Pedagogy for Creative Problem Solving

Download Pedagogy for Creative Problem Solving PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351771728
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pedagogy for Creative Problem Solving by : Peter Merrotsy

Download or read book Pedagogy for Creative Problem Solving written by Peter Merrotsy and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-05-08 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides students and practising teachers with a solid, research-based framework for understanding creative problem solving and its related pedagogy. Practical and accessible, it equips readers with the knowledge and skills to approach their own solutions to the creative problem of teaching for creative problem solving. First providing a firm grounding in the history of problem solving, the nature of a problem, and the history of creativity and its conceptualisation, the book then critically examines current educational practices, such as creativity and problem solving models and common classroom teaching strategies. This is followed by a detailed analysis of key pedagogical ideas important for creative problem solving: creativity and cognition, creative problem solving environments, and self regulated learning. Finally, the ideas debated and developed are drawn together to form a solid foundation for teaching for creative problem solving, and presented in a model called Middle C. Middle C is an evidence-based model of pedagogy for creative problem solving. It comprises 14 elements, each of which is necessary for quality teaching that will provide students with the knowledge, skills, structures and support to express their creative potential. As well as emphasis on the importance of self regulated learning, a new interpretation of Pólya's heuristic is presented.

Handbook of Research on Creative Problem-Solving Skill Development in Higher Education

Download Handbook of Research on Creative Problem-Solving Skill Development in Higher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522506446
Total Pages : 632 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Creative Problem-Solving Skill Development in Higher Education by : Zhou, Chunfang

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Creative Problem-Solving Skill Development in Higher Education written by Zhou, Chunfang and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2016-09-21 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing students’ creative problem-solving skills is paramount to today’s teachers, due to the exponentially growing demand for cognitive plasticity and critical thinking in the workforce. In today’s knowledge economy, workers must be able to participate in creative dialogue and complex problem-solving. This has prompted institutions of higher education to implement new pedagogical methods such as problem-based and case-based education. The Handbook of Research on Creative Problem-Solving Skill Development in Higher Education is an essential, comprehensive collection of the newest research in higher education, creativity, problem solving, and pedagogical design. It provides the framework for further research opportunities in these dynamic, necessary fields. Featuring work regarding problem-oriented curriculum and its applications and challenges, this book is essential for policy makers, teachers, researchers, administrators, students of education.

Creative Problem Solving for Kids

Download Creative Problem Solving for Kids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : PRUFROCK PRESS INC.
ISBN 13 : 9781593630331
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creative Problem Solving for Kids by : Dianne Draze

Download or read book Creative Problem Solving for Kids written by Dianne Draze and published by PRUFROCK PRESS INC.. This book was released on 2005-06 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Educational title for gifted and advanced learners.

The Creative Problem Solving Kit

Download The Creative Problem Solving Kit PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : PRUFROCK PRESS INC.
ISBN 13 : 188266485X
Total Pages : 99 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (826 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Creative Problem Solving Kit by :

Download or read book The Creative Problem Solving Kit written by and published by PRUFROCK PRESS INC.. This book was released on 2006-04 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For Bright Students! The student section of the book helps gifted kids master the strategies they need to be happy and successful by actively involving them in understanding the problems they face and in using the strategies needed to cope with them successfully. Topics include separating facts from feelings, stress, peer pressure, being introspective, dealing with authority, social issues, depression, and much more. Written just for students, this section provides thought-provoking activities that lead to coping skills.

Promoting Crisis Management and Creative Problem-Solving Skills in Educational Leadership

Download Promoting Crisis Management and Creative Problem-Solving Skills in Educational Leadership PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1668483335
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (684 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Promoting Crisis Management and Creative Problem-Solving Skills in Educational Leadership by : Munna, Afzal Sayed

Download or read book Promoting Crisis Management and Creative Problem-Solving Skills in Educational Leadership written by Munna, Afzal Sayed and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2024-01-17 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the dynamic field of education, leaders confront unprecedented challenges necessitating effective crisis management and creative problem-solving skills. The Covid-19 pandemic has underscored the criticality of innovative approaches to educational leadership, enabling leaders to navigate uncertainty, adapt to rapid changes, and sustain educational institutions. Nevertheless, limited resources exist to guide leaders in the post-pandemic world, revealing a significant research gap. Promoting Crisis Management and Creative Problem-Solving Skills in Educational Leadership addresses this urgent issue by offering a comprehensive solution. Authored by renowned scholars and practitioners, this book presents a roadmap for reimagining educational leadership, equipping leaders with the necessary skills to thrive in challenging times. By exploring diverse perspectives and drawing from real-world experiences, the book empowers educational leaders to effectively manage crises, inspire stakeholders, and guide organizations toward success and sustainability. By focusing on crisis management, innovative problem-solving strategies, and the development of essential leadership competencies, this book fills the void in the current literature. It not only provides insights into the distinctive challenges of the post-pandemic world but also offers practical guidance and actionable recommendations for leaders in educational settings. Scholars, policymakers, researchers, and practitioners who engage with this book will gain valuable knowledge and tools to navigate the complexities of educational leadership, ensuring the continuous growth and enhancement of their institutions.

Creative Approaches to Problem Solving

Download Creative Approaches to Problem Solving PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1412977738
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (129 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creative Approaches to Problem Solving by : Scott G. Isaksen

Download or read book Creative Approaches to Problem Solving written by Scott G. Isaksen and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2011 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Creative Approaches to Problem Solving (CAPS) is a comprehensive text covering the well-known, cited, and used system for problem solving and creativity known as Creative Problem Solving (CPS). CPS is a flexible system used to help individuals and groups solve problems, manage change, and deliver innovation. It provides a framework, language, guidelines, and set of easy-to-use tools for understanding challenges, generating ideas and transforming promising ideas into action. Features and Benefits: - Specific objectives in each chapter for the reader - This provides a clear focus for instruction or independent learning - Practical case study introduced in the beginning of each chapter and then completed as a "rest of the story" toward the end of the chapter - This feature provides an application anchor for the reader - Upgraded mix of graphics - These updated and refreshed graphics include tables, figures, and illustrative images that are designed to provide "pictures" to go along with the word. The aim has been to aid attention, retention, and practical application - Enhanced emphasis on flexible, dynamic process-- Enables users to select and apply CPS tools, components, and stages in a meaningful way that meets their actual needs - A framework for problem solving that has been tested and applied across ages, settings, and cultures-- Readers can apply a common approach to process across many traditional "boundaries" that have limited effectives. Creative Approaches to Problem Solving has been (and continues to be) used as a core text for faculty who are teaching courses in Creative Problem Solving or Creativity and Innovation as part of an MBA program, or in Education, a course on Creativity (often as a component of certification or endorsement requirements in gifted education). It is also used as a core text for those enrolled in professional development, continuing education, or executive education programmes.

Pedagogy, Learning, and Creativity

Download Pedagogy, Learning, and Creativity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1803566655
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pedagogy, Learning, and Creativity by : Maria Ampartzaki

Download or read book Pedagogy, Learning, and Creativity written by Maria Ampartzaki and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2023-10-11 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The chapters in this book explore the methods by which the many aspects of creative pedagogy might be implemented in the context of teaching and learning. One chapter proposes a creative approach to studying local history, while another suggests a pedagogical framework for coding education that has the potential to foster the development of creative thinking abilities and equip individuals to actively participate in global affairs. The utilization of case studies in the field of Citizen Science demonstrates the implementation of a comprehensive and innovative learning framework that incorporates several sensory modalities. Another chapter demonstrates the potential of maker spaces in fostering active and creative learning as well as enhancing student engagement among underrepresented and minority populations. One chapter explores the emergence of flow in STEAM activities as a means to promote heightened levels of comprehension and active engagement in science education. The book concludes with the presentation of two scholarly studies on the implementation of creative pedagogy within the context of Higher Education. The first study explores the advantages of collaborative creativity within the bachelor of social work programs. The second delves into the pursuit of an innovative design that effectively connects the curriculum with the work environment, resulting in the integration of valuable educational content inside professional settings.

Developing Creativity in the Classroom

Download Developing Creativity in the Classroom PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000491587
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Developing Creativity in the Classroom by : Todd Kettler

Download or read book Developing Creativity in the Classroom written by Todd Kettler and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-03 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing Creativity in the Classroom applies the most current theory and research on creativity to support the design of teaching and learning. Creative thinking and problem solving are at the heart of learning and application as students prepare for innovation-driven careers. This text debunks myths about creativity and teaching and, instead, illustrates productive conceptions of creative thinking and innovation, including a constructivist learning approach in which creative thinking enhances and strengthens conceptual understanding of the curriculum. Through models of teaching that support creativity and problem solving, this book extends the idea of a creative pedagogy to the four core curriculum domains. Developing Creativity in the Classroom focuses on explanations and examples of how creative thinking and deep learning merge to support engaging learning environments, rising to the challenge of developing 21st-century competencies.

Being Creative Inside and Outside the Classroom

Download Being Creative Inside and Outside the Classroom PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9460918409
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (69 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Being Creative Inside and Outside the Classroom by : John Baer

Download or read book Being Creative Inside and Outside the Classroom written by John Baer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-05 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has two primary goals - to show teachers how to teach their students to be more creative thinkers and to help them to develop their own creativity as teachers - and it shows teachers how to do these things in ways that don't conflict with skill development and knowledge acquisition. In fact, teachers will learn how to teach for creativity in ways that result in improved skills and greater content knowledge. Teaching for creativity and creative teaching together will result in much higher levels of both student engagement and student learning. The book focuses on three big, well-researched ideas related to creativity training - divergent thinking, intrinsic motivation, and the CPS model of creative problem solving - and shows how to apply these ideas in designing lessons that promote creativity as well as encourage the development of content-based skills and knowledge. The book is written in a way that makes it easy for teachers to make these ideas their own, with many examples for use in K-12 classrooms.

Teaching the 3 Cs: Creativity, Curiosity, and Courtesy

Download Teaching the 3 Cs: Creativity, Curiosity, and Courtesy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1412974224
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (129 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Teaching the 3 Cs: Creativity, Curiosity, and Courtesy by : Patricia A. Dischler

Download or read book Teaching the 3 Cs: Creativity, Curiosity, and Courtesy written by Patricia A. Dischler and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2009-10-22 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nurture enthusiastic learners, promote school readiness, and meet state standards by integrating creativity, curiosity, and courtesy into the curriculum through developmentally appropriate, fun activities.

Creative Problem Solving

Download Creative Problem Solving PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000948757
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creative Problem Solving by : Donald J. Treffinger

Download or read book Creative Problem Solving written by Donald J. Treffinger and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-04-14 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Creative Problem Solving is a process that allows people to apply both creative and critical thinking to find solutions to everyday problems. Creative Problem Solving eliminates the tendency to approach problems in a haphazard manner and, consequently, prevents surprises and/or disappointment with the solution. Used by thousands of group leaders seeking a friendly introduction to using Creative Problem Solving, this book is a time-honored classic. Creative Problem Solving: An Introduction is based on more than five decades of extensive research, development, and field experience in educational settings, businesses, and many other organizations. Written for both group leaders and individuals seeking a systematic way to build innovative and effective solutions, Creative Problem Solving is perfect for any type of setting. This definitive guide shows you how to find successful solutions to important challenges. Creative Problem Solving (CPS) can help your students to approach problems and deal with change in a deliberate and constructive way, building their confidence and success in working with complex issues. This revised and updated fourth edition includes: easy-to-follow instructions for using Creative Problem Solving; practical tools for understanding the challenge, generating ideas, and preparing for action; expanded guidelines for planning your approach to Creative Problem Solving; strategies that ensure successful group dynamics; the latest trends in creative thinking and group problem solving; and practical suggestions for those new to Creative Problem Solving. Educational Resource

Absolute Essentials of Creative Thinking and Problem Solving

Download Absolute Essentials of Creative Thinking and Problem Solving PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000397122
Total Pages : 95 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Absolute Essentials of Creative Thinking and Problem Solving by : Tony Proctor

Download or read book Absolute Essentials of Creative Thinking and Problem Solving written by Tony Proctor and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-04-01 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This concise textbook provides a comprehensive and clear overview of the theory and practice of creative problem solving from a management perspective. The book works step by step through the creative thinking process. Beginning with theoretical frameworks, it considers ways of thinking, defining problems and structuring responses to them, techniques for generating ideas, evaluating and defining them, and finally how technology can be used within the creative problem-solving process. Pedagogical features to aid learning include objectives at the start of each chapter, further reading suggestions and practical examples. Divided into ten short chapters to suit content delivery, this textbook is designed as either core or recommended reading for advanced undergraduate, postgraduate, MBA and Executive Education students studying Creativity and Innovation, Management and Leadership and Management Skills.

Teaching Creative Thinking

Download Teaching Creative Thinking PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Crown House Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1785832670
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (858 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Teaching Creative Thinking by : Bill Lucas

Download or read book Teaching Creative Thinking written by Bill Lucas and published by Crown House Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2017-09-26 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Teaching Creative Thinking: Developing Learners Who Generate Ideas and Can Think Critically,Bill Lucas and Ellen Spencer define and demystify the essence of creative thinking, and offer action-oriented and research-informed suggestions as to how it can best be developed in learners. Where once it was enough to know and do things, young people now need more than subject knowledge in order to thrive: they need capabilities. Teaching Creative Thinking is the first title in the three-part Pedagogy for a Changing World series, founded upon Lucas and Spencer's philosophy of dispositional teaching a pedagogical approach which aims to cultivate in learners certain dispositions that evidence suggests are going to be valuable to them both at school and in later life. A key capability is creative thinking, and, in 2021, one of the guardians of global comparative standards, PISA, is recognising its importance by making creative thinking the 'innovative assessment domain' to supplement their testing of 15-year-olds' core capabilities in English, maths and science. Creative thinkers are inquisitive, collaborative, imaginative, persistent and disciplined and schools which foster these habits of mind in learners need to be creative in engaging children and young people by embedding creativity into their everyday educational experiences. In this extensive enquiry into the nature and nurture of creative thinking,the authors explore the effectiveness of various pedagogical approaches including problem-based learning, growth mindset, playful experimentation and the classroom as a learning community and provide a wealth of tried-and-tested classroom strategies that will boost learners' critical and creative thinking skills. The book is structured in an easy-to-access format, combining a comprehensive listing of practical ideas to stimulate lesson planning with expert guidance on integrating them into your practice, followed by plenty of inventive suggestions as to how learners' progress can be assessed and tracked along the way by both the pupil and the teacher. The authors then go further to offer exemplars of success by presenting case studies of schools' innovations in adopting these approaches, and dedicate a chapter to dispelling any pressing doubts that teachers may have by exposing the potential pitfalls and offering advice on how to avoid them. Venturing beyond the classroom setting, Teaching Creative Thinkingalso delves into the ways in which a school can work towards the provision of co-curricular experiences such as partnering with a range of external community groups and better engage its leadership team and pupils' parents with the idea of creative thinking in order to support learners with opportunities to grow. The authors offer many examples which will inspire schools to do just this, and collate these ideas into building a framework for learning that equips young people in schools today with the twenty-first century skills and capabilities that will enable them to thrive in the workforce of tomorrow. Replete with research-led insight and ready-to-use strategies, Teaching Creative Thinkingis a powerful call to action and a practical handbook for all teachers and leaders, in both primary and secondary settings, who want to embed a capabilities approach in their schools.

Creative Problem Solving in the Classroom

Download Creative Problem Solving in the Classroom PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : PRUFROCK PRESS INC.
ISBN 13 : 1882664000
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (826 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creative Problem Solving in the Classroom by : Joel E McIntosh

Download or read book Creative Problem Solving in the Classroom written by Joel E McIntosh and published by PRUFROCK PRESS INC.. This book was released on 1992 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Educational title for gifted and advanced learners.

Creativity as Progressive Pedagogy: Examinations Into Culture, Performance, and Challenges

Download Creativity as Progressive Pedagogy: Examinations Into Culture, Performance, and Challenges PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799882896
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creativity as Progressive Pedagogy: Examinations Into Culture, Performance, and Challenges by : Raj, Ambika Gopal

Download or read book Creativity as Progressive Pedagogy: Examinations Into Culture, Performance, and Challenges written by Raj, Ambika Gopal and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-11-12 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In every era, global progressive thinkers have used creativity as a means for cultural reformation and social justice in response to oppressive regimes. For example, theater, cartoons, social art, film, and other forms of representative arts have always been used as critical instigation to create agency or critical commentary on current affairs. In the education sector, teachers in schools often say one of two things: they are not creative or that they don't have the time to be creative given the curricular demands and administrative mandates that they are required to follow. Each day, educators are working to find exceptionally creative ways to engage their students with limited resources and supplies, and this becomes even more of a challenge during turbulent times. Creativity as Progressive Pedagogy: Examinations Into Culture, Performance, and Challenges primarily focuses on pedagogical creativity and culture as related to various aspects of social justice and identity. This book presents experience-based content and showcases the necessity for pedagogical creativity to give students agency and the connections between cultural sensitivity and creativity. Covering topics such as the social capital gap, digital spaces, and underprivileged students, this book is an indispensable resource for educators in both K-12 and higher education, administrators, researchers, faculty, policymakers, leaders in education, pre-service teachers, and academicians.

Teachers’ Professional Development on Problem Solving

Download Teachers’ Professional Development on Problem Solving PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9463007113
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (63 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Teachers’ Professional Development on Problem Solving by : Judit Orgoványi-Gajdos

Download or read book Teachers’ Professional Development on Problem Solving written by Judit Orgoványi-Gajdos and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-26 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since teaching is a practical activity, efficient problem-solving skill is one of the fundamental competencies teachers need to possess. All teachers face challenging school situations during teaching-learning process no matter where they teach or since when. Despite similarities appearing on the surface, every school situation is unique and depends on several internal and external factors that should have been taken into account. Therefore, in many problematic cases it is not enough to deal with the symptoms, but teachers need to go deeper. This book provides a theoretical and practical background for this step-by-step problem solving-oriented thinking process. The practical activities can help teachers to frame and identify their challenges, to analyse the cause and effect of their situation, and also to find their own solutions and strategies. The material in this book can be used in pre-service or in-service teacher training that deal with pedagogic cases, or challenges of teaching and learning processes. However, most of the tools can also be used individually by teachers at any stage of their career, including any type of compulsory education, thanks to the clear description of each technique.

Creativity in the Classroom

Download Creativity in the Classroom PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 0415997062
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (159 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creativity in the Classroom by : Alane J. Starko

Download or read book Creativity in the Classroom written by Alane J. Starko and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2010 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fourth edition of this well-known text continues the mission of its predecessors âe" to help teachers link creativity research and theory to the everyday activities of classroom teaching. Part I (chs 1-5) includes information on models and theories of creativity, characteristics of creative people, and talent development. Part II (chapters 6-10) includes strategies explicitly designed to teach creative thinking, to weave creative thinking into content area instruction, and to organize basic classroom activities (grouping, lesson planning, assessment, motivation and classroom organization) in ways that support studentsâe(tm) creativity. Changes in this Edition: Improved Organization -- This edition has been reorganized from 8 to 10 chapters allowing the presentation of theoretical material in clearer, more manageable chunks. New Material âe" In addition to general updating, there are more examples involving middle and secondary school teaching, more examples linking creativity to technology, new information on the misdiagnosis of creative students as ADHD, and more material on cross-cultural concepts of creativity, collaborative creativity, and linking creativity to state standards. Pedagogy & Design âe" Chapter-opening vignettes, within-chapter reflection questions and activities, sample lesson ideas from real teachers, and end-of-chapter journaling activities help readers adapt content to their own teaching situations. Also, a larger trim makes the layout more open and appealing and a single end-of-book reference section makes referencing easier. Targeted specifically to educators (but useful to others), this book is suitable for any course that deals wholly or partly with creativity in teaching, teaching the gifted and talented, or teaching thinking and problem solving. Such courses are variously found in departments of special education, early childhood education, curriculum and instruction, or educational psychology.