Pathologies of Paradise

Download Pathologies of Paradise PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Virginia Press
ISBN 13 : 0813935199
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (139 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pathologies of Paradise by : Supriya M. Nair

Download or read book Pathologies of Paradise written by Supriya M. Nair and published by University of Virginia Press. This book was released on 2013-09-24 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pathologies of Paradise presents the rich complexity of anglophone Caribbean literature from pluralistic perspectives that contest the reduction of the region to Edenic or infernal stereotypes. But rather than reiterate the familiar critiques of these stereotypes, Supriya Nair draws on the trope of the detour to plumb the depths of anti-paradise discourse, showing how the Caribbean has survived its history of colonization and slavery. In her reading of authors such as Jamaica Kincaid, Michelle Cliff, V. S. Naipaul, Zadie Smith, Junot Díaz, and Pauline Melville, among others, she examines dominant symbols and events that shape the literature and history of postslavery and postcolonial societies: the garden and empire, individual and national trauma, murder and massacre, contagion and healing, grotesque humor and the carnivalesque. In ranging across multiple contexts, generations, and genres, the book maps a syncretic and flexible approach to Caribbean literature that demonstrates the supple literary cartographies of New World identities.

Linguistic Disorders and Pathologies

Download Linguistic Disorders and Pathologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110203375
Total Pages : 978 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Linguistic Disorders and Pathologies by : Gerhard Blanken

Download or read book Linguistic Disorders and Pathologies written by Gerhard Blanken and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2008-07-14 with total page 978 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook is geared towards the following aims: Reviewing the state of research on disordered language perception and production in adults and children. Describing and discussing present attempts at modelling human language processing by using linguistic disorders and pathologies as a data base. Presenting diagnostic and therapeutic concepts. Pointing out gaps and inconcistencies in current knowledge and theories. In bringing together knowlegde of different sources and disciplines under a common roof, the editors have achieved a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the field of language pathology. Because of the diversity of the disciplines contributing to this scientific field, the chapters differ clearly in theories and methodologies. Yet this handbook represents a clear and common interdisciplinary contribution to linguistic disorders and pathologies and, furthermore, demonstrates the amount of interdisciplinary interaction still required. We chose this title in order to encompass as broadly as possible abnormalities and alterations of language perception, comprehension and production in adults and children, including nonpathological disorders. This handbook will be of interest to anybody involved with disordered language and/or language and speech disturbances, such as linguists and psychologists working in related research areas or teaching related subjects, scientists analyzing and modelling linguistic and cognitive processes (e.g. in Cognitive Psychology, Psycholinguistics, Neurolinguistics, Neuropsychology, Behavioural Neurology, Artificial Intelligence Research, and Cognitive Science), clinicians dealing with aquired or developmental language disorders, and speech pathologists and therapists. Besides presenting the state of the art, the handbook provides rich bibliographical information for research workers, clinicians, and advanced students.

Between the Bocas

Download Between the Bocas PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Liverpool University Press
ISBN 13 : 1781384568
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (813 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Between the Bocas by : Jak Peake

Download or read book Between the Bocas written by Jak Peake and published by Liverpool University Press. This book was released on 2017-07-19 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Situated opposite the mouth of the Orinoco River, western Trinidad has long been considered an entrepôt to mainland South America. Trinidad’s geographic position—seen as strategic by various imperial governments—led to many heterogeneous peoples from across the region and globe settling or being relocated there. The calm waters around the Gulf of Paria on the western fringes of Trinidad induced settlers to construct a harbour, Port of Spain, around which the modern capital has been formed. From its colonial roots into the postcolonial era, western Trinidad therefore has played an especial part in the shaping of the island’s literature. Viewed from one perspective, western Trinidad might be deemed as narrating the heart of the modern state’s national literature. Alternatively, the political threats posed around San Fernando in Trinidad’s southwest in the 1930s and from within the capital in the 1970s present a different picture of western Trinidad—one in which the fractures of Trinidad and Tobago’s projected nationalism are prevalent. While sugar remains a dominant narrative in Caribbean literary studies, this book offers a unique literary perspective on matters too often perceived as the sole preserve of sociological, anthropological or geographical studies. The legacy of the oil industry and the development of the suburban commuter belt of East-West Corridor, therefore, form considerable discursive nodes, alongside other key Trinidadian sites, such as Woodford Square, colonial houses and the urban yards of Port of Spain. This study places works by well-known authors such as V. S. Naipaul and Samuel Selvon, alongside writing by Michel Maxwell Philip, Marcella Fanny Wilkins, E. L. Joseph, Earl Lovelace, Ismith Khan, Monique Roffey, Arthur Calder-Marshall and the largely neglected novelist, Yseult Bridges, who is almost entirely forgotten today. Using fiction, calypso, history, memoir, legal accounts, poetry, essays and journalism, this study opens with an analysis of Trinidad’s nineteenth century literature and offers twentieth century and more contemporary readings of the island in successive chapters. Chapters are roughly arranged in chronological order around particular sites and topoi, while literature from a variety of authors of British, Caribbean, Irish and Jewish descent is represented.

Beyond Germs

Download Beyond Germs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 081650024X
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (165 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Beyond Germs by : Catherine M. Cameron

Download or read book Beyond Germs written by Catherine M. Cameron and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2015-10-22 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beyond Germs: Native Depopulation in North America challenges the hypothesis that the massive depopulation of the New World was primarily caused by diseases brought by Europeans, which scholars used for decades to explain the decimation of the indigenous peoples of North America. Contributors expertly argue that blaming germs downplays the active role of Europeans in inciting wars, destroying livelihoods, and erasing identities.

Understories: Plants and Culture in the American Tropics

Download Understories: Plants and Culture in the American Tropics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Liverpool University Press
ISBN 13 : 1837645000
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (376 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Understories: Plants and Culture in the American Tropics by : Lesley Wylie

Download or read book Understories: Plants and Culture in the American Tropics written by Lesley Wylie and published by Liverpool University Press. This book was released on 2023-11-15 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understories: Plants and Culture in the American Tropics establishes the central importance of plants to the histories and cultures of the extended tropical region stretching from the U.S. South to Argentina. Through close examination of a number of significant plants – cacao, mate, agave, the hevea brasilensis, kudzu, the breadfruit, soy, and the ceiba pentandra, among others – this volume shows that vegetal life has played a fundamental role in shaping societies and in formulating cultural and environmental imaginaries in and beyond the region. Drawing on a wide range of cultural traditions and forms across literature, popular music, art, and film, the essays included in this volume transcend regional and linguistic boundaries to bring together multiple plant-centred histories or ‘understories’ – narratives that until now have been marginalized or gone unnoticed. Attending not only to the significant influence of humans on plants, but also of plants on humans, this book offers new understandings of how colonization, globalization, and power were, and continue to be, imbricated with nature in the American tropics.

The House on Paradise Street

Download The House on Paradise Street PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1476718792
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (767 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The House on Paradise Street by : Sofka Zinovieff

Download or read book The House on Paradise Street written by Sofka Zinovieff and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2013-01-01 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2008 Antigone Perifanis returns to her old family home in Athens after 60 years in exile. She has come to attend the funeral of her only son, Nikitas, who was born in prison, and whom she has not seen since she left him as a baby. At the same time, Nikitas’s English widow Maud – disturbed by her husband’s strange behaviour in the days before his death – starts to investigate his complicated past. She soon finds herself reigniting a bitter family feud, and discovers a heartbreaking story of a young mother caught up in the political tides of the Greek Civil War, forced to make a terrible decision that will blight not only her life but that of future generations...

Pathologies of Travel

Download Pathologies of Travel PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004333304
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pathologies of Travel by :

Download or read book Pathologies of Travel written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2016-08-22 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essays collected here not only contribute to our understanding of the conception and application of a variety of medical ideas, showing how they depended on beliefs about climate and corporeal constitution as well as often inconsistent data or récits culled from travellers and geographically dispersed case histories, but also open up illuminatingly complex perspectives on the uncertainties and dangers of the phenomenon of modern travel.

Pathologies of Motion

Download Pathologies of Motion PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300243960
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pathologies of Motion by : Kevis Goodman

Download or read book Pathologies of Motion written by Kevis Goodman and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2023-01-17 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An original study of late Enlightenment aesthetics, poetics, and environmental medicine as overlapping ways of comprehending the dislocations of historical existence lodged in the movements of bodies and minds This book studies later eighteenth-century medicine, aesthetics, and poetics as overlapping forms of knowledge increasingly concerned about the relationship between the geographical movements of persons displaced from home and the physiological or nervous "motions" within their bodies and minds. Looking beyond familiar narratives about medicine and art's shared therapeutic and harmonizing ideals, this book explores Enlightenment and Romantic-era aesthetics and poetics in relation to a central but less well known area of eighteenth-century environmental medicine: pathology. No mere system of diagnosis or classification, philosophical pathology was an art of interpretation, offering sophisticated ways of reading the multiple conditions and causes of disease, however absent from perception, in their palpable, embodied effects. For medical, anthropological, environmental, and literary authors alike, it helped to locate the dislocations of modern mobility when a full view of their causes and conditions remained imperfectly understood or still unfolding. Goodman traces the surprising afterlife of the period's exemplary but unexplained pathology of motion, medical nostalgia, within aesthetic theory and poetics, arguing that nostalgia persisted there not as a named condition but as a set of formal principles and practices, perturbing claims about the harmony, freedom, and free play of the mind.

Proteins, Pathologies and Politics

Download Proteins, Pathologies and Politics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350056871
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Proteins, Pathologies and Politics by : David Gentilcore

Download or read book Proteins, Pathologies and Politics written by David Gentilcore and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2018-12-13 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proteins, Pathologies and Politics presents an international and historical approach to dietary change and health, contrasting current concerns with how issues such as diabetes, cancer, vitamins, sugar and fat, and food allergies were perceived in the 19th and 20th centuries. Though what we eat and what we shouldn't eat has become a topic of increased scrutiny in the current century, the link between dietary innovation and health/disease is not a new one. From new fads in foodstuffs, through developments in manufacturing and production processes, to the inclusion of additives and evolving agricultural practices changing diet, changes often promised better health only to become associated with the opposite. With contributors including Peter Scholliers, Francesco Buscemi, Clare Gordon Bettencourt, and Kirsten Gardner, this collection comprises the best scholarship on how we have perceived diet to affect health. The chapters consider: - the politics and economics of dietary change - the historical actors involved in dietary innovation and the responses to it - the extent that our dietary health itself a cultural construct, or even a product of history This is a fascinating and varied study of how our diets have been shaped and influenced by perceptions of health and will be of great value to students of history, food history, nutrition science, politics and sociology.

Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies

Download Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 012800827X
Total Pages : 1382 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies by : Victor R Preedy

Download or read book Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies written by Victor R Preedy and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-12-31 with total page 1382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies: Biology, Pharmacology, Diagnosis, and Treatment is the first book to take an interdisciplinary approach to the understanding of cannabis use and misuse. Recent worldwide trends toward decriminalizing marijuana for medical use have increased legal use of the drug and recreational use remains high, making cannabis one of the most commonly used drugs. Cannabis has a wide range of adverse neurological effects, and use and abuse can lead to physical, social, and psychopathological issues that are multifarious and complex. Effective understanding and treatment requires knowledge of the drug’s effects from across scientific disciplines. This book provides an overview of the biological and pharmacological components of the cannabis plant, outlines its neurological, social, and psychopathological effects, assists in the diagnosis and screening for use and dependency, and aids researchers in developing effective treatments for cannabis-related issues and disorders. Fully illustrated, with contributions from internationally recognized experts, it is the go-to resource for neuroscientists, pharmacologists, pathologists, public-health workers, and any other researcher who needs an in-depth and cross-disciplinary understanding of cannabis and its effects. Comprehensive chapters include an abstract, key facts, mini dictionary of terms, and summary points Presents illustrations with at least six figures, tables, and diagrams per chapter Provides a one-stop-shopping synopsis of everything to do with cannabis and its related pathology, from chemicals and cells, individuals and communities, and diagnosis and treatment Offers an integrated and informed synopsis of the complex issues surrounding cannabis as a substance, its use, and its misuse

Colonial Pathologies

Download Colonial Pathologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 0822388081
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (223 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Colonial Pathologies by : Warwick Anderson

Download or read book Colonial Pathologies written by Warwick Anderson and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2006-08-21 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Colonial Pathologies is a groundbreaking history of the role of science and medicine in the American colonization of the Philippines from 1898 through the 1930s. Warwick Anderson describes how American colonizers sought to maintain their own health and stamina in a foreign environment while exerting control over and “civilizing” a population of seven million people spread out over seven thousand islands. In the process, he traces a significant transformation in the thinking of colonial doctors and scientists about what was most threatening to the health of white colonists. During the late nineteenth century, they understood the tropical environment as the greatest danger, and they sought to help their fellow colonizers to acclimate. Later, as their attention shifted to the role of microbial pathogens, colonial scientists came to view the Filipino people as a contaminated race, and they launched public health initiatives to reform Filipinos’ personal hygiene practices and social conduct. A vivid sense of a colonial culture characterized by an anxious and assertive white masculinity emerges from Anderson’s description of American efforts to treat and discipline allegedly errant Filipinos. His narrative encompasses a colonial obsession with native excrement, a leper colony intended to transform those considered most unclean and least socialized, and the hookworm and malaria programs implemented by the Rockefeller Foundation in the 1920s and 1930s. Throughout, Anderson is attentive to the circulation of intertwined ideas about race, science, and medicine. He points to colonial public health in the Philippines as a key influence on the subsequent development of military medicine and industrial hygiene, U.S. urban health services, and racialized development regimes in other parts of the world.

Paradise in the Sea of Sorrow

Download Paradise in the Sea of Sorrow PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U of M Center for Japanese Studies
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Paradise in the Sea of Sorrow by : Michiko Ishimure

Download or read book Paradise in the Sea of Sorrow written by Michiko Ishimure and published by U of M Center for Japanese Studies. This book was released on 2003 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A moving account of Minamata disease victims' struggle for recognition and support in the years after mercury pollution was discovered in a group of fishing villages

Hearing, Speech, and Communication Disorders

Download Hearing, Speech, and Communication Disorders PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 147570626X
Total Pages : 779 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hearing, Speech, and Communication Disorders by : Information Center for Hearing Speech and Disorders

Download or read book Hearing, Speech, and Communication Disorders written by Information Center for Hearing Speech and Disorders and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 779 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Information analysis centers were developed to help the scientist and practitioner cope with the ever increasing mass of published and unpublished information in a specific field. Their establishment resulted from a further extension of those pressures that had brought about the formation of the specialized primary journal and the abstracting services at the turn of the century. The information analysis center concept was greatly advanced by the 1963 report of the President's Science Advisory Committee Panel on Science Information. This report stated: " . . . scientific interpreters who can collect relevant data, review a field, and distill information in a manner that goes to the heart of a technical situation are more help to the overburdened specialist than is a mere pile of relevant docu ments. " Such specialized information centers are operated in closest possible contact with working scientists in the field. These centers not only furnish information about ongoing research and dis seminate and retrieve information but also create new information and develop new methods of infor mation analysis, synthesis, and dissemination. The continually expanding biomedical literature produced by scientists from the world's laboratories, research centers, and medical centers led the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke in 1964 to initiate a National Neurological Information Network of specialized centers for neurological information. The Centers are designed to bring under control and to promote ready access to important segments of the literature.

Taking Flight

Download Taking Flight PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1496828739
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (968 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Taking Flight by : Jennifer Donahue

Download or read book Taking Flight written by Jennifer Donahue and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2020-07-15 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Caribbean women have long utilized the medium of fiction to break the pervasive silence surrounding abuse and exploitation. Contemporary works by such authors as Tiphanie Yanique and Nicole Dennis-Benn illustrate the deep-rooted consequences of trauma based on gender, sexuality, and race, and trace the steps that women take to find safer ground from oppression. Taking Flight examines the immigrant experience in contemporary Caribbean women’s writing and considers the effects of restrictive social mores. In the texts examined in Taking Flight, culturally sanctioned violence impacts the ability of female characters to be at home in their bodies or in the spaces they inhabit. The works draw attention to the historic racialization and sexualization of black women’s bodies and continue the legacy of narrating black women’s long-standing contestation of systems of oppression. Arguing that there is a clear link between trauma, shame, and migration, with trauma serving as a precursor to the protagonists’ emigration, Jennifer Donahue focuses on how female bodies are policed; how moral, racial, and sexual codes are linked; and how the enforcement of social norms can function as a form of trauma. Donahue considers the relationship between trauma, shame, and sexual politics and investigates how shame works as a social regulator that frequently leads to withdrawal or avoidant behaviors in those who violate socially sanctioned mores. Most importantly, Taking Flight positions flight as a powerful counter to disempowerment and considers how flight, whether through dissociation or migration, functions as a form of resistance.

The Social Pathologies of Contemporary Civilization

Download The Social Pathologies of Contemporary Civilization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317015649
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Social Pathologies of Contemporary Civilization by : Kieran Keohane

Download or read book The Social Pathologies of Contemporary Civilization written by Kieran Keohane and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-03 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Social Pathologies of Contemporary Civilization explores the nature of contemporary malaises, diseases, illnesses and psychosomatic syndromes, examining the manner in which they are related to cultural pathologies of the social body. Multi-disciplinary in approach, the book is concerned with questions of how these conditions are not only manifest at the level of individual patients' bodies, but also how the social 'bodies politic' are related to the hegemony of reductive biomedical and individual-psychologistic perspectives. Rejecting a reductive, biomedical and individualistic diagnosis of contemporary problems of health and well-being, The Social Pathologies of Contemporary Civilization contends that many such problems are to be understood in the light of radical changes in social structures and institutions, extending to deep crises in our civilization as a whole. Rather than considering such conditions in isolation - both from one another and from broader contexts - this book argues that health and well-being are not just located at the level of the individual body, the integral human person, or even collective social bodies; rather, they encompass the health of humanity as a whole and our relationship with Nature. A ground-breaking analysis of social malaise and the health of civilization, this book will be of interest to scholars of sociology, social theory, social psychology, philosophy and anthropology.

The Social Pathologies of Contemporary Civilization

Download The Social Pathologies of Contemporary Civilization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 1409472868
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Social Pathologies of Contemporary Civilization by : Dr Anders Petersen

Download or read book The Social Pathologies of Contemporary Civilization written by Dr Anders Petersen and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. This book was released on 2013-03-28 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Social Pathologies of Contemporary Civilization explores the nature of contemporary malaises, diseases, illnesses and psychosomatic syndromes, examining the manner in which they are related to cultural pathologies of the social body. Multi-disciplinary in approach, the book is concerned with questions of how these conditions are not only manifest at the level of individual patients' bodies, but also how the social 'bodies politic' are related to the hegemony of reductive biomedical and individual-psychologistic perspectives. Rejecting a reductive, biomedical and individualistic diagnosis of contemporary problems of health and well-being, The Social Pathologies of Contemporary Civilization contends that many such problems are to be understood in the light of radical changes in social structures and institutions, extending to deep crises in our civilization as a whole. Rather than considering such conditions in isolation - both from one another and from broader contexts - this book argues that health and well-being are not just located at the level of the individual body, the integral human person, or even collective social bodies; rather, they encompass the health of humanity as a whole and our relationship with Nature. A ground-breaking analysis of social malaise and the health of civilization, this book will be of interest to scholars of sociology, social theory, social psychology, philosophy and anthropology.

National Library of Medicine Audiovisuals Catalog

Download National Library of Medicine Audiovisuals Catalog PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 652 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis National Library of Medicine Audiovisuals Catalog by : National Library of Medicine (U.S.)

Download or read book National Library of Medicine Audiovisuals Catalog written by National Library of Medicine (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: