Pandemic Re-Awakenings

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192657399
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis Pandemic Re-Awakenings by : Guy Beiner

Download or read book Pandemic Re-Awakenings written by Guy Beiner and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-11-16 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pandemic Re-Awakenings offers a multi-level and multi-faceted exploration of a century of remembering, forgetting, and rediscovering the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919, arguably the greatest catastrophe in human history. Twenty-three researchers present original perspectives by critically investigating the hitherto unexplored vicissitudes of memory in the interrelated spheres of personal, communal, medical, and cultural histories in different national and transnational settings across the globe. The volume reveals how, even though the Great Flu was overshadowed by the commemorative culture of the Great War, recollections of the pandemic persisted over time to re-emerge towards the centenary of the 'Spanish' Flu and burst into public consciousness following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapters chart historiographical neglect (while acknowledging the often-unnoticed dialogues between scientific and historical discourses), probe silences, and trace vestiges of social and cultural memories that long remained outside of what was considered collective memory.

Viral Modernism

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Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231546319
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Viral Modernism by : Elizabeth Outka

Download or read book Viral Modernism written by Elizabeth Outka and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-22 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 took the lives of between 50 and 100 million people worldwide, and the United States suffered more casualties than in all the wars of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries combined. Yet despite these catastrophic death tolls, the pandemic faded from historical and cultural memory in the United States and throughout Europe, overshadowed by World War One and the turmoil of the interwar period. In Viral Modernism, Elizabeth Outka reveals the literary and cultural impact of one of the deadliest plagues in history, bringing to light how it shaped canonical works of fiction and poetry. Outka shows how and why the contours of modernism shift when we account for the pandemic’s hidden but widespread presence. She investigates the miasmic manifestations of the pandemic and its spectral dead in interwar Anglo-American literature, uncovering the traces of an outbreak that brought a nonhuman, invisible horror into every community. Viral Modernism examines how literature and culture represented the virus’s deathly fecundity, as writers wrestled with the scope of mass death in the domestic sphere amid fears of wider social collapse. Outka analyzes overt treatments of the pandemic by authors like Katherine Anne Porter and Thomas Wolfe and its subtle presence in works by Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, and W. B. Yeats. She uncovers links to the disease in popular culture, from early zombie resurrection to the resurgence of spiritualism. Viral Modernism brings the pandemic to the center of the era, revealing a vast tragedy that has hidden in plain sight.

Awakenings

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Author :
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0307834093
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Awakenings by : Oliver Sacks

Download or read book Awakenings written by Oliver Sacks and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2013-05-29 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The classic account of survivors of the sleeping-sickness during the great epidemic just after World War I—and their return to the world after decades of “sleep.” • “One of the most beautifully composed and moving works of our time" (The Washington Post) from the distinguished neurologist and the national bestselling author of The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. Awakenings—which inspired the major motion picture starring Robert DeNiro and Robin Williams—is the remarkable story of a group of patients who contracted sleeping-sickness during the great epidemic just after World War I. Frozen for decades in a trance-like state, these men and women were given up as hopeless until 1969, when Dr. Oliver Sacks gave them the then-new drug L-DOPA, which had an astonishing, explosive, "awakening" effect. Dr. Sacks recounts the moving case histories of his patients, their lives, and the extraordinary transformations which went with their reintroduction to a changed world.

The Fourth Turning

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Publisher : Crown
ISBN 13 : 0767900464
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (679 download)

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Book Synopsis The Fourth Turning by : William Strauss

Download or read book The Fourth Turning written by William Strauss and published by Crown. This book was released on 1997-12-29 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NATIONAL BESTSELLER • Discover the game-changing theory of the cycles of history and what past generations can teach us about living through times of upheaval—with deep insights into the roles that Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials have to play. First comes a High, a period of confident expansion. Next comes an Awakening, a time of spiritual exploration and rebellion. Then comes an Unraveling, in which individualism triumphs over crumbling institutions. Last comes a Crisis—the Fourth Turning—when society passes through a great and perilous gate in history. William Strauss and Neil Howe will change the way you see the world—and your place in it. With blazing originality, The Fourth Turning illuminates the past, explains the present, and reimagines the future. Most remarkably, it offers an utterly persuasive prophecy about how America’s past will predict what comes next. Strauss and Howe base this vision on a provocative theory of American history. The authors look back five hundred years and uncover a distinct pattern: Modern history moves in cycles, each one lasting about the length of a long human life, each composed of four twenty-year eras—or “turnings”—that comprise history’s seasonal rhythm of growth, maturation, entropy, and rebirth. Illustrating this cycle through a brilliant analysis of the post–World War II period, The Fourth Turning offers bold predictions about how all of us can prepare, individually and collectively, for this rendezvous with destiny.

Over Here, Over There

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Author :
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252051564
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Over Here, Over There by : William Brooks

Download or read book Over Here, Over There written by William Brooks and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2019-10-24 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the Great War, composers and performers created music that expressed common sentiments like patriotism, grief, and anxiety. Yet music also revealed the complexities of the partnership between France, Great Britain, Canada, and the United States. At times, music reaffirmed a commitment to the shared wartime mission. At other times, it reflected conflicting views about the war from one nation to another or within a single nation.Over Here, Over There examines how composition, performance, publication, recording, censorship, and policy shaped the Atlantic allies' musical response to the war. The first section of the collection offers studies of individuals. The second concentrates on communities, whether local, transnational, or on the spectrum in-between. Essay topics range from the sinking of the Lusitania through transformations of the entertainment industry to the influenza pandemic.Contributors: Christina Bashford, William Brooks, Deniz Ertan, Barbara L. Kelly, Kendra Preston Leonard, Gayle Magee, Jeffrey Magee, Michelle Meinhart, Brian C. Thompson, and Patrick Warfield

The Corona Transmissions

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Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1644113082
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (441 download)

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Book Synopsis The Corona Transmissions by : Sherri Mitchell

Download or read book The Corona Transmissions written by Sherri Mitchell and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2020-11-17 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: • Includes contributions from 35 well-known authors, doctors, herbalists, First Nations teachers, economists, astrologers, and others, such as Richard Strozzi-Heckler, Annabel Lee, Matthew Wood, Gabriel Cousens, M.D., Rob Brezsny, and Robert Simmons • All royalties for this book go to the Land Peace foundation, serving First Nations tribes in Maine The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the biggest event of our lifetimes. This global experience has affected human history, ecology, epidemiology, and supply chains with the suddenness of 9/11, yet with a far greater extent, duration, and toll--the end of which is not yet in sight. Exploring a broad spectrum of new perspectives on COVID-19, from the physical to the metaphysical, from ecological to political, from apocalyptic to proto-utopian, and from scientific facts and health tips to imaginings, visionings, poems, and awakenings, this anthology offers an antidote to the barrage of data and speculation from the mainstream. The 35 contributors, including Laura Aversano, Charles Eisenstein, Zoe Brezsny, Meryl Nass, M.D., Bobby Byrd, and Joel and Michelle Levey, address the virus as a fellow being, allowing it to speak to us and through us. They attempt to describe, understand, interpret, and decipher the virus at biological, serological, epidemiological, social, political, astrological, and ontological levels. The virus is explored in terms of cultural critique, divination, prophecy, warning, elucidation, and opportunity. Medical doctors, herbalists, naturopaths, indigenous healers, and homeopathic physicians tell us about coronavirus history, treatments, and prevention protocols; yoga teachers about cultivating inner balance and harmony; and economists, poets, psychotherapists, and First Nations teachers about the vast effects of the virus and the way forward. They explore how the disease speaks directly and how it meticulously addresses our relationship to Gaia, to its animal, plant, and mineral kingdoms, to each other, and to the economies and dystopia we have created. As a visionary whole, The Corona Transmissions asks you to respond, to engage your wisdom and creative imagination, to resist easy categorization and resolutions, and to participate in a collective dance and chant for healing, peace, equality, and a habitable future. Viruses do not live except by virtue of us carrying them. We are the living ones and our bodies, minds, hearts, and spirits will prevail.

Awake

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781737212324
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (123 download)

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Book Synopsis Awake by : Angelo DiLullo, Jr.

Download or read book Awake written by Angelo DiLullo, Jr. and published by . This book was released on 2021-05-17 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A user's manual for the awakening process.

Forgetful Remembrance

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Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 019874935X
Total Pages : 728 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Forgetful Remembrance by : Guy Beiner

Download or read book Forgetful Remembrance written by Guy Beiner and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2018 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forgetful Remembrance examines the paradoxes of what actually happens when communities persistently endeavour to forget inconvenient events. The question of how a society attempts to obscure problematic historical episodes is addressed through a detailed case study grounded in the north-eastern counties of the Irish province of Ulster, where loyalist and unionist Protestants -- and in particular Presbyterians -- repeatedly tried to repress over two centuries discomfiting recollections of participation, alongside Catholics, in a republican rebellion in 1798. By exploring a rich variety of sources, Beiner makes it possible to closely follow the dynamics of social forgetting. His particular focus on vernacular historiography, rarely noted in official histories, reveals the tensions between professed oblivion in public and more subtle rituals of remembrance that facilitated muted traditions of forgetful remembrance, which were masked by a local culture of reticence and silencing. Throughout Forgetful Remembrance, comparative references demonstrate the wider relevance of the study of social forgetting in Northern Ireland to numerous other cases where troublesome memories have been concealed behind a veil of supposed oblivion.

Flu

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Publisher : Farrar, Straus and Giroux
ISBN 13 : 1429979356
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

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Book Synopsis Flu by : Gina Kolata

Download or read book Flu written by Gina Kolata and published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. This book was released on 2011-04-01 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Veteran journalist Gina Kolata's Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It presents a fascinating look at true story of the world's deadliest disease. In 1918, the Great Flu Epidemic felled the young and healthy virtually overnight. An estimated forty million people died as the epidemic raged. Children were left orphaned and families were devastated. As many American soldiers were killed by the 1918 flu as were killed in battle during World War I. And no area of the globe was safe. Eskimos living in remote outposts in the frozen tundra were sickened and killed by the flu in such numbers that entire villages were wiped out. Scientists have recently rediscovered shards of the flu virus frozen in Alaska and preserved in scraps of tissue in a government warehouse. Gina Kolata, an acclaimed reporter for The New York Times, unravels the mystery of this lethal virus with the high drama of a great adventure story. Delving into the history of the flu and previous epidemics, detailing the science and the latest understanding of this mortal disease, Kolata addresses the prospects for a great epidemic recurring, and, most important, what can be done to prevent it.

And the People Stayed Home (Family Book, Coronavirus Kids Book, Nature Book)

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Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1734761806
Total Pages : 17 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (347 download)

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Book Synopsis And the People Stayed Home (Family Book, Coronavirus Kids Book, Nature Book) by : Kitty O'Meara

Download or read book And the People Stayed Home (Family Book, Coronavirus Kids Book, Nature Book) written by Kitty O'Meara and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2020-11-10 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Kitty O’Meara…offers us wisdom that can help during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. She is challenging us to grow."—Deepak Chopra, MD, author, Metahuman “Kitty O'Meara is the poet laureate of the pandemic"—O, The Oprah Magazine "An eloquent, heartwarming reflection that will resonate with generations to come… encouragement for a brighter tomorrow."—Kate Winslet "And the People Stayed Home is an uplifting perspective on the resilience of the human spirit and the healing potential we have to change our world for the better." ––Shelf Awareness “Images of nature healing show the author’s vision of hope for the future…The accessible prose and beautiful images make this a natural selection for young readers, but older ones may appreciate the work’s deeper meaning.”— Kirkus Reviews “This is a perfectly illustrated version of a poem that continues to be relevant.”—School Library Journal “A stunning and peaceful offering of introspection and hope.”—The Children’s Book Review Ten Best Children’s Books of 2020: "A calming, optimistic read, and a salve for children trying their best to navigate this time." —Smithsonian Magazine “It captured the kind of optimism people need right now.”—Esquire (UK) “Thank you, Kitty O'Meara…for pointing out that at this very moment, this very day, we can seize the opportunity to restore wholeness to our world."—Sy Montgomery, bestselling author of The Good Good Pig and The Soul of an Octopus “A poem by American writer Kitty O’Meara has deservedly gone viral.”—Edinburgh Evening News And the People Stayed Home is a beautifully produced picture book featuring Kitty O’Meara’s popular, globally viral prose poem about the coronavirus pandemic, which has a hopeful and timeless message. Kitty O’Meara, author of And the People Stayed Home, has been called the “poet laureate of the pandemic.” This illustrated children’s book (ages 4-8) will also appeal to readers of all ages. O’Meara’s thoughtful poem about the pandemic, quarantine, and the future suggests there is meaning to be found in our shared experience of the coronavirus and conveys an optimistic message about the possibility of profound healing for people and the planet. Her words encourage us to look within, listen deeply, and connect with ourselves and the earth in order to heal. O’Meara, a former teacher and chaplain and a spiritual director, clearly captures important aspects of the pandemic experience. Her words, written in March 2020 and shared on Facebook, immediately resonated nationally and internationally and were widely circulated on social media, covered in mainstream news media, and inspired an outpouring of creativity from musicians, dancers, artists, filmmakers, and more. The many highlights include an original composition by John Corigliano that was premiered by Renée Fleming.

Everything in Its Place

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Author :
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0451492900
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (514 download)

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Book Synopsis Everything in Its Place by : Oliver Sacks

Download or read book Everything in Its Place written by Oliver Sacks and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2019-04-23 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the best-selling author of Gratitude and On the Move, a final volume of essays that showcase Sacks's broad range of interests--from his passion for ferns, swimming, and horsetails, to his final case histories exploring schizophrenia, dementia, and Alzheimer's. Oliver Sacks, scientist and storyteller, is beloved by readers for his neurological case histories and his fascination and familiarity with human behavior at its most unexpected and unfamiliar. Everything in Its Place is a celebration of Sacks's myriad interests, told with his characteristic compassion and erudition, and in his luminous prose.

Pale Rider

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Publisher : PublicAffairs
ISBN 13 : 1610397681
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Pale Rider by : Laura Spinney

Download or read book Pale Rider written by Laura Spinney and published by PublicAffairs. This book was released on 2017-09-12 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1918, the Italian-Americans of New York, the Yupik of Alaska, and the Persians of Mashed had almost nothing in common except for a virus -- one that triggered the worst pandemic of modern times and had a decisive effect on twentieth-century history. The Spanish flu of 1918-1920 was one of the greatest human disasters of all time. It infected a third of the people on Earth -- from the poorest immigrants of New York City to the king of Spain, Franz Kafka, Mahatma Gandhi, and Woodrow Wilson. But despite a death toll of between 50 and 100 million people, it exists in our memory as an afterthought to World War I. In this gripping narrative history, Laura Spinney traces the overlooked pandemic to reveal how the virus travelled across the globe, exposing mankind's vulnerability and putting our ingenuity to the test. As socially significant as both world wars, the Spanish flu dramatically disrupted -- and often permanently altered -- global politics, race relations and family structures, while spurring innovation in medicine, religion and the arts. It was partly responsible, Spinney argues, for pushing India to independence, South Africa to apartheid, and Switzerland to the brink of civil war. It also created the true "lost generation." Drawing on the latest research in history, virology, epidemiology, psychology and economics, Pale Rider masterfully recounts the little-known catastrophe that forever changed humanity.

The American Plague

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Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 9780425217757
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (177 download)

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Book Synopsis The American Plague by : Molly Caldwell Crosby

Download or read book The American Plague written by Molly Caldwell Crosby and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2007-09-04 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this account, a journalist traces the course of the infectious disease known as yellow fever, “vividly [evoking] the Faulkner-meets-Dawn of the Dead horrors” (The New York Times Book Review) of this killer virus. Over the course of history, yellow fever has paralyzed governments, halted commerce, quarantined cities, moved the U.S. capital, and altered the outcome of wars. During a single summer in Memphis alone, it cost more lives than the Chicago fire, the San Francisco earthquake, and the Johnstown flood combined. In 1900, the U.S. sent three doctors to Cuba to discover how yellow fever was spread. There, they launched one of history's most controversial human studies. Compelling and terrifying, The American Plague depicts the story of yellow fever and its reign in this country—and in Africa, where even today it strikes thousands every year. With “arresting tales of heroism,” (Publishers Weekly) it is a story as much about the nature of human beings as it is about the nature of disease.

Asleep

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Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101185686
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Asleep by : Molly Caldwell Crosby

Download or read book Asleep written by Molly Caldwell Crosby and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2010-03-02 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fascinating look at a bizarre, forgotten epidemic from the national bestselling author of The American Plague. In 1918, a world war raged, and a lethal strain of influenza circled the globe. In the midst of all this death, a bizarre disease appeared in Europe. Eventually known as encephalitis lethargica, or sleeping sickness, it spread worldwide, leaving millions dead or locked in institutions. Then, in 1927, it disappeared as suddenly as it arrived. Asleep, set in 1920s and '30s New York, follows a group of neurologists through hospitals and asylums as they try to solve this epidemic and treat its victims-who learned the worst fate was not dying of it, but surviving it.

American Awakening

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Author :
Publisher : Zondervan
ISBN 13 : 0310360757
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis American Awakening by : John Kingston

Download or read book American Awakening written by John Kingston and published by Zondervan. This book was released on 2020-07-28 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A healthy and united America--perhaps a country more united than it has ever been--is truly possible, and it starts with us. John Kingston draws on wisdom from history, science, faith, and culture, along with his own experiences, to offer eight principles for discovering purpose, meaning, and true community. We live in the greatest peace and prosperity that the world has ever known, but Americans are feeling more division, isolation, depression, and despair than ever before. These are issues of the soul. We seem unable to find purpose and meaning. We can't find "the life that is truly life"--a vibrant and purpose-filled way of living best experienced together. From his youth, Kingston has always carried a vision for a free and united America. With an approachable and conversational style, as well as a dash of humor, Kingston draws on a diverse and compelling collection of wisdom--the parables of the Bible and the philosophy of Aristotle, the legacy of Nelson Mandela and the speeches of Abraham Lincoln, the songs of Bruce Springsteen and current studies from the best neuro and social scientists today--to remind us that there is no "them," there is only us, and we're in this together. In American Awakening, Kingston offers eight timeless principles for breaking through this darkness and despair and cultivating a radical togetherness, both here in this country and around the globe. You'll discover the profound impact of: In-person connection Making more from less Discovering purpose Redeeming adversity Responding instead of reacting Finding your unique sense of belonging Wherever you find yourself politically or spiritually, a healthy and united America starts with you. Join the Awakening movement and let's rediscover who we are--together.

The Flu Pandemic of 1918-1919

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 100098706X
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis The Flu Pandemic of 1918-1919 by : Maximiliano Fuentes Codera

Download or read book The Flu Pandemic of 1918-1919 written by Maximiliano Fuentes Codera and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-10-20 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the framework of a global political and sanitarian crisis that broke out in March 2020, this book proposes a new contemporary look at the great pandemic of the 20th century, the Spanish flu of 1918-1919. Based on its impact in Spain, the book offers a comparative and transatlantic perspective focused on the political and cultural impact of the pandemic in Europe and Latin America. The book focuses on three aspects: the overwhelming presence of influenza between 1918 and 1920, its oblivion and its political and cultural traces in the interwar decades and even more, and its reappearance in the face of the COVID-19. These three aspects are interconnected through a comparative analysis of the crisis of liberalism and democracy of the 1920s and 1930s and the current populist wave that is affecting the world. As such, this book is of great value to those interested in social and medical history across Europe and Latin America through offering a fresh outlook on the effects of the pandemic of the 20th century in the wake of the COVID pandemic that swept across the world.

Modern Flu

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 1137339543
Total Pages : 476 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (373 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Flu by : Michael Bresalier

Download or read book Modern Flu written by Michael Bresalier and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-09 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ninety years after the discovery of human influenza virus, Modern Flu traces the history of this breakthrough and its implications for understanding and controlling influenza ever since. Examining how influenza came to be defined as a viral disease in the first half of the twentieth century, it argues that influenza’s viral identity did not suddenly appear with the discovery of the first human influenza virus in 1933. Instead, it was rooted in the development of medical virus research and virological ways of knowing that grew out of a half-century of changes and innovations in medical science that were shaped through two influenza pandemics, two world wars, and by state-sponsored programs to scientifically modernise British medicine. A series of transformations, in which virological ideas and practices were aligned with and incorporated into medicine and public health, underpinned the viralisation of influenza in the 1930s and 1940s. Collaboration, conflict and exchange between researchers, medical professionals and governmental bodies lay at the heart of this process. This book is a history of how virus researchers, clinicians, and epidemiologists, medical scientific and public health bodies, and institutions, and philanthropies in Britain, the USA and beyond, forged a new medical consensus on the identity and nature of influenza. Shedding new light on the modern history of influenza, this book is a timely account of how ways of knowing and controlling this intractable epidemic disease became viral.