Parallel Polyadenine Duplex Formation At Low Ph Facilitates Dna Conjugation Onto Gold Nanoparticles

Download Parallel Polyadenine Duplex Formation At Low Ph Facilitates Dna Conjugation Onto Gold Nanoparticles full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Parallel Polyadenine Duplex Formation At Low Ph Facilitates Dna Conjugation Onto Gold Nanoparticles ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Parallel Polyadenine Duplex Formation at Low PH Facilitates DNA Conjugation Onto Gold Nanoparticles

Author : Zhicheng Huang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (988 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Parallel Polyadenine Duplex Formation at Low PH Facilitates DNA Conjugation Onto Gold Nanoparticles by : Zhicheng Huang

Download or read book Parallel Polyadenine Duplex Formation at Low PH Facilitates DNA Conjugation Onto Gold Nanoparticles written by Zhicheng Huang and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively used in sensing, drug delivery, and materials science. A key step is to attach DNA onto AuNPs forming a stable and functional conjugate. While the traditional salt-aging method takes a full day or longer, a recent low-pH method allows DNA conjugation to happen in a few minutes. The effect of low pH was previously attributed to protonation of adenine (A) and cytosine (C), resulting in an overall lower negative charge density on DNA which is helpful for conjugating onto citrate-capped AuNPs. However, this simple charge argument does not answer why poly-A DNA works better than poly-C DNA. In addition to protonation, at low pH, DNA rich in adenine and cytosine could form higher secondary structures (e.g. the A-motif for poly-A DNA and i-motif for poly-C DNA). We suspect that such DNA folding might also play a role in DNA conjugation to AuNPs. In this thesis, the effect of DNA conformation at low pH is studied. Using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, parallel poly-A duplex (A-motif) is detected when a poly-A segment is linked to a random DNA, a design typically used for DNA conjugation. A DNA staining dye, thiazole orange, is identified for detecting such A-motifs. We found that the A-motif structure is ideal for DNA conjugation since it exposes the terminal thiol group adjacent to the poly-A for directly reacting with the gold surface while minimizing non-specific DNA base adsorption. Keeping this in mind, the order of reagent addition was further studied. However, for non-thiolated DNA, if the A-motif structure can be formed before the DNA is mixed with AuNPs, alternatively, the sample can be acidified after mixing AuNPs and DNA to then promote A-motif formation. Our results showed that the latter method is better. By taking DNA conformation into consideration, we can also explain the less optimal performance of the C-rich DNA. The i-motif formed by poly-C DNA at low pH is less favorable for the conjugation reaction due to its unique way of folding. Finally, the stability of poly-A and poly-G DNA in low pH also is examined due to the concerns related to DNA depurination and subsequent cleavage. An excellent stability of poly-A DNA is confirmed, while poly-G has slightly lower stability. Overall, the stability is sufficient for the low pH method for DNA attachment. This study provides new fundamental insights into a practically useful technique of conjugating DNA to AuNPs.

Gold and Silver Nanoparticles

Author : Suban K. Sahoo
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323994555
Total Pages : 454 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Gold and Silver Nanoparticles by : Suban K. Sahoo

Download or read book Gold and Silver Nanoparticles written by Suban K. Sahoo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-01-20 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gold and Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications provides detailed information on the preparation and utilization of Au- and Ag-based nanoparticles in a range of novel areas. Gold and silver nanoparticles offer a range of interesting properties, including unique size-dependent optoelectronic properties, chemical stability and biocompatibility, ease of synthesis and surface modification, excellent resistance to corrosion, and catalytic properties, hence paving the way to a wide range of cutting-edge applications with continual advances and innovations. Sections introduce gold and silver nanoparticles, fundamental theory, synthesis, and characterization techniques before focusing on requirements and preparation methods. Specific applications areas, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), sensing and biosensing, imaging, drug and gene delivery, disease diagnosis, catalysis, and optoelectronic device fabrication are covered. Finally, synthesis and applications of platinum- and palladium-based nanoparticles are discussed. This is a valuable resource for researchers and advanced students across nanoscience and nanotechnology, chemistry, and materials science, as well as scientists, engineers, and R&D professionals with an interest in noble metal nanomaterials for a range of industrial applications. - Explains theory, synthesis, characterization, and properties of Au- and Ag- based nanoparticles - Explores a range of novel applications across biomedicine, optoelectronics, and other areas - Analyzes the latest developments in the field and considers noble metal nanoparticles beyond gold and silver

21st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook

Author : Klaus D. Sattler
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000702863
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis 21st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook by : Klaus D. Sattler

Download or read book 21st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook written by Klaus D. Sattler and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-04-08 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 21st Century Nanoscience Handbook will be the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field of nanoscience. Handbook of Nanophysics by the same editor published in the fall of 2010 and was embraced as the first comprehensive reference to consider both fundamental and applied aspects of nanophysics. This follow-up project has been conceived as a necessary expansion and full update that considers the significant advances made in the field since 2010. It goes well beyond the physics as warranted by recent developments in the field. This seventh volume in a ten-volume set covers bioinspired systems and methods. Key Features: Provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field. Chapters written by international experts in the field. Emphasises presentation and real results and applications. This handbook distinguishes itself from other works by its breadth of coverage, readability and timely topics. The intended readership is very broad, from students and instructors to engineers, physicists, chemists, biologists, biomedical researchers, industry professionals, governmental scientists, and others whose work is impacted by nanotechnology. It will be an indispensable resource in academic, government, and industry libraries worldwide. The fields impacted by nanophysics extend from materials science and engineering to biotechnology, biomedical engineering, medicine, electrical engineering, pharmaceutical science, computer technology, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, food science, and beyond.

21st Century Nanoscience

Author : Klaus D. Sattler
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351260553
Total Pages : 4153 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (512 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis 21st Century Nanoscience by : Klaus D. Sattler

Download or read book 21st Century Nanoscience written by Klaus D. Sattler and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-01-18 with total page 4153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 21st Century Nanoscience Handbook will be the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field of nanoscience. Handbook of Nanophysics, by the same editor, published in the fall of 2010, was embraced as the first comprehensive reference to consider both fundamental and applied aspects of nanophysics. This follow-up project has been conceived as a necessary expansion and full update that considers the significant advances made in the field since 2010. It goes well beyond the physics as warranted by recent developments in the field. Key Features: Provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field. Chapters written by international experts in the field. Emphasises presentation and real results and applications. This handbook distinguishes itself from other works by its breadth of coverage, readability and timely topics. The intended readership is very broad, from students and instructors to engineers, physicists, chemists, biologists, biomedical researchers, industry professionals, governmental scientists, and others whose work is impacted by nanotechnology. It will be an indispensable resource in academic, government, and industry libraries worldwide. The fields impacted by nanoscience extend from materials science and engineering to biotechnology, biomedical engineering, medicine, electrical engineering, pharmaceutical science, computer technology, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, food science, and beyond.

Structural DNA Nanotechnology

Author : Nadrian C. Seeman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521764483
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (217 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Structural DNA Nanotechnology by : Nadrian C. Seeman

Download or read book Structural DNA Nanotechnology written by Nadrian C. Seeman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by the founder of the field, this is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to structural DNA nanotechnology.

Detection of Non-Amplified Genomic DNA

Author : Giuseppe Spoto
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 940071226X
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Detection of Non-Amplified Genomic DNA by : Giuseppe Spoto

Download or read book Detection of Non-Amplified Genomic DNA written by Giuseppe Spoto and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-07-06 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers an overview of state-of-the-art in non amplified DNA detection methods and provides chemists, biochemists, biotechnologists and material scientists with an introduction to these methods. In fact all these fields have dedicated resources to the problem of nucleic acid detection, each contributing with their own specific methods and concepts. This book will explain the basic principles of the different non amplified DNA detection methods available, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. Non-amplified DNA detection can be achieved by adopting different techniques. Such techniques have allowed the commercialization of innovative platforms for DNA detection that are expected to break into the DNA diagnostics market. The enhanced sensitivity required for the detection of non amplified genomic DNA has prompted new strategies that can achieve ultrasensitivity by combining specific materials with specific detection tools. Advanced materials play multiple roles in ultrasensitive detection. Optical and electrochemical detection tools are among the most widely investigated to analyze non amplified nucleic acids. Biosensors based on piezoelectric crystal have been also used to detect unamplified genomic DNA. The main scientific topics related to DNA diagnostics are discussed by an outstanding set of authors with proven experience in this field.

Self-assembled Monolayers of Thiols

Author : Abraham Ulman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780125330244
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Self-assembled Monolayers of Thiols by : Abraham Ulman

Download or read book Self-assembled Monolayers of Thiols written by Abraham Ulman and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work looks at thin films and self-assembled monolayers of thiols. It is aimed at researchers in chemistry, materials science, electrical engineering, biology and condensed matter physics.

Electrochemical DNA Biosensors

Author : Mehmet Sengun Ozsoz
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9814241776
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (142 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electrochemical DNA Biosensors by : Mehmet Sengun Ozsoz

Download or read book Electrochemical DNA Biosensors written by Mehmet Sengun Ozsoz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-04-23 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the basic electrochemical applications of DNA in various areas, from basic principles to the most recent discoveries. The book comprises theoretical and experimental analysis of various properties of nucleic acids, research methods, and some promising applications. The topics discussed in the book include electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on latex/gold nanoparticle and nanotubes; nanomaterial-based electrochemical DNA detection; electrochemical detection of microorganism-based DNA biosensors; gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical DNA biosensors; electrochemical detection of the aptamer-target interaction; nanoparticle-induced catalysis for DNA biosensing; basic terms regarding electrochemical DNA (nucleic acids) biosensors; screen-printed electrodes for electrochemical DNA detection; application of field-effect transistors to label free electrical DNA biosensor arrays; and electrochemical detection of nucleic acids using branched DNA amplifiers.

Freezing Colloids: Observations, Principles, Control, and Use

Author : Sylvain Deville
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319505157
Total Pages : 618 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Freezing Colloids: Observations, Principles, Control, and Use by : Sylvain Deville

Download or read book Freezing Colloids: Observations, Principles, Control, and Use written by Sylvain Deville and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-19 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a comprehensive overview of the freezing of colloidal suspensions and explores cutting-edge research in the field. It is the first book to deal with this phenomenon from a multidisciplinary perspective, and examines the various occurrences, their technological uses, the fundamental phenomena, and the different modeling approaches. Its chapters integrate input from fields as diverse as materials science, physics, biology, mathematics, geophysics, and food science, and therefore provide an excellent point of departure for anyone interested in the topic. The main content is supplemented by a wealth of figures and illustrations to elucidate the concepts presented, and includes a final chapter providing advice for those starting out in the field. As such, the book provides an invaluable resource for materials scientists, physicists, biologists, and mathematicians, and will also benefit food engineers, civil engineers, and materials processing professionals.

An Introduction to Biotechnology

Author : W.T. Godbey
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1908818484
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis An Introduction to Biotechnology by : W.T. Godbey

Download or read book An Introduction to Biotechnology written by W.T. Godbey and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-12-08 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An Introduction to Biotechnology is a biotechnology textbook aimed at undergraduates. It covers the basics of cell biology, biochemistry and molecular biology, and introduces laboratory techniques specific to the technologies addressed in the book; it addresses specific biotechnologies at both the theoretical and application levels.Biotechnology is a field that encompasses both basic science and engineering. There are currently few, if any, biotechnology textbooks that adequately address both areas. Engineering books are equation-heavy and are written in a manner that is very difficult for the non-engineer to understand. Numerous other attempts to present biotechnology are written in a flowery manner with little substance. The author holds one of the first PhDs granted in both biosciences and bioengineering. He is more than an author enamoured with the wow-factor associated with biotechnology; he is a practicing researcher in gene therapy, cell/tissue engineering, and other areas and has been involved with emerging technologies for over a decade. Having made the assertion that there is no acceptable text for teaching a course to introduce biotechnology to both scientists and engineers, the author committed himself to resolving the issue by writing his own. - The book is of interest to a wide audience because it includes the necessary background for understanding how a technology works. - Engineering principles are addressed, but in such a way that an instructor can skip the sections without hurting course content - The author has been involved with many biotechnologies through his own direct research experiences. The text is more than a compendium of information - it is an integrated work written by an author who has experienced first-hand the nuances associated with many of the major biotechnologies of general interest today.

Biosensors Based on Sandwich Assays

Author : Fan Xia
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811078351
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Biosensors Based on Sandwich Assays by : Fan Xia

Download or read book Biosensors Based on Sandwich Assays written by Fan Xia and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-01-09 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book shows the various sandwich assays that are constructed from recognition molecules, such as antibodies, oligonucleotide sequences and aptamers, developed as a result of nano- and biotechnology advances. It consists of ten chapters presenting interesting examples of these assays, organized according to the type of analytic methods (colorimetric, fluorescence, electrochemical, etc.) and detected objects (protein, nucleic acid, small-molecule, ion, etc.). It also includes a chapter discussing the introduction of sandwich assays as biosensors for the detection of a range of targets. It is an interesting and useful resource for a wide readership in various fields of chemical science and nanotechnology.

DNA and RNA Nanobiotechnologies in Medicine: Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases

Author : Volker A. Erdmann
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642368530
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis DNA and RNA Nanobiotechnologies in Medicine: Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases by : Volker A. Erdmann

Download or read book DNA and RNA Nanobiotechnologies in Medicine: Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases written by Volker A. Erdmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-20 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will provide latest insights in the functional potentials of ribonucleic acids in medine and the use of Spiegelmer and Spiegelzyme systems. It will also deal with a new type of delivery systems for cellular targeting.

DNA Conjugates and Sensors

Author : Keith R Fox
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1849734933
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (497 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis DNA Conjugates and Sensors by : Keith R Fox

Download or read book DNA Conjugates and Sensors written by Keith R Fox and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2012-11-30 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applications of nucleic acids have developed recently to provide solutions for biosensors, diagnostic tools and as platforms for the assembly of complex structures. These developments have been possible as their base sequence can be used to assemble precise structures following simple and predictable rules. Self-assembled DNA can then be amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and this ultimately enables the preparation of synthetic nucleic acids. Their use as molecular tools or DNA-conjugates has recently been enhanced by the addition of other groups including enzymes, fluorophores and small molecules. Written by leaders in the field, this volume describes the preparation and application of these DNA-conjugates. Several have been used as sensors (aptamers, riboswitches and nanostructures) based on the ability of nucleic acids to adopt specific structures in the presence of ligands, whilst others link reporter groups such as proteins or fluorophores to RNA or DNA for detection, single molecule studies, and increasing the sensitivity of PCR. The book is relevant to researchers in areas related to analytical chemistry, chemical biology, medicinal chemistry, molecular pharmacology, and structural and molecular biology.

Complex Magnetic Nanostructures

Author : Surender Kumar Sharma
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319520873
Total Pages : 468 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Complex Magnetic Nanostructures by : Surender Kumar Sharma

Download or read book Complex Magnetic Nanostructures written by Surender Kumar Sharma and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-04-04 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a detailed discussion of the complex magnetic behavior of magnetic nanosystems, with its myriad of geometries (e.g. core-shell, heterodimer and dumbbell) and its different applications. It provides a broad overview of the numerous current studies concerned with magnetic nanoparticles, presenting key examples and an in-depth examination of the cutting-edge developments in this field. This contributed volume shares the latest developments in nanomagnetism with a wide audience: from upper undergraduate and graduate students to advanced specialists in both academia and industry. The first three chapters serve as a primer to the more advanced content found later in the book, making it an ideal introductory text for researchers starting in this field. It provides a forum for the critical evaluation of many aspects of complex nanomagnetism that are at the forefront of nanoscience today. It also presents highlights from the extensive literature on the topic, including the latest research in this field.

Genomic Applications in Pathology

Author : George Jabboure Netto
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319968300
Total Pages : 638 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Genomic Applications in Pathology by : George Jabboure Netto

Download or read book Genomic Applications in Pathology written by George Jabboure Netto and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-10 with total page 638 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent advances in genomics are continuing to reshape our approach to diagnostics, prognostics and therapeutics in oncologic and other disorders. A paradigm shift in pharmacogenomics and in the diagnosis of genetic inherited diseases and infectious diseases is unfolding as the result of implementation of next generation genomic technologies. With rapidly growing knowledge and applications driving this revolution, along with significant technologic and cost changes, genomic approaches are becoming the primary methods in many laboratories and for many diseases. As a result, a plethora of clinical genomic applications have been implemented in diagnostic pathology laboratories, and the applications and demands continue to evolve rapidly. This has created a tremendous need for a comprehensive resource on genomic applications in clinical and anatomic pathology. We believe that our current textbook provides such a resource to practicing molecular pathologists, hematopathologists and other subspecialized pathologists, general pathologists, pathology and other trainees, oncologists, geneticists and a growing spectrum of other clinicians. With periodic updates and a sufficiently rapid time from submission to publication, this textbook will be the resource of choice for many professionals and teaching programs. Its focus on genomics parallels the evolution of these technologies as primary methods in the clinical lab. The rapid evolution of genomics and its applications in medicine necessitates the (frequent) updating of this publication. This text will provide a state-of-the art review of the scientific principles underlying next generation genomic technologies and the required bioinformatics approaches to analyses of the daunting amount of data generated by current and emerging genomic technologies. Implementation roadmaps for various clinical assays such as single gene, gene panels, whole exome and whole genome assays will be discussed together with issues related to reporting and the pathologist’s role in interpretation and clinical integration of genomic tests results. Genomic applications for site-specific solid tumors and hematologic neoplasms will be detailed. Genomic applications in pharmacogenomics, inherited genetic diseases and infectious diseases will also be discussed. The latest iteration of practice recommendations or guidelines in genomic testing put forth by stakeholder professional organizations such as the College of American Pathology and the Association for Molecular Pathology, will be discussed as well as regulatory issues and laboratory accreditation related to genomic testing. All chapters will be written by experts in their fields and will include the most up to date scientific and clinical information.

Industrial Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Author : Heinrich Klefenz
Publisher : Wiley-VCH
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Industrial Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by : Heinrich Klefenz

Download or read book Industrial Pharmaceutical Biotechnology written by Heinrich Klefenz and published by Wiley-VCH. This book was released on 2002-04-22 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on pharmaceutical biotechnology as a key area of life sciences. The complete range of concepts, processes and technologies of biotechnology is applied in modern industrial pharmaceutical research, development and production. The results of genome sequencing and studies of biological-genetic function are combined with chemical, micro-electronic and microsystem technology to produce medical devices and diagnostic biochips. A multitude of biologically active molecules is expanded by additional novel structures created with newly arranged gene clusters and bio-catalytic chemical processes. New organisational structures in the co-operation of institutes, companies and networks enable faster knowledge and product development and immediate application of the results of research and process development. This book is the ideal source of information for scientists and engineers in research and development, for decision-makers in biotech, pharma and chemical corporations, as well as for research institutes, but also for founders of biotech companies and people working for venture capital corporations.

Drug-DNA Interactions

Author : Kazuo Nakamoto
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470369167
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (73 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Drug-DNA Interactions by : Kazuo Nakamoto

Download or read book Drug-DNA Interactions written by Kazuo Nakamoto and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-09-08 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn vital information about drug-DNA interactions from Drug-DNA Interactions: Structures and Spectra, the only comprehensive book written about this topic. Understand the types of structural and bonding information that can be obtained using specific physico-chemical methods and discover how to design new drugs that are more effective than current treatments and have fewer side effects. Find detailed information about X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, molecular modeling, and optical spectroscopy such as UV-Visible absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), flow linear dichroism (FLD), infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy.