Levodopa pharmacokinetics -from stomach to brain

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Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 9176855570
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (768 download)

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Book Synopsis Levodopa pharmacokinetics -from stomach to brain by : Maria Nord

Download or read book Levodopa pharmacokinetics -from stomach to brain written by Maria Nord and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2019-01-07 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and it is caused by a loss of dopamine (DA) producing neurons in the basal ganglia in the brain. The PD patient suffers from motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity and treatment with levodopa (LD), the precursor of DA, has positive effects on these symptoms. Several factors affect the availability of orally given LD. Gastric emptying (GE) is one factor and it has been shown to be delayed in PD patients resulting in impaired levodopa uptake. Different enzymes metabolize LD on its way from the gut to the brain resulting in less LD available in the brain and more side effects from the metabolites. By adding dopa decarboxylase inhibitors (carbidopa or benserazide) or COMT-inhibitors (e.g. entacapone) the bioavailability of LD increases significantly and more LD can pass the blood-brain-barrier and be converted to DA in the brain. It has been considered of importance to avoid high levodopa peaks in the brain because this seems to induce changes in postsynaptic dopaminergic neurons causing disabling motor complications in PD patients. More continuously given LD, e.g. duodenal or intravenous (IV) infusions, has been shown to improve these motor complications. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) has also been proven to improve motor complications and to make it possible to reduce the LD dosage in PD patients. In this doctoral thesis the main purpose is to study the pharmacokinetics of LD in patients with PD and motor complications; in blood and subcutaneous tissue and study the effect of GE and PD stage on LD uptake and the effect of continuously given LD (CDS) on LD uptake and GE; in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) when adding the peripheral enzyme inhibitors entacapone and carbidopa to LD infusion IV; in brain during STN DBSand during oral or IV LD treatment. To conclude, LD uptake is more favorable in PD patients with less severe disease and GE is delayed in PD patients. No obvious relation between LD uptake and GE or between GE and PD stage is seen and CDS decreases the LD levels. Entacapone increases the maximal concentration of LD in blood and CSF. This is more evident with additional carbidopa and important to consider in avoiding high LD peaks in brain during PD treatment. LD in brain increases during both oral and IV LD treatment and the DA levels follows LD well indicating that PD patients still have capacity to metabolize LD to DA despite probable pronounced nigral degeneration. STN DBS seems to increase putaminal DA levels and together with IV LD treatment also increases LD in brain possibly explaining why it is possible to decrease LD medication after STN DBS surgery. Parkinsons sjukdom (PS) är en av de vanligaste s.k. neurodegenerativasjukdomarna och orsakas av förlust av dopamin(DA)producerande nervceller i hjärnan. Detta orsakar motoriska symptom såsom skakningar, stelhet och förlångsammade rörelser. Levodopa (LD) är ett ämne, som kan omvandlas till DA i hjärnan och ge symptomlindring och det är oftast förstahandsval vid behandling av patienter med PS. Flera faktorer påverkar tillgängligheten av LD, bl.a. den hastighet som magsäcken tömmer sig med och denna verkar förlångsammad hos personer med PS vilket ger sämre tillgänglighet av LD i blodet och därmed i hjärnan. LD bryts även ner i hög grad av olika enzym ute i kroppen vilket leder till mindre mängd LD som hamnar i hjärnan och till fler nedbrytningsprodukter som orsakar biverkningar. Tillägg av enzymhämmare leder till ökad mängd LD som kan nå hjärnan och omvandlas till DA. Det anses viktigt att undvika höga toppar av LD i hjärnan då dessa verkar bidra till utvecklandet av besvärliga motoriska komplikationer hos patienter med PS. Om LD ges mer kontinuerligt, exempelvis som en kontinuerlig infusion in i tarmen eller i blodet, så minskar dessa motoriska komplikationer. Inopererande av stimulatorer i vissa delar av hjärnan (DBS) har också visat sig minska dessa motoriska komplikationer och även resultera i att man kan minska LD-dosen. Huvudsyftet med den här avhandlingen är att studera LD hos patienter med PS; i blod och fettvävnad då LD ges i tablettform och se om det finns något samband med LD-upptag och hastigheten på magsäckstömningen (MT) och om kontinuerligt given LD påverkar LD-upptaget eller MT; i blod och i ryggmärgsvätska då enzymhämmarna entakapon och karbidopa tillsätts LD; i hjärna vid behandling med DBS och då LD ges både som tablett och som infusion i blodet. Sammanfattningsvis kan vi se att LD-upptaget är mer gynnsamt hos patienter med PS i tidigare skede av sjukdomens komplikationsfas. MT är förlångsammad hos patienter med PS och det är inget tydligt samband mellan LD-upptag och MT eller mellan MT och sjukdomsgrad. Kontinuerligt given LD minskar LDnivåerna. Enzymhämmaren entakapon ökar den maximala koncentrationen av LD i blod och ryggmärgsvätska och effekten är mer tydlig vid tillägg av karbidopa vilket är viktigt att ta i beaktande vid behandling av PS för att undvika höga toppar av LD i hjärnan. LD ökar i hjärnan då man behandlar med LD i tablettform och som infusion i blodet och DA-nivåerna i hjärnan följer LD väl vilket visar på att patienter med PS fortfarande kan omvandla LD till DA trots trolig uttalad brist av de DA-producerande nervcellerna i hjärnan. DBS verkar öka DA i vissa områden i hjärnan och tillsammans med LD-infusion i blodet verkar det även öka LD i hjärnan och det kan förklara varför man kan sänka LDdosen efter DBS-operation.

Etiology of Parkinson's Disease

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824788230
Total Pages : 600 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (882 download)

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Book Synopsis Etiology of Parkinson's Disease by : Jonas H. Ellenberg

Download or read book Etiology of Parkinson's Disease written by Jonas H. Ellenberg and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1995-03-01 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive reference provides a detailed overview of current concepts regarding the cause of Parkinson's disease-emphasizing the issues involved in the design, implementation, and analysis of epidemiological studies of parkinsonism.

Parkinson's Disease: Current and Future Therapeutics and Clinical Trials

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107053862
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Parkinson's Disease: Current and Future Therapeutics and Clinical Trials by : Néstor Gálvez-Jiménez

Download or read book Parkinson's Disease: Current and Future Therapeutics and Clinical Trials written by Néstor Gálvez-Jiménez and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-03-24 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book emphasizes treatment options for Parkinson's disease, providing the necessary clinical and scientific basis for the foundations of solid therapeutics.

Parkinson's Disease

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Author :
Publisher : Royal College of Physicians
ISBN 13 : 1860162835
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Parkinson's Disease by : National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (Great Britain)

Download or read book Parkinson's Disease written by National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (Great Britain) and published by Royal College of Physicians. This book was released on 2006 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ending Parkinson's Disease

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Publisher : PublicAffairs
ISBN 13 : 1541724496
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (417 download)

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Book Synopsis Ending Parkinson's Disease by : Ray Dorsey

Download or read book Ending Parkinson's Disease written by Ray Dorsey and published by PublicAffairs. This book was released on 2020-03-17 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this "must-read" guide (Lonnie Ali), four leading doctors and advocates offer a bold action plan to prevent, care for, and treat Parkinson's disease-one of the great health challenges of our time. Brain diseases are now the world's leading source of disability. The fastest growing of these is Parkinson's: the number of impacted patients has doubled to more than six million over the last twenty-five years and is projected to double again by 2040. Harmful pesticides that increase the risk of Parkinson's continue to proliferate, many people remain undiagnosed and untreated, research funding stagnates, and the most effective treatment is now a half century old. In Ending Parkinson's Disease, four top experts provide a plan to help prevent Parkinson's, improve care and treatment, and end the silence associated with this devastating disease.

An Essay on the Shaking Palsy

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis An Essay on the Shaking Palsy by : James Parkinson

Download or read book An Essay on the Shaking Palsy written by James Parkinson and published by . This book was released on 1817 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Parkinson's Treatment

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Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781481854993
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (549 download)

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Book Synopsis Parkinson's Treatment by : Michael S. Okun

Download or read book Parkinson's Treatment written by Michael S. Okun and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2013-03-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Addresses all of the new and emerging Parkinson's disease therapies (stem cells, gene therapy, optogenetics, etc.).

The New Parkinson's Disease Treatment Book

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190231882
Total Pages : 545 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Parkinson's Disease Treatment Book by : J. Eric Ahlskog, PhD, MD

Download or read book The New Parkinson's Disease Treatment Book written by J. Eric Ahlskog, PhD, MD and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015-08-03 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fundamental guide to the most effective treatments for Parkinson's Disease, from a Mayo Clinic doctor with thirty years of clinical and research experience. In this second edition follow-up to the extremely successful first edition, Dr. Ahlskog draws on thirty years of clinical experience to present the definitive guide to dealing with all aspects of Parkinson's Disease, from treatment options and side effects to the impact of the disease on caregivers and family. Dr. Ahlskog's goal is to educate patients so that they can better team up with their doctors to do battle with the disease, streamlining the decision-making process and enhancing their treatment. To do this, Dr. Ahlskog offers a gold mine of information, distilled from his years of experience treating people with Parkinson's at the Mayo Clinic. In addition to providing a comprehensive account of Parkinson's medications, this book also examines additional aspects of treatment, such as the role of nutrition, exercise, and physical therapy. Although many commendable texts have been written on the subject of Parkinson's Disease, their discussions of treatment have not been in depth. Dr. Ahlskog sifts through aspects of the disease in order to give the reader a comprehensive sense of Parkinson's and the best available treatment options. With a broader understanding of the disease and the available options, patients are able to make more informed choices, and doctors are able to provide more tailored care. This book delivers hopeful, helpful, and extensive information to all parties concerned: patients, caregivers, and doctors. The ultimate guide to symptoms and treatment, this thoroughly updated second edition is the first place patients should turn for reliable, easy-to-grasp information on Parkinson's Disease.

Clinical Trials In Parkinson's Disease

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Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781071609118
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Clinical Trials In Parkinson's Disease by : Santiago Perez-Lloret

Download or read book Clinical Trials In Parkinson's Disease written by Santiago Perez-Lloret and published by Humana. This book was released on 2020-08-19 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume looks at major clinical trials for motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and covers important aspects, including trial design, sample selection, and outcome selection. Chapters in this book discuss topics such as toxin-based rodent or genetic models of PD; clinical trials for motor symptoms, L-DOPA related motor complications, and gait disorders; clinical trials for mood disorders, troubled sleep, autonomic dysfunction; and clinical trials for disease modifying therapies. In the Neuromethods series style, chapters include the kind of detail and key advice from the specialists needed to get successful results in your laboratory or research center. Cutting-edge and authoritative, Clinical Trials in Parkinson’s Disease is a valuable resource for clinicians and researchers who want to enhance their interpretation of results from clinical trials and to design their own high-quality trials.

The New Parkinson's Disease Treatment Book

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Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190231866
Total Pages : 545 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Parkinson's Disease Treatment Book by : J. Eric Ahlskog, ,

Download or read book The New Parkinson's Disease Treatment Book written by J. Eric Ahlskog, , and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2015 marks the ten-year anniversary since the First Edition of The Parkinson's Disease Treatment Book was published. This completely updated Second Edition represents a major revision with even more directed treatment guidelines, updated discussions relating to the possible cause(s), and assessments of the current and future role of surgical and innovative strategies.

Therapeutics of Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 047071400X
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Therapeutics of Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders by : Mark Hallett

Download or read book Therapeutics of Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders written by Mark Hallett and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-10-13 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive update on therapies for Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders Describes the basic mechanisms of neurodegeneration, pharmacologic interventions for motor and non-motor symptoms, and surgical management Features summary tables and algorithms that serve as a quick reference guide for practical treatment decisions The expert guidance of recognised authorities will enable readers of this book to plan their patients’ care with greater confidence

Surgery for Parkinson's Disease

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319236926
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Surgery for Parkinson's Disease by : Robert R. Goodman

Download or read book Surgery for Parkinson's Disease written by Robert R. Goodman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease was introduced in the 1990s. Initially performed only at academic centers, over the past decade it has become a widespread surgical procedure. A variety of surgical techniques are employed and innovations are introduced frequently. This book is an ideal source of information for the many practicing neurosurgeons who did not learn this surgery during their training but would now like to add it to their practice, as well as an excellent update on exciting new developments in surgery for Parkinson’s disease. This book is designed to provide practicing neurosurgeons with current knowledge on the practical aspects of surgical treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease. It explains how to identify surgical candidates and determine the optimal surgery, describes the various surgical techniques that are currently employed, and offers insights into how to optimize deep brain stimulation therapy after implantation. The keys to avoidance of surgical complications are carefully elucidated. In addition, an overview is provided of potential advances on the near-term horizon, including closed-loop deep brain stimulation, gene therapy, and optogenetics. All topics are covered by experienced Parkinson’s disease surgeons, in a concise and digestable format. The book will be an ideal source of information for the many practicing neurosurgeons who would like to add deep brain stimulation to their practice, as well as an excellent update on new developments in surgery for Parkinson’s disease.

Parkinson's Disease

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439807159
Total Pages : 1319 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Parkinson's Disease by : Ronald F. Pfeiffer

Download or read book Parkinson's Disease written by Ronald F. Pfeiffer and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-10-09 with total page 1319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, considerable advances have been made in our knowledge and understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD). In particular, there has been an explosion of information regarding genetic contributions to the etiology of PD and an increased awareness of the importance of the non-motor features of the disease. Theories regarding the pathogenes

Handbook of Neurological Therapy

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Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199862923
Total Pages : 481 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Neurological Therapy by : Carlo Colosimo

Download or read book Handbook of Neurological Therapy written by Carlo Colosimo and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a practical book on neurological therapy. It is aimed at giving concise and updated answers to busy practicing clinicians in the clinic, ward, or emergency department. An evidence-based approach is used, but when there is no evidence or the data are inconclusive, an expert opinion is always given in order to meet the expectations of the reader. All neurological conditions, common and less common, are discussed; each chapter has a similar format, and contains an initial brief introduction on the epidemiology and clinical features of each disease. The therapy is then discussed, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological, with wide use of Tables & Figures. Flowcharts are also included in most of the chapters.

Run in the Light

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Publisher : Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1643277200
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (432 download)

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Book Synopsis Run in the Light by : John Mitrofanis

Download or read book Run in the Light written by John Mitrofanis and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2019-08-05 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder with cardinal motor signs of resting tremor, bradykinesia and lead-pipe rigidity. In addition, many patients display non-motor symptoms, including a diminished sensation of smell, gastrointestinal problems, various disorders of sleep and some cognitive impairment. These clinical features - particularly the motor signs - manifest after a progressive death of many dopaminergic neurones in the brain. Although currently available, conventional therapies can reduce the signs of the disease, the progression of this neuronal death has proved difficult to slow or stop, and the condition is relentlessly progressive. Hence, there is a real need to develop a treatment that is neuroprotective, one that slows the pathology of the disease effectively. At present, there are several neuroprotective therapies in the experimental pipeline, but these are for the patients of tomorrow. This book focuses on two therapies that are readily available for the patients of today. They involve the use of exercise and light (i.e. photobiomodulation, the use of red to infrared light therapy (λ=600-1070nm) on body tissues). The two therapies are tied together in several ways. First, in animal models of Parkinson's disease, they each have been shown to offer the key feature of neuroprotection, stimulating a series of built-in protective mechanisms within the neurones, that helps their survival, to self-protect and/or self-repair. There are also some promising indications of neuroprotection and many beneficial outcomes in parkinsonian patients. Further, both exercise and light therapies are similar in that they are non-invasive and safe to use, with no known adverse side-effects, making their combination with the conventional therapies, such as dopamine replacement drug therapy and deep brain stimulation, all the more feasible. Given the heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease in humans, tackling the condition from a range of different angles - with a number of different therapies - would only serve to enhance the positive outcomes. This book considers the use of exercise and light therapies, proposing that they have the potential to make a powerful "dynamic duo", offering a most effective neuroprotective treatment option to patients.

Restorative Therapies in Parkinson's Disease

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387328238
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Restorative Therapies in Parkinson's Disease by : Patrik Brundin

Download or read book Restorative Therapies in Parkinson's Disease written by Patrik Brundin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-08-31 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this exciting and timely book new approaches to repairing the parkinsonian brain are described by leading experts. Never in history has there been greater hope that novel experimental therapies can support significant restoration of brain function. This book gives an overview of the current state-of-the-art research for brain repair, what the challenges are and an indication of what research can provide for the next generation of people with Parkinson’s disease. The comprehensive chapters are geared to an audience of neuroscientists, neurologists, neurosurgeons and anyone interested in how findings in the research laboratory can effectively be transferred to the clinic.

Parkinson’s Disease - Animal Models, Current Therapies and Clinical Trials

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Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1803564881
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Parkinson’s Disease - Animal Models, Current Therapies and Clinical Trials by : Sarat Chandra Yenisetti

Download or read book Parkinson’s Disease - Animal Models, Current Therapies and Clinical Trials written by Sarat Chandra Yenisetti and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2023-12-20 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite being described about 200 years ago, the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is not well understood due to its complex etiology and heterogeneity of symptoms and progression. Animal models provide a great opportunity to follow the progression of neurodegeneration and to screen potent therapeutic molecules, knowledge of which can be critical for different levels of clinical trials. Contemporary health technologies are coming in handy to accelerate the pace of developing novel and refined therapeutic strategies for PD. This book, Parkinson’s Disease - Animal Models, Current Therapies and Clinical Trials, provides a comprehensive overview of PD, presenting information on animal models of PD and contemporary therapeutic strategies, health technologies, clinical trials, and their influence on the quality of life of patients with PD.