Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781585761975
Total Pages : 1056 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (619 download)

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Book Synopsis Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States by : Michael Gerrard

Download or read book Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States written by Michael Gerrard and published by . This book was released on 2019-03-18 with total page 1056 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States provides a "legal playbook" for deep decarbonization in the United States, identifying well over 1,000 legal options for enabling the United States to address one of the greatest problems facing this country and the rest of humanity. The book is based on two reports by the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (DDPP) that explain technical and policy pathways for reducing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% from 1990 levels by 2050. This 80x50 target and similarly aggressive carbon abatement goals are often referred to as deep decarbonization, distinguished because it requires systemic changes to the energy economy. Legal Pathways explains the DDPP reports and then addresses in detail 35 different topics in as many chapters. These 35 chapters cover energy efficiency, conservation, and fuel switching; electricity decarbonization; fuel decarbonization; carbon capture and negative emissions; non-carbon dioxide climate pollutants; and a variety of cross-cutting issues. The legal options involve federal, state, and local law, as well as private governance. Authors were asked to include all options, even if they do not now seem politically realistic or likely, giving Legal Pathways not just immediate value, but also value over time. While both the scale and complexity of deep decarbonization are enormous, this book has a simple message: deep decarbonization is achievable in the United States using laws that exist or could be enacted. These legal tools can be used with significant economic, social, environmental, and national security benefits. Book Reviews "A growing chorus of Americans understand that climate change is the biggest public health, economic, and national security challenge our families have ever faced and they rightly ask, ''What can anyone do?'' Well, this book makes that answer very clear: we can do a lot as individuals, businesses, communities, cities, states, and the federal government to fight climate change. The legal pathways are many and the barriers are not insurmountable. In short, the time is now to dig deep and decarbonize." --Gina McCarthy, Former U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator "Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States sets forth over 1,000 solutions for federal, state, local, and private actors to tackle climate change. This book also makes the math for Congress clear: with hundreds of policy options and 12 years to stop the worst impacts of climate change, now is the time to find a path forward." --Sheldon Whitehouse, U.S. Senator, Rhode Island "This superb work comes at a critical time in the history of our planet. As we increasingly face the threat and reality of climate change and its inevitable impact on our most vulnerable populations, this book provides the best and most current thinking on viable options for the future to address and ameliorate a vexing, worldwide challenge of extraordinary magnitude. Michael Gerrard and John Dernbach are two of the most distinguished academicians in the country on these issues, and they have assembled leading scholars and practitioners to provide a possible path forward. With 35 chapters and over 1,000 legal options, the book is like a menu of offerings for public consumption, showing that real actions can be taken, now and in the future, to achieve deep decarbonization. I recommend the book highly." --John C. Cruden, Past Assistant Attorney General, Environment and Natural Resources Division, U.S. Department of Justice "This book proves that we already know what to do about climate change, if only we had the will to do it. The path to decarbonization depends as much on removing legal impediments and changing outdated incentive systems as it does on imposing new regulations. There are ideas here for every sector of the economy, for every level of government, and for business and nongovernmental organizations, too, all of which should be on the table for any serious country facing the most serious of challenges. By giving us a sense of the possible, Gerrard and Dernbach and their fine authors seem to be saying two things: (1) do something; and (2) it''s possible. What a timely message, and what a great collection." --Jody Freeman, Archibald Cox Professor of Law and Founding Director of the Harvard Law School Environmental and Energy Law Program

National Pathways to Low Carbon Emission Economies

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781138312616
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (126 download)

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Book Synopsis National Pathways to Low Carbon Emission Economies by : Kurt Hübner

Download or read book National Pathways to Low Carbon Emission Economies written by Kurt Hübner and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a series of case studies exploring the innovation policies that various countries have introduced in a bid to enhance low carbon emission activities. They demonstrate the extent to which external events and institutional constraints from the international polity influence national innovation strategies.

Sustainable Urban Mobility Pathways

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128148985
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Urban Mobility Pathways by : Oliver Lah

Download or read book Sustainable Urban Mobility Pathways written by Oliver Lah and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-12-03 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Urban Mobility Pathways examines how sustainable urban mobility solutions contribute to achieving worldwide sustainable development and global climate change targets, while also identifying barriers to implementation and strategies to overcome them. Building on city-to-city cooperation experiences in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America, the book examines key challenges in the context of the Paris Agreement, UN Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda, including policies needed to achieve a sustainable, low-carbon pathway for transport and how an integrated policy strategy is designed to provide a basis for political coalitions. The book explores which institutional framework creates sufficient political stability and continuity to foster the take-up of and long-term support for sustainable transport strategies. The linkages of climate change and wider sustainable development objectives are covered, including success stories, best practices, and quantitative analysis for key emerging economies in public transport, walking, cycling, freight and logistics, vehicle technology and fuels, urban planning and integration, and national framework policies. Provides a holistic view of sustainable urban transport, focusing on policy-making processes, the role of institutions and successes and pitfalls Delivers practical insights drawn from the experiences of actual city-to-city cooperation and on-the-ground policy work Explores options for the integration of policy objectives and institutional structures that form coalitions for the implementation of sustainable urban mobility solutions Describes the policy, institutional, political, and socio-economic aspects in cities in five emerging economies: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and Turkey

Pathways to a Sustainable Economy

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319677020
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Pathways to a Sustainable Economy by : Moazzem Hossain

Download or read book Pathways to a Sustainable Economy written by Moazzem Hossain and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-24 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The focus of this edited volume is to identify challenges facing organizations in achieving zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and a new energy economy, and to explore solutions from various sectors of the economy to enable the transition to a zero emissions future. Research presented here is divided into three parts, with an introductory statement on growth and sustainability. Part one discusses strategies towards a sustainable economy under a zero emissions goal. Part two contains industry specific case studies focusing on construction and related activities. Part three is devoted to country specific case studies from the Asia-Pacific region. Each of the chapters address one or more of the following issues: restoration, mitigation, adaptation and/or promoting resilience in the face of climate change as part of achieving a sustainable economy. The volume is multi-disciplinary in nature, drawing on various disciplines in social science, business, environment and policy, and will be of interest to UN development agencies, academic institutions, government policy makers, NGOs and business leaders.

Pathways towards lower emissions

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Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251384487
Total Pages : 77 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Pathways towards lower emissions by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Pathways towards lower emissions written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2023-12-08 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This FAO report presents a comprehensive global assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock systems, utilizing FAO’s Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM) based on the most recent available data. GLEAM also considers indirect emissions from upstream activities, such as feed and other inputs, and part of the downstream processes including post-farm transport, processing and packaging of raw products. Drawing from an extensive literature review, this publication illustrates pathways towards lower emissions through a set of interventions on both the supply and the demand sides of animal production.

Accelerating Decarbonization of the U.S. Energy System

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780309682923
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (829 download)

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Book Synopsis Accelerating Decarbonization of the U.S. Energy System by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Accelerating Decarbonization of the U.S. Energy System written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by . This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world is transforming its energy system from one dominated by fossil fuel combustion to one with net-zero emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary anthropogenic greenhouse gas. This energy transition is critical to mitigating climate change, protecting human health, and revitalizing the U.S. economy. To help policymakers, businesses, communities, and the public better understand what a net-zero transition would mean for the United States, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine convened a committee of experts to investigate how the U.S. could best decarbonize its transportation, electricity, buildings, and industrial sectors. This report, Accelerating Decarbonization of the United States Energy System, identifies key technological and socio-economic goals that must be achieved to put the United States on the path to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. The report presents a policy blueprint outlining critical near-term actions for the first decade (2021-2030) of this 30-year effort, including ways to support communities that will be most impacted by the transition.

Pathways to Low-carbon Development for the Philippines

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Pathways to Low-carbon Development for the Philippines by : Asian Development Bank

Download or read book Pathways to Low-carbon Development for the Philippines written by Asian Development Bank and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study assesses how the growth of the Philippines can be made climate friendly through a detailed modeling approach that draws on extensive national stakeholder input. The Philippines currently has a low level of per capita greenhouse gas emissions. However, emission levels are growing at an increasing rate, with 4% annual growth between 2006 and 2012. The country's energy system is becoming more carbon intensive to satisfy escalating energy demand caused by strong economic growth. This study assesses how the Philippines can take a low-carbon pathway by drawing on detailed modeling of the power, residential, and transport sectors. It identifies low-carbon development options that can be deployed at approximately zero net cost to reduce energy sector greenhouse gas emissions by 70% by 2050. With energy use levels still low, the country has an opportunity to follow a low-carbon development trajectory--if action is taken soon.

Low Carbon Pathways for Growth in India

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811309051
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Low Carbon Pathways for Growth in India by : Rajat Kathuria

Download or read book Low Carbon Pathways for Growth in India written by Rajat Kathuria and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-01 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores ways in which India can negotiate the low carbon path up until 2030, when it is expected to be the largest economy after the US and China. It comprehensively reviews the low climate pathways for India and provides a guide to the pathways that the country can adopt. India’s population, energy demands and emissions will increase significantly, and the challenge is to restrict its CO2 emissions and walk the low carbon path. Through its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), India has pledged to reduce its emissions significantly. Addressing the question of which low carbon paths India can adhere to without compromising its growth, the book identifies the key factors that feed into existing models of climate change and discusses the cost of action versus inaction. It also examines key issues concerning India’s environment through the lens of the transport, industry and water sectors. The book concludes by looking at policy implications for low carbon growth in India.

Climate Intervention

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309305322
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Intervention by : National Research Council

Download or read book Climate Intervention written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-06-17 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The signals are everywhere that our planet is experiencing significant climate change. It is clear that we need to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from our atmosphere if we want to avoid greatly increased risk of damage from climate change. Aggressively pursuing a program of emissions abatement or mitigation will show results over a timescale of many decades. How do we actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to make a bigger difference more quickly? As one of a two-book report, this volume of Climate Intervention discusses CDR, the carbon dioxide removal of greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere and sequestration of it in perpetuity. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration introduces possible CDR approaches and then discusses them in depth. Land management practices, such as low-till agriculture, reforestation and afforestation, ocean iron fertilization, and land-and-ocean-based accelerated weathering, could amplify the rates of processes that are already occurring as part of the natural carbon cycle. Other CDR approaches, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration, direct air capture and sequestration, and traditional carbon capture and sequestration, seek to capture CO2 from the atmosphere and dispose of it by pumping it underground at high pressure. This book looks at the pros and cons of these options and estimates possible rates of removal and total amounts that might be removed via these methods. With whatever portfolio of technologies the transition is achieved, eliminating the carbon dioxide emissions from the global energy and transportation systems will pose an enormous technical, economic, and social challenge that will likely take decades of concerted effort to achieve. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration will help to better understand the potential cost and performance of CDR strategies to inform debate and decision making as we work to stabilize and reduce atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Uncovering Pathways Towards an Inclusive Green Economy

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Publisher : United Nations
ISBN 13 : 9210602412
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Uncovering Pathways Towards an Inclusive Green Economy by : United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Download or read book Uncovering Pathways Towards an Inclusive Green Economy written by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and published by United Nations. This book was released on 2015-11-25 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report speaks to the multiple benefits – economic, health, security, social and environmental – that such an economic model can bring to humanity. An inclusive green economy sees growth in income and employment from investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution. The IGE Narrative expands and deepens substantially the focus of UNEP's earlier work on green economy.

The Climate Casino

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Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300203810
Total Pages : 1006 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis The Climate Casino by : William Nordhaus

Download or read book The Climate Casino written by William Nordhaus and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 1006 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change is profoundly altering our world in ways that pose major risks to human societies and natural systems. We have entered the Climate Casino and are rolling the global-warming dice, warns economist William Nordhaus. But there is still time to turn around and walk back out of the casino, and in this essential book the author explains how.div /DIVdivBringing together all the important issues surrounding the climate debate, Nordhaus describes the science, economics, and politics involved—and the steps necessary to reduce the perils of global warming. Using language accessible to any concerned citizen and taking care to present different points of view fairly, he discusses the problem from start to finish: from the beginning, where warming originates in our personal energy use, to the end, where societies employ regulations or taxes or subsidies to slow the emissions of gases responsible for climate change./DIVdiv /DIVdivNordhaus offers a new analysis of why earlier policies, such as the Kyoto Protocol, failed to slow carbon dioxide emissions, how new approaches can succeed, and which policy tools will most effectively reduce emissions. In short, he clarifies a defining problem of our times and lays out the next critical steps for slowing the trajectory of global warming./DIV

How to Avoid a Climate Disaster

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Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0385546149
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (855 download)

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Book Synopsis How to Avoid a Climate Disaster by : Bill Gates

Download or read book How to Avoid a Climate Disaster written by Bill Gates and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2021-02-16 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: #1 NEW YORK TIMES BEST SELLER • In this urgent, authoritative book, Bill Gates sets out a wide-ranging, practical—and accessible—plan for how the world can get to zero greenhouse gas emissions in time to avoid a climate catastrophe. Bill Gates has spent a decade investigating the causes and effects of climate change. With the help of experts in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, political science, and finance, he has focused on what must be done in order to stop the planet's slide to certain environmental disaster. In this book, he not only explains why we need to work toward net-zero emissions of greenhouse gases, but also details what we need to do to achieve this profoundly important goal. He gives us a clear-eyed description of the challenges we face. Drawing on his understanding of innovation and what it takes to get new ideas into the market, he describes the areas in which technology is already helping to reduce emissions, where and how the current technology can be made to function more effectively, where breakthrough technologies are needed, and who is working on these essential innovations. Finally, he lays out a concrete, practical plan for achieving the goal of zero emissions—suggesting not only policies that governments should adopt, but what we as individuals can do to keep our government, our employers, and ourselves accountable in this crucial enterprise. As Bill Gates makes clear, achieving zero emissions will not be simple or easy to do, but if we follow the plan he sets out here, it is a goal firmly within our reach.

Drawdown

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Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1524704652
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (247 download)

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Book Synopsis Drawdown by : Paul Hawken

Download or read book Drawdown written by Paul Hawken and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2017-04-18 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: • New York Times bestseller • The 100 most substantive solutions to reverse global warming, based on meticulous research by leading scientists and policymakers around the world “At this point in time, the Drawdown book is exactly what is needed; a credible, conservative solution-by-solution narrative that we can do it. Reading it is an effective inoculation against the widespread perception of doom that humanity cannot and will not solve the climate crisis. Reported by-effects include increased determination and a sense of grounded hope.” —Per Espen Stoknes, Author, What We Think About When We Try Not To Think About Global Warming “There’s been no real way for ordinary people to get an understanding of what they can do and what impact it can have. There remains no single, comprehensive, reliable compendium of carbon-reduction solutions across sectors. At least until now. . . . The public is hungry for this kind of practical wisdom.” —David Roberts, Vox “This is the ideal environmental sciences textbook—only it is too interesting and inspiring to be called a textbook.” —Peter Kareiva, Director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA In the face of widespread fear and apathy, an international coalition of researchers, professionals, and scientists have come together to offer a set of realistic and bold solutions to climate change. One hundred techniques and practices are described here—some are well known; some you may have never heard of. They range from clean energy to educating girls in lower-income countries to land use practices that pull carbon out of the air. The solutions exist, are economically viable, and communities throughout the world are currently enacting them with skill and determination. If deployed collectively on a global scale over the next thirty years, they represent a credible path forward, not just to slow the earth’s warming but to reach drawdown, that point in time when greenhouse gases in the atmosphere peak and begin to decline. These measures promise cascading benefits to human health, security, prosperity, and well-being—giving us every reason to see this planetary crisis as an opportunity to create a just and livable world.

Climate Change and Cities

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 1316603334
Total Pages : 855 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (166 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Change and Cities by : Cynthia Rosenzweig

Download or read book Climate Change and Cities written by Cynthia Rosenzweig and published by . This book was released on 2018-03-29 with total page 855 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate Change and Cities bridges science-to-action for climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts in cities around the world.

The impact of COVID-19 and recovery packages on emission pathways to 2030

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Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
ISBN 13 : 9289373253
Total Pages : 55 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (893 download)

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Book Synopsis The impact of COVID-19 and recovery packages on emission pathways to 2030 by : Olhoff, Anne

Download or read book The impact of COVID-19 and recovery packages on emission pathways to 2030 written by Olhoff, Anne and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2022-06-02 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Available online: https://pub.norden.org/temanord2022-530/ Globally, the opportunity to use COVID-19 fiscal rescue and recovery spending to accelerate the low-carbon transition has largely been missed so far: the share of low-carbon fiscal spending ranges between 0.5%–2.5% in studies considering both rescue and recovery spending and 18%–30% for studies considering recovery spending alone. This report analyses the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated rescue and recovery packages on greenhouse gas emissions to 2030, focusing on three main aspects: 1) What happened to activities and greenhouse gas emissions in 2020, and what are the preliminary estimates for 2021? 2) How did the 2020 and 2021 emissions changes affect pathways through to 2030? 3) What is the expected impact of fiscal recovery packages on emissions through to 2030?

Getting to Net-Zero Emissions: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean

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Author :
Publisher : Inter-American Development Bank
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Getting to Net-Zero Emissions: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean by : Adrien Vogt-Schilb

Download or read book Getting to Net-Zero Emissions: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean written by Adrien Vogt-Schilb and published by Inter-American Development Bank. This book was released on with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All Latin America and the Caribbean countries have ratified the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global warming to between 1.5C and 2C above pre-industrial levels. Those goals require reaching net-zero carbon dioxide emissions by around 2050 and substantial reductions of CO2 emissions by 2030. Getting to Net-Zero Emissions takes stock of the lessons learnt from the experiences of country teams implementing the ongoing IDB-led Deep Decarbonization Pathways in Latin America and the Caribbean Project and proposes approaches to developing and delivering long-term pathways to net-zero emissions by 2050. The report shows the essential role played by long-term strategies in terms of identifying and planning the deployment of the infrastructure and policy packages necessary to ensure a just transition towards a net-zero emission economy. Long-term strategies will help governments anticipate fiscal and financial costs, manage trade-offs, minimize social impacts, and define the sequence of policy reforms and investment priorities required to deliver a carbon-neutral future. The design of long-term strategies by 2020 in line with the timeline envisaged in the context of the Paris Agreement can guide the establishment of more ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and minimize stranded assets and associated costs. Long-term strategies are an essential instrument, both to contribute to the redirection of public and private investments, and to guide the dialogue with development institutions seeking to support sustainable and inclusive development. By reading this report, we hope that decision makers and technicians will gain insights into how to deliver decarbonization successfully.

Review of the Draft Fourth National Climate Assessment

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309471699
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Review of the Draft Fourth National Climate Assessment by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Review of the Draft Fourth National Climate Assessment written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-06-18 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change poses many challenges that affect society and the natural world. With these challenges, however, come opportunities to respond. By taking steps to adapt to and mitigate climate change, the risks to society and the impacts of continued climate change can be lessened. The National Climate Assessment, coordinated by the U.S. Global Change Research Program, is a mandated report intended to inform response decisions. Required to be developed every four years, these reports provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date evaluation of climate change impacts available for the United States, making them a unique and important climate change document. The draft Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) report reviewed here addresses a wide range of topics of high importance to the United States and society more broadly, extending from human health and community well-being, to the built environment, to businesses and economies, to ecosystems and natural resources. This report evaluates the draft NCA4 to determine if it meets the requirements of the federal mandate, whether it provides accurate information grounded in the scientific literature, and whether it effectively communicates climate science, impacts, and responses for general audiences including the public, decision makers, and other stakeholders.