Particulate Matter Related Reactive Oxygen Species Chemistry In Surrogate Lung Fluid And In Cloud Droplets

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Particulate Matter-Related Reactive Oxygen Species Chemistry in Surrogate Lung Fluid and in Cloud Droplets

Author : Jiaqi Shen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Particulate Matter-Related Reactive Oxygen Species Chemistry in Surrogate Lung Fluid and in Cloud Droplets by : Jiaqi Shen

Download or read book Particulate Matter-Related Reactive Oxygen Species Chemistry in Surrogate Lung Fluid and in Cloud Droplets written by Jiaqi Shen and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When air pollution particles encounter water, whether in clouds or in the lungs, they partly dissolve, which starts a cascade of reactions. In clouds, this chemistry can change the mass concentration, chemical composition, and size distribution of particulate matter (PM) left behind when the cloud re-evaporates, making it an important process impacting the earth's climate. In the lungs, particles induce health impacts via mechanisms that are areas of active research. While these two environments are distinct, both are mediated by the reactions of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excess amounts of ROS formation triggered by the inhalation of PM is believed to be one of the causes of PM-induced diseases. I utilized different oxidative potential (OP) metrics in my research to quantify aerosol particles' ability to generate ROS. I further combined lab measurements with statistical analysis and kinetics models to determine the most toxic components in PM and dominant emission sources contributing to OP. In this dissertation, I first delved into the chemistry of ascorbate, one of the most abundant antioxidants in the lung. Ascorbate plays a vital role in the mechanism by which particulate air pollution initiates biological responses. I synthesized the literature on ascorbate, trace metals, and ROS interactions. Recognizing the large disagreements on the ascorbate reactions with iron or copper, I developed a chemical kinetics model to constrain the mechanisms and derive key rate constants. The modeling results suggest trace metals iron and copper are efficient sinks for ascorbate. Secondly, I investigated the interactions of PM and ROS with two other OP metrics - the hydroxyl radical (OH) and dithiothreitol (DTT) assays. The source apportionment analysis on OP indicates that vehicular exhaust and brake and tire wear are primary contributors to OP. I further linked the measured PM mass and OP with the CalEnviroScreen database. This is the first study in the US to uncover a disproportionate burden of OP for people in lower socioeconomic position. The correlational analysis also suggests that the OH assay may be promising in predicting particle-induced adverse health outcomes. My study on OH chemistry extends to the cloud water context. The OH burst, a recently discovered fast OH formation phenomenon in nascent cloud droplets, contributes to OH radicals exceeding all conventional aqueous phase processes. This discovery suggests a pivotal role of OH burst in aerosol oxidation and aging, yet our understanding of this chemistry is limited. I conducted field campaigns to measure the OH burst for different types of aerosols using the newly developed Direct-to-Reagent method and investigated the variations in the OH burst. I further assessed the degree to which ambient particles we collected encountered clouds along their backward trajectories with the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The results highlight that biomass burning organic aerosol is the largest predictor of the OH burst. Strong negative associations between OH formation and cloud processing history indicate the role of cloud water as a critical medium of OH chemistry. These findings on the dominant factors of the OH burst chemistry shed light on a parametrization of the chemistry within global models for evaluating its broader impacts on the global OH budget, aerosol oxidation, and climate.

Identification of the Chemical Compounds Responsible for Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Particulate Matter

Author : Jessica Grace Charrier
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781321014594
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (145 download)

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Book Synopsis Identification of the Chemical Compounds Responsible for Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Particulate Matter by : Jessica Grace Charrier

Download or read book Identification of the Chemical Compounds Responsible for Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Particulate Matter written by Jessica Grace Charrier and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inhalation of particulate matter (PM) air pollution causes both morbidity and mortality in humans. PM is a dynamic mixture of chemical species, with a composition that changes rapidly in space and time. Regulation to protect public health is based on the mass concentration of particles in the air, without regard to the chemical composition or their physical properties. While the mass of particles inhaled is generally strongly correlated with human mortality, there is emerging evidence that the chemical composition of PM may be more important in determining health outcomes. If we can identify which chemical components of particles induce toxicity we may be able to improve public health by focusing regulations on sources that emit the hazardous chemicals. While PM toxicity is not completely understood, one important mechanism is the ability of PM to cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs when adverse oxidants overwhelm the body's antioxidant defenses, causing damage to cells, DNA and other vital biological molecules. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a class of oxidants that include superoxide (·O2−), hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) and hydroxyl radical (·OH). These ROS are produced from subsequent one electron additions to dissolved molecular oxygen, which is present in high concentrations in the lung. When PM deposits in the lungs it can produce ROS directly, by introducing exogenous chemicals that react with the lung fluid to catalytically form ROS, or indirectly by inducing a biological response. This research aims to understand the detailed chemistry of direct ROS production from the chemical species common in ambient PM and to identify which of these are most likely responsible for direct oxidant production from PM. In Chapters 2-4 we characterize HOOH and ·OH production in a surrogate lung fluid from chemicals common in ambient PM. We quantitatively measure the rates of HOOH and ·OH production from individual and mixed laboratory solutions of ten transition metals and four quinones and apply our result to ambient PM samples. Based on our results and typical concentrations of transition metals and quinones in ambient PM, HOOH is primarily produced by soluble copper (Cu) while both soluble iron (Fe) and Cu are responsible for ·OH production. Quinones can contribute a small percentage to HOOH and ·OH production, but only at very high ambient quinone concentrations. In Chapters 5-6 we characterize the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, which is a commonly used measure of the chemical oxidative potential of PM. This assay measures the rate of loss of DTT as a proxy for the ability of PM to shuttle electrons from biological reductants to dissolved O2 and thus ROS. In Chapter 5 we measure the rate of DTT loss from laboratory solutions of transition metals, quinones, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, both individually and in mixtures. We find that Cu is likely responsible for the majority of DTT loss in ambient PM samples, while manganese (Mn) and phenanthrenequinone (PQN) are also important contributors. In Chapter 6 we measure the rate of DTT loss and the composition of soluble metals from 38 ambient PM samples collected from Fresno, California. We find that Cu and Mn explain DTT response in nearly all of the samples, and that quinones make only minor contributions to DTT loss. Overall, Cu is the single most important redox-active compound in all three assays, likely contributing between 50 - 100% of total response. Fe is important for ·OH production but not HOOH production or DTT loss. Fe does affect the production of HOOH by rapidly converting it to ·OH, and thus suppressing the initial rate of HOOH production by an average of 44%. Mn and PQN are important for DTT loss but not for ·OH or HOOH production. These results provide an understanding of the oxidative stress and specific oxidants that will be formed from different chemical mixtures in the lungs. These results should be used to inform future in vivo and epidemiological research. Sources that emit particles enriched in soluble Cu likely cause ROS production in the lungs, and should be investigated further.

Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species by Ambient Particulate Matter: Probing Causative Agents and the Underlying Mechanism

Author : XIAOBI Michelle KUANG
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species by Ambient Particulate Matter: Probing Causative Agents and the Underlying Mechanism by : XIAOBI Michelle KUANG

Download or read book Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species by Ambient Particulate Matter: Probing Causative Agents and the Underlying Mechanism written by XIAOBI Michelle KUANG and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosol aging plays an important role in modifying aerosol chemical composition, hygroscopicity, cloud condensation nuclei activity and optical properties. Aqueous phase aerosol aging often involves reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include hydroxyl radicals (OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2.-) and organic peroxides. Similar oxidation processes in cloud water may provide a pathway for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation through cloud processing during nighttime. Very limited studies have reported the direct quantification of OH and H2O2 production by ambient particles; and the contribution from different redox-active species to formation of ROS is not well understood. To address these questions, we combine field studies with laboratory experiments. Two field campaigns were carried out at Claremont, CA in summer and Fresno, CA in the winter. Samples collected on Teflon filters were extracted in an atmospherically relevant solution (water at pH3.5) and physiologically relevant solutions (surrogate lung fluid, pH 7.4). Marine samples of engine emissions from a research vessel when operating on Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) and Hydrogenation-Derived Renewable Diesel (HDRD) were collected during dedicated cruises in 2014 and 2015, including aged samples collected by re-intercepting the ship plume. These samples were analyzed for particle mass, H2O2 and OH generation, soluble transition metals and speciated soluble iron (iron speciation and H2O2 was not quantified in the marine samples). Our results show that soluble iron was about 50% Fe(II) and 50% Fe(III) in the Claremont samples but that the balance was slightly in favor of Fe(II) in the Fresno samples (65%) in pH3.5. The mass concentration was somewhat higher in Fresno, and on a per-mass basis, the Fresno PM generated a similar amount of H2O2 but far more OH than the Claremont PM. This high OH production was driven by the nighttime and morning samples, which were about 2.5 times more active than the Claremont samples; afternoon samples in Fresno were less active than Claremont. Nighttime and morning samples in Fresno had a strong signature from biomass burning HUmic LIke Substances (BBHULIS), and this material was very strongly correlated with OH formation, r2=0.89. Because of fluorescence interference in the OH assay from BBHULIS, a method was developed to separate the BBHULIS from the OH probe (4-hydroxyterephthalic acid) using Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB) cartridges. Particles generated from HDRD combustion had slightly to significantly (5-50%) higher OH generation activity when extracted under surrogate lung fluid (SLF) than those from ULSD and freshly emitted particles exhibited lower activity than aged plumes. To better understand the mechanism of ROS formation by ambient samples, the ability of synthetic mixtures containing quinones, metals and Humic/Fulvic acids (surrogates for BBHULIS) to produce ROS was investigated. When added alone, most of the redox active species tested did not produce ROS at atmospherically relevant concentrations. Addition of quinones did not show or only showed slight enhancement of ROS formation from Fe. In the contrast, the synergism of Cu and 1,4-Naphthoquinone produced more ROS than Cu alone.

Investigating the Source of Particulate Matter Toxicity: Kinetics of Reactive Oxygen Species from Biomass Burning Components in Lung Lining Fluids and Characterization of Toxic Components

Download Investigating the Source of Particulate Matter Toxicity: Kinetics of Reactive Oxygen Species from Biomass Burning Components in Lung Lining Fluids and Characterization of Toxic Components PDF Online Free

Author : David Hilario Gonzalez-Martinez
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigating the Source of Particulate Matter Toxicity: Kinetics of Reactive Oxygen Species from Biomass Burning Components in Lung Lining Fluids and Characterization of Toxic Components by : David Hilario Gonzalez-Martinez

Download or read book Investigating the Source of Particulate Matter Toxicity: Kinetics of Reactive Oxygen Species from Biomass Burning Components in Lung Lining Fluids and Characterization of Toxic Components written by David Hilario Gonzalez-Martinez and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epidemiological studies have shown that inhalation of particulate matter (PM) is associated with increased cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, asthma and cancer. However, the underlying biological mechanisms and PM components responsible for adverse health outcomes are poorly understood. Induction of oxidative stress mediated by an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one hypothesis for PM induced health effects. The PM components responsible for ROS generation and under conditions relevant to the lung are not well known. Inhalation of PM containing of water-soluble like substances (HULIS) are thought to disrupt cellular iron homeostasis, contributing to the development of pulmonary inflammation and disease. Cigarette smoke and wood smoke contain significant amounts of HULIS, but there is scant literature characterizing HULIS in these particles. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a toxic aldehyde traditionally measured in biological systems as a marker for oxidative stress. Interestingly, a handful of literature suggests that MDA may be present in ambient PM, potentially adding to the toxicity of inhaled PM. However, no study has quantified MDA in ambient PM. In this work we apply the terephthalate probe, thermodynamic modeling and chemical kinetics modeling to elucidate mechanisms of OH generation from HULIS-Fe interactions in simulated lung fluids (SLF) and human bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF). We employ fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy to characterize HULIS isolated from the water-soluble fraction of cigarette smoke condensate and wood smoke particles. We apply the 2-thiobarbituric acid method on biomass burning and urban PM2.5 to quantify ambient particle phase MDA for the first time. We use Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA) as a surrogate for HULIS and investigate its impact on OH generation from Fe(II) in SLF and BALF. Model and experimental results are used to find best-fit rate coefficients for key reactions. In SLF, modeling results indicate SRFA strongly chelates Fe species and enhances Fe-mediated reduction of O2 to O2- to 5.1 1.5 M-1 s-1 and destruction of H2O2 to (4.3 1.4) 103 M-1 s-1. In BALF, the dominant Fe binding protein is albumin but the impact of albumin-Fe complexes on ROS generation has never been defined. Using a rate limiting approximation and experiments measuring OH generation, we estimate that the rate constant for albumin-Fe mediated O2 to O2- reduction is (1.8 0.1) M-1 s-1. We also estimate the rate constant for SRFA-Fe(II) mediated O2 to O2- reduction to be 2.7 0.3 M-1 s-1. Fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used on HULIS isolated from cigarette smoke condensate and wood smoke particles. Fluorescence spectra indicate that HULIS in both cigarette smoke condensate and wood smoke contains fluorophores that closely resemble those of SRFA. FTIR spectroscopy further indicates that isolated HULIS contain similar organic functional groups as SRFA, but with higher aliphatic, ether, primary alcohol, organonitrogen character. Using the 2-thiobarbiutric acid assay, we estimate ambient malondialdehyde concentrations to be 40.7 ng/m3 - 75.3 ng/m3 in biomass burning and urban PM2.5 extracts, making up an average of (1.37 0.12) 10-2 % of total PM2.5 mass. These concentrations are comparable to previous field measurements of particle phase methylglyoxal and malonic acid, two similar atmospheric carbonyls.

How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease

Author : United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 728 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease by : United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General

Download or read book How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease written by United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.

Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309174023
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter by : National Research Council

Download or read book Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-04-30 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New National Ambient Air Quality Standards for airborne particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers, called PM2.5, were issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) amidst scientific uncertainty and controversy. In response to a request from Congress, Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter, the first of four books in a series, offers a conceptual framework for an integrated national program of particulate-matter research, identifies the 10 most critical research needs linked to key policy-related scientific uncertainties, and describes the recommended timing and estimated costs of such research. The committee concludes that EPA should devote more resources to investigating the relationships between fixed-site outdoor monitoring data and actual human breathing-zone exposures to ambient particulate matter and to identifying the most biologically important constituents and characteristics of particulate matter through toxicological studies. The recommended research activities are critical to determining actual exposures of human subpopulations most susceptible to harm from the most hazardous constituents of particulate matter. Future research will be an investment in public health and a means to ensure that resources spent on control technology and regulatory compliance will have a reasonable probability of success.

Aerosol Science

Author : Ian Colbeck
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119977924
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Aerosol Science by : Ian Colbeck

Download or read book Aerosol Science written by Ian Colbeck and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-02-03 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: AEROSOL SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS Aerosols influence many areas of our daily life. They are at the core of environmental problems such as global warming, photochemical smog and poor air quality. They can also have diverse effects on human health, where exposure occurs in both outdoor and indoor environments. However, aerosols can have beneficial effects too; the delivery of drugs to the lungs, the delivery of fuels for combustion and the production of nanomaterials all rely on aerosols. Advances in particle measurement technologies have made it possible to take advantage of rapid changes in both particle size and concentration. Likewise, aerosols can now be produced in a controlled fashion. Reviewing many technological applications together with the current scientific status of aerosol modelling and measurements, this book includes: Satellite aerosol remote sensing The effects of aerosols on climate change Air pollution and health Pharmaceutical aerosols and pulmonary drug delivery Bioaerosols and hospital infections Particle emissions from vehicles The safety of emerging nanomaterials Radioactive aerosols: tracers of atmospheric processes With the importance of this topic brought to the public's attention after the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull, this book provides a timely, concise and accessible overview of the many facets of aerosol science.

Atmospheric Particles

Author : Roy M. Harrison
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 632 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Atmospheric Particles by : Roy M. Harrison

Download or read book Atmospheric Particles written by Roy M. Harrison and published by . This book was released on 1998-05-08 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems provides the scientific community with a critical evaluation of the state of the art on physicochemical structures and reactions in environmental systems, as well as on the analytical techniques required to study and monitor these systems. The series is aimed at promoting rigorous analysis and understanding of physicochemical functioning of environmental systems. The last few years have seen a spectacular growth of interest in the field of aerosol science, and particularly in the properties and consequences of atmospheric aerosols. Research in this field has focused on the role of aerosols in such topical areas as heavy metal pollution, acid rain, photochemical smog and global warming. Atmospheric Particles examines the fundamental aspects of aerosol science relating to particles in the atmosphere, including the sources and size distribution of airborne particles, the means of sampling and chemical analysis, and the serious health implications of particles in the urban atmosphere. Atmospheric Particles * The first book to deal with aerosol particles in the atmosphere, their properties and significance. * Leading scientists review and evaluate the latest knowledge on sampling; characterisation and properties of atmospheric particles. * Excellent overview of current research and forthcoming developments in this rapidly expanding area. Atmospheric Particles brings together the state-of-the-art knowledge of aerosol science relating to airborne particulate matter which will be of interest to graduate students and researchers working in atmospheric science, environmental analysis, pollution chemistry and global change.

Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter

Author : National Center for Environmental Assessment (Research Triangle Park, N.C.)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1100 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter by : National Center for Environmental Assessment (Research Triangle Park, N.C.)

Download or read book Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter written by National Center for Environmental Assessment (Research Triangle Park, N.C.) and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 1100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Advanced Healthcare Materials

Author : Ashutosh Tiwari
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118773683
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Healthcare Materials by : Ashutosh Tiwari

Download or read book Advanced Healthcare Materials written by Ashutosh Tiwari and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-05-09 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers a comprehensive and interdisciplinary view of cutting-edge research on advanced materials for healthcare technology and applications Advanced healthcare materials are attracting strong interest in fundamental as well as applied medical science and technology. This book summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field of advanced materials for functional therapeutics, point-of-care diagnostics, translational materials, and up-and-coming bioengineering devices. Advanced Healthcare Materials highlights the key features that enable the design of stimuli-responsive smart nanoparticles, novel biomaterials, and nano/micro devices for either diagnosis or therapy, or both, called theranostics. It also presents the latest advancements in healthcare materials and medical technology. The senior researchers from global knowledge centers have written topics including: State-of-the-art of biomaterials for human health Micro- and nanoparticles and their application in biosensors The role of immunoassays Stimuli-responsive smart nanoparticles Diagnosis and treatment of cancer Advanced materials for biomedical application and drug delivery Nanoparticles for diagnosis and/or treatment of Alzheimers disease Hierarchical modelling of elastic behavior of human dental tissue Biodegradable porous hydrogels Hydrogels in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound care Modified natural zeolites Supramolecular hydrogels based on cyclodextrin poly(pseudo)rotaxane Polyhydroxyalkanoate-based biomaterials Biomimetic molecularly imprinted polymers

The Particulate Air Pollution Controversy

Author : Robert F. Phalen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781475776171
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (761 download)

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Book Synopsis The Particulate Air Pollution Controversy by : Robert F. Phalen

Download or read book The Particulate Air Pollution Controversy written by Robert F. Phalen and published by . This book was released on 2014-01-15 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Atmospheric Aerosols

Author : Rekha Kale
Publisher : Scitus Academics LLC
ISBN 13 : 9781681171326
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (713 download)

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Book Synopsis Atmospheric Aerosols by : Rekha Kale

Download or read book Atmospheric Aerosols written by Rekha Kale and published by Scitus Academics LLC. This book was released on 2015-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric Aerosols is a vital problem in current environmental research due to its importance in atmospheric optics, energetics, radiative transfer studies, chemistry, climate, biology and public health. Aerosols can influence the energy balance of the terrestrial atmosphere, the hydrological cycle, atmospheric dynamics and monsoon circulations. Because of the heterogeneous aerosol field with large spatial and temporal variability and reduction in uncertainties in aerosol quantification is a challenging task in atmospheric sciences. Keeping this in view the present study aims to assess the impact of aerosols on coastal Indian station Visakhapatnam and the adjoining Bay of Bengal. An aerosol is a colloid of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas. Aerosols can be natural or not. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, forest exudates and geyser steam.

Particle-Lung Interactions

Author : Peter Gehr
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420072579
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Particle-Lung Interactions by : Peter Gehr

Download or read book Particle-Lung Interactions written by Peter Gehr and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-09-25 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by an expanded team of leading international scientists, the second edition thoroughly investigates research and therapies for managing adverse physiological effects of air-borne particles on the respiratory tract. The book examines the lung as the gateway for particle damage to organs outside the respiratory system and provide the informat

Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants

Author :
Publisher : National Academies
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 740 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (313 download)

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Book Synopsis Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants by :

Download or read book Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants written by and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1977-01-01 with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309478219
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-04-24 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whether the result of an oil well blowout, vessel collision or grounding, leaking pipeline, or other incident at sea, each marine oil spill will present unique circumstances and challenges. The oil type and properties, location, time of year, duration of spill, water depth, environmental conditions, affected biomes, potential human community impact, and available resources may vary significantly. Also, each spill may be governed by policy guidelines, such as those set forth in the National Response Plan, Regional Response Plans, or Area Contingency Plans. To respond effectively to the specific conditions presented during an oil spill, spill responders have used a variety of response optionsâ€"including mechanical recovery of oil using skimmers and booms, in situ burning of oil, monitored natural attenuation of oil, and dispersion of oil by chemical dispersants. Because each response method has advantages and disadvantages, it is important to understand specific scenarios where a net benefit may be achieved by using a particular tool or combination of tools. This report builds on two previous National Research Council reports on dispersant use to provide a current understanding of the state of science and to inform future marine oil spill response operations. The response to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill included an unprecedented use of dispersants via both surface application and subsea injection. The magnitude of the spill stimulated interest and funding for research on oil spill response, and dispersant use in particular. This study assesses the effects and efficacy of dispersants as an oil spill response tool and evaluates trade-offs associated with dispersant use.

Toxicological Profile for Sulfur Dioxide

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Toxicological Profile for Sulfur Dioxide by :

Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Sulfur Dioxide written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Toxicological Profile for Selenium (Update)

Author : John Risher
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 143793076X
Total Pages : 457 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)

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Book Synopsis Toxicological Profile for Selenium (Update) by : John Risher

Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Selenium (Update) written by John Risher and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011-05 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selenium (SE) and its compounds are used in photographic devices, gun gluing, plastics, paints, anti-dandruff shampoos, vitamin and mineral supp., fungicides, and glass. It is also used to prepare drugs and as a nutritional feed supp. for poultry and livestock. This profile includes: (a) The exam¿n. of toxicologic info. and epidemiologic evaluations on SE to ascertain the levels of significant human exposure for the substance and the chronic health effects; (b) A determination of whether adequate info. on the health effects of SE is avail. to determine levels of exposure that present a significant risk to human health (SRHH); and (c) Ident¿n. of toxicologic testing needed to identify the types of exposure that may present SRHH. Illus. A print on demand pub.