assess the evolution and extent of biomass harvests. Drawing on the latest work in disciplines ranging from anthropology to environmental science, Smil offers a valuable long-term, planet-wide perspective on human-caused environmental change.

People of the Earth

Download People of the Earth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317346823
Total Pages : 559 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis People of the Earth by : Brian M. Fagan

Download or read book People of the Earth written by Brian M. Fagan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-08-26 with total page 559 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understand major developments of human prehistory People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory 14/e, provides an exciting journey though the 7-million-year-old panorama of humankind's past. This internationally renowned text provides the only truly global account of human prehistory from the earliest times through the earliest civilizations. Written in an accessible way for beginning students, People of the Earth shows how today's diverse humanity developed biologically and culturally over millions of years against a background of constant climatic change.

The Uninhabitable Earth

Download The Uninhabitable Earth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Crown
ISBN 13 : 052557672X
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Uninhabitable Earth by : David Wallace-Wells

Download or read book The Uninhabitable Earth written by David Wallace-Wells and published by Crown. This book was released on 2019-02-19 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • “The Uninhabitable Earth hits you like a comet, with an overflow of insanely lyrical prose about our pending Armageddon.”—Andrew Solomon, author of The Noonday Demon NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY The New Yorker • The New York Times Book Review • Time • NPR • The Economist • The Paris Review • Toronto Star • GQ • The Times Literary Supplement • The New York Public Library • Kirkus Reviews It is worse, much worse, than you think. If your anxiety about global warming is dominated by fears of sea-level rise, you are barely scratching the surface of what terrors are possible—food shortages, refugee emergencies, climate wars and economic devastation. An “epoch-defining book” (The Guardian) and “this generation’s Silent Spring” (The Washington Post), The Uninhabitable Earth is both a travelogue of the near future and a meditation on how that future will look to those living through it—the ways that warming promises to transform global politics, the meaning of technology and nature in the modern world, the sustainability of capitalism and the trajectory of human progress. The Uninhabitable Earth is also an impassioned call to action. For just as the world was brought to the brink of catastrophe within the span of a lifetime, the responsibility to avoid it now belongs to a single generation—today’s. LONGLISTED FOR THE PEN/E.O. WILSON LITERARY SCIENCE WRITING AWARD “The Uninhabitable Earth is the most terrifying book I have ever read. Its subject is climate change, and its method is scientific, but its mode is Old Testament. The book is a meticulously documented, white-knuckled tour through the cascading catastrophes that will soon engulf our warming planet.”—Farhad Manjoo, The New York Times “Riveting. . . . Some readers will find Mr. Wallace-Wells’s outline of possible futures alarmist. He is indeed alarmed. You should be, too.”—The Economist “Potent and evocative. . . . Wallace-Wells has resolved to offer something other than the standard narrative of climate change. . . . He avoids the ‘eerily banal language of climatology’ in favor of lush, rolling prose.”—Jennifer Szalai, The New York Times “The book has potential to be this generation’s Silent Spring.”—The Washington Post “The Uninhabitable Earth, which has become a best seller, taps into the underlying emotion of the day: fear. . . . I encourage people to read this book.”—Alan Weisman, The New York Review of Books

Earth Squad

Download Earth Squad PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Running Press Kids
ISBN 13 : 0762499206
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (624 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Earth Squad by : Alexandra Zissu

Download or read book Earth Squad written by Alexandra Zissu and published by Running Press Kids. This book was released on 2021-03-02 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Join fifty inspiring and extraordinary environmental crusaders working to save our planet and see how you can make a difference just like them. Kids across the globe will be moved by the passion of these amazing eco-warriors who have dedicated their lives to making our world a better place. Alongside dynamic illustrations and entertaining biographical information, you'll find practical tips that anyone can do to help save the earth. Every one of us can make a difference, and, together as an Earth Squad, we can change the world. Will Allen * Anohni * Yann Arthus-Bertrand * Inka Saara Arttijeff * David Attenborough * Precious Brady-Davis * Erin Brockovich * Vicki Buck * Rachel Carson * Yvon Chouinard * Opha Pauline Dube * Lamya Essemlali * Christiana Figueres * Eileen Fisher * Eunice Newton Foote * Wan Gang * Al Gore * James Hansen * Vanessa Hauc * Hilda Heine * Chai Jing * Alexandra Koroleva * Winona LaDuke * Dr. Phil Landrigan * Annie Leonard * Wangari Maathai * Xiuhtezcatl Martinez * Gina McCarthy * William McDonough * Bill McKibben * Angela Merkel * Charles Moore * Margaret "Mardy" Murie * Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez * Gabriel Orozco * Carlo Petrini * Mark Ruffalo * Pete Seeger * Peggy Shepard * Vandana Shiva * Marina Silva * Sandra Steingraber * David Suzuki * Greta Thunberg * Sarah Toumi * The Trimates * Alexandria Villaseñor * Alice Waters * Charles Windsor * Ken Yeang

If You Come to Earth

Download If You Come to Earth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Chronicle Books
ISBN 13 : 1452146837
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (521 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis If You Come to Earth by :

Download or read book If You Come to Earth written by and published by Chronicle Books. This book was released on 2020-09-15 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From two-time Caldecott Winner author-illustrator Sophie Blackall! If You Came to Earth is a glorious guide to our home planet, and a call for us to take care of both Earth and each other. This stunning book is inspired by the thousands of children Sophie Blackall has met during her travels around the world in support of UNICEF and Save the Children. • An engaging storybook about a single curious and imaginative child • Simultaneously funny and touching • Carries a clear message about the need to care for the earth and each other If you come to Earth, there are a few things you need to know. . . We live in all kinds of places. In all kinds of homes. In all kinds of families. Each of us is different. But all of us are amazing. And, together, we share one beautiful planet. This masterful and moving picture book is a visually comprehensive guide to the earth, imbued with warmth and humor. • Ideal for children ages 3 to 5 years old • A great pick for teachers looking for a crowd-pleasing picture book about the world for little students • Perfect for parents, grandparents, and caregivers • You'll love this book if you love books like The Travel Book by Lonely Planet Kids, Atlas of Adventures by Rachel Williams, and If You Lived Here: Houses of the World by Giles Laroche.

Earth Heroes

Download Earth Heroes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Nosy Crow
ISBN 13 : 178800857X
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Earth Heroes by : Lily Dyu

Download or read book Earth Heroes written by Lily Dyu and published by Nosy Crow. This book was released on 2019-10-03 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When faced with climate change, the biggest threat that our planet has ever confronted, it's easy to feel as if nothing you do can really make a difference . . . but this book proves that individual people can change the world. With twenty inspirational stories celebrating the pioneering work of a selection of Earth Heroes from all around the globe, from Greta Thunberg and David Attenborough to Yin Yuzhen and Isatou Ceesay, each tale is a beacon of hope in the fight for the future of our planet, proving that one person, no matter how small, can make a difference. Featuring Amelia Telford, Andrew Turton and Pete Ceglinski, Bittu Sahgal, Chewang Norphel, David Attenborough, Doug Smith, Ellen MacArthur, Greta Thunberg, Isabel Soares, Isatou Ceesay, Marina Silva, Melati and Isabel Wijsen, Mohammed Rezwan, Renée King-Sonnen, Rok Rozman, Sheila Watt-Cloutier, Stella McCartney, William Kamkwamba, Yin Yuzhen and Yvon Chouinard. Featuring illustrations by Jackie Lay.

Half-Earth: Our Planet's Fight for Life

Download Half-Earth: Our Planet's Fight for Life PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 1631490834
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (314 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Half-Earth: Our Planet's Fight for Life by : Edward O. Wilson

Download or read book Half-Earth: Our Planet's Fight for Life written by Edward O. Wilson and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2016-03-07 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An audacious and concrete proposal…Half-Earth completes the 86-year-old Wilson’s valedictory trilogy on the human animal and our place on the planet." —Jedediah Purdy, New Republic In his most urgent book to date, Pulitzer Prize–winning author and world-renowned biologist Edward O. Wilson states that in order to stave off the mass extinction of species, including our own, we must move swiftly to preserve the biodiversity of our planet. In this "visionary blueprint for saving the planet" (Stephen Greenblatt), Half-Earth argues that the situation facing us is too large to be solved piecemeal and proposes a solution commensurate with the magnitude of the problem: dedicate fully half the surface of the Earth to nature. Identifying actual regions of the planet that can still be reclaimed—such as the California redwood forest, the Amazon River basin, and grasslands of the Serengeti, among others—Wilson puts aside the prevailing pessimism of our times and "speaks with a humane eloquence which calls to us all" (Oliver Sacks).

The Healthiest People on Earth

Download The Healthiest People on Earth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BenBella Books
ISBN 13 : 1946885223
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (468 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Healthiest People on Earth by : John Howard Weeks

Download or read book The Healthiest People on Earth written by John Howard Weeks and published by BenBella Books. This book was released on 2018-04-03 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: You've heard it before: A healthful diet rich in plant-based foods can prolong your life. But how much could you really extend your time? The Adventist enclave in Loma Linda, California, is America's only "Blue Zone" one of five regions on Earth where people live measurably longer—about 10 years more— than average, as identified by National Geographic–funded research. This Blue Zone status is thanks largely to the foods Loma Linda residents and Adventists choose eat—and the foods they choose not to eat. Loma Linda was established in 1905 by the Adventist founder and prophet Ellen G. White. Her great-great-grandson, John Howard Weeks, still lives there. He knows firsthand what it's like to fall into the rut of unhealthy habits—and to relearn how to live and eat in a healthy way. Through the teachings of his family, Weeks was able to conquer his temptations and embrace a healthy way of living. He'll show you how to do the same, no matter what your personal battle looks like. In The Healthiest People on Earth, Weeks shares the secrets of how anyone, anywhere, can create a "Blue Zone" of their own and live a longer, healthier life. A lively read full of exclusive family stories, gainful tips and tricks, happy home remedies, and plant-based recipes, this book will be your first step on the journey to a longer, healthier, more fulfilling life. This is not a book about religion—it is about health and happiness. It is possible to be healthy in body, mind, and spirit. Start by eating like the healthiest people on Earth.

Global Population

Download Global Population PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 023114766X
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Global Population by : Alison Bashford

Download or read book Global Population written by Alison Bashford and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2014-02-11 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concern about the size of the world’s population did not begin with the Baby Boomers. Overpopulation as a conceptual problem originated after World War I and was understood as an issue with far-reaching ecological, agricultural, economic, and geopolitical consequences. This study traces the idea of a world population problem as it developed from the 1920s through the 1950s, long before the late-1960s notion of a postwar “population bomb.” Drawing on international conference transcripts, the volume reconstructs the twentieth-century discourse on population as an international issue concerned with migration, colonial expansion, sovereignty, and globalization. It connects the genealogy of population discourse to the rise of economically and demographically defined global regions, the characterization of “civilizations” with different standards of living, global attitudes toward “development,” and first- and third-world designations.