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Palladium Copper Alloy Composite Membranes For High Temperature Hydrogen Separation From Coal Derived Gas Streams
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Book Synopsis PALLADIUM/COPPER ALLOY COMPOSITE MEMBRANES FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN SEPARATION FROM COAL-DERIVED GAS STREAMS. by :
Download or read book PALLADIUM/COPPER ALLOY COMPOSITE MEMBRANES FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN SEPARATION FROM COAL-DERIVED GAS STREAMS. written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For hydrogen from coal gasification to be used economically, processing approaches that produce a high purity gas must be developed. Palladium and its alloys, nickel, platinum and the metals in Groups 3 to 5 of the Periodic Table are all permeable to hydrogen. Hydrogen permeable metal membranes made of palladium and its alloys are the most widely studied due to their high hydrogen permeability, chemical compatibility with many hydrocarbon containing gas streams, and infinite hydrogen selectivity. Our Pd composite membranes have demonstrated stable operation at 450 C for over 70 days. Coal derived synthesis gas will contain up to 15000 ppm H[sub 2]S as well as CO, CO[sub 2], N[sub 2] and other gases. Highly selectivity membranes are necessary to reduce the H[sub 2]S concentration to acceptable levels for solid oxide and other fuel cell systems. Pure Pd-membranes are poisoned by sulfur, and suffer from mechanical problems caused by thermal cycling and hydrogen embrittlement. Recent advances have shown that Pd-Cu composite membranes are not susceptible to the mechanical, embrittlement, and poisoning problems that have prevented widespread industrial use of Pd for high temperature H[sub 2] separation. These membranes consist of a thin ([le] 5[micro]m) film of metal deposited on the inner surface of a porous metal or ceramic tube. With support from this DOE Grant, we have fabricated thin, high flux Pd-Cu alloy composite membranes using a sequential electroless plating approach. Thin, Pd[sub 60]Cu[sub 40] films exhibit a hydrogen flux more than ten times larger than commercial polymer membranes for H[sub 2] separation, resist poisoning by H[sub 2]S and other sulfur compounds typical of coal gas, and exceed the DOE Fossil Energy target hydrogen flux of 80 ml/cm[sup 2][center-dot] min= 0.6 mol/m[sup 2][center-dot] s for a feed pressure of 40 psig. Similar Pd-membranes have been operated at temperatures as high as 750 C. We have developed practical electroless plating procedures for fabrication of thin Pd-Cu composite membranes at any scale.
Book Synopsis Palladium/Copper Alloy Composite Membranes for High Temperature Hydrogen Separation by : J. Douglas Way
Download or read book Palladium/Copper Alloy Composite Membranes for High Temperature Hydrogen Separation written by J. Douglas Way and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarizes progress made during the a three year University Coal Research grant (DEFG26-03NT41792) at the Colorado School of Mines. The period of performance was September 1, 2003 through August of 2006. We made excellent progress toward our goal of contributing to the development of high productivity, sulfur tolerant composite metal membranes for hydrogen production and membrane reactors. Composite Pd and Pd alloy metal membranes with thin metal films (1-7 {micro}m) were prepared on porous stainless steel and ceramic supports that meet or exceed the DOE 2010 and 2015 pure hydrogen flux targets at differential pressure of only 20 psi. For example, a 2 {micro}m pure Pd membrane on a Pall AccuSep{reg_sign} substrate achieved an ideal H{sub 2}/N{sub 2} separation factor of over 6000, with a pure hydrogen flux of 210 SCFH/ft{sup 2} at only 20 psig feed pressure. Similar performance was achieved with a Pd{sub 80}Au{sub 20} composite membrane on a similar stainless steel substrate. Extrapolating the pure hydrogen flux of this PdAu membrane to the DOE Fossil Energy target conditions of 150 psia feed pressure and 50 psia permeate pressure gives a value of 508 SCFH/ft{sup 2}, exceeding the 2015 target. At these thicknesses, it is the support cost that will dominate the cost of a large scale module. In a direct comparison of FCC phase PdCu and PdAu alloys on identical supports, we showed that a Pd{sub 85}Au{sub 15} (mass %) alloy membrane is not inhibited by CO, CO{sub 2}, or steam present in a water-gas shift feed mixture at 400 C, has better resistance to sulfur than a Pd{sub 94}Cu{sub 6} membrane, and has over twice the hydrogen permeance.
Book Synopsis PALLADIUM/COPPER ALLOY COMPOSITE MEMBRANES FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN SEPARATION. by :
Download or read book PALLADIUM/COPPER ALLOY COMPOSITE MEMBRANES FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN SEPARATION. written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarizes progress made during the first year of research funding from DOE Grant No. DE-FG26-03NT41792 at the Colorado School of Mines. The period of performance was September 1, 2003 through August of 2004. Composite membranes, consisting of a thin Pd alloy film supported on a porous substrate have been investigated as a means of reducing the membrane cost and improving H[sub 2] flux. An electroless plating technique was utilized to deposit subsequent layers of palladium and copper over zirconia and alumina-based microfilters. The composite membranes thus made were annealed and tested at temperatures ranging from 250 to 500 C, under very high feed pressures (up to 450 psig) using pure gases and gaseous mixtures containing H[sub 2], CO, CO[sub 2], H[sub 2]O and H[sub 2]S, with the purpose of determining the effects these variables had on the H[sub 2] permeation rate, selectivity and percent recovery. The inhibition caused by CO/CO[sub 2] gases on a 7 [micro]m thick Pd-Cu composite membrane was less than 17% over a wide range of compositions at 350 C. H[sub 2]S caused a strong inhibition of the H[sub 2] flux of the same Pd-Cu composite membrane, which is accentuated at levels of 100 ppm or higher. The membrane was exposed to 50 ppm three times without permanent damage. At higher H[sub 2]S levels, above 100 ppm the membrane suffered some physical degradation and its performances was severely affected. The use of sweep gases improved the hydrogen flux and recovery of a Pd-Cu composite membrane. Recently, we have been able to dramatically reduce the thickness of these Pd alloy membranes to approximately one micron. This is significant because at this thickness, it is the cost of the porous support that controls the materials cost of a composite Pd alloy membrane, not the palladium inventory. Very recent results show that the productivity of our membranes is very high, essentially meeting the DOE pure hydrogen flux target value set by the DOE Hydrogen Program. These results were obtained when a 1.3-micron-thick Pd[sub 95]Cu[sub 5] (composition given in mass %) alloy film was coated on a Pall Corporation Membralox[reg-sign] T1-70 tubular ceramic substrate. The flux of this membrane would be even higher if the alloy composition was 40 wt. % Cu.
Book Synopsis Inorganic Membranes for Energy and Environmental Applications by : Arun C. Bose
Download or read book Inorganic Membranes for Energy and Environmental Applications written by Arun C. Bose and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-10-08 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research interest in inorganic membrane materials and processes has significantly increased in recent years due to novel, potentially low-cost energy and fuel production applications. This book documents the recent progress in membrane science, especially in advanced materials and novel reaction and separation concepts. The book classifies membranes based on the mechanism of operation, i.e., size exclusion filtration, solution-diffusion, and mixed ion-electron conduction of the permeate streams. This is the first book on the use of inorganic membranes for fuel and energy applications.
Book Synopsis Palladium Membrane Technology for Hydrogen Production, Carbon Capture and Other Applications by : A Doukelis
Download or read book Palladium Membrane Technology for Hydrogen Production, Carbon Capture and Other Applications written by A Doukelis and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-10-20 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thanks to their outstanding hydrogen selectivity, palladium membranes have attracted extensive R&D interest. They are a potential breakthrough technology for hydrogen production and also have promising applications in the areas of thermochemical biorefining. This book summarises key research in palladium membrane technologies, with particular focus on the scale-up challenges. After an introductory chapter, Part one reviews the fabrication of palladium membranes. Part two then focuses on palladium membrane module and reactor design. The final part of the book reviews the operation of palladium membranes for synthesis gas/hydrogen production, carbon capture and other applications. Review of manufacture and design issues for palladium membranes Discussion of the applications of palladium membrane technology, including solar steam reforming, IGCC plants, NGCC plants, CHP plants and hydrogen production Examples of the technology in operation
Book Synopsis Pd-based Membranes by : Thijs Peters
Download or read book Pd-based Membranes written by Thijs Peters and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-03-26 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Palladium (Pd)-based membranes have received a great deal of attention from both academia and industry thanks to their ability to selectively separate hydrogen from gas streams. The integration of such membranes with appropriate catalysts in membrane reactors allows for hydrogen production with CO2 capture that can be applied in smaller bioenergy or combined heat and power (CHP) plants, as well as in large-scale power plants. Pd-based membranes are therefore regarded as a Key Enabling Technology (KET) to facilitate the transition towards a knowledge-based, low-carbon, and resource-efficient economy. This Special Issue of the journal Membranes on “Pd-based Membranes: Overview and Perspectives” contains nine peer-reviewed articles. Topics include manufacturing techniques, understanding of material phenomena, module and reactor design, novel applications, and demonstration efforts and industrial exploitation.
Book Synopsis Cost-Effective Method for Producing Self Supported Palladium Alloy Membranes for Use in Efficient Production of Coal Derived Hydrogen by :
Download or read book Cost-Effective Method for Producing Self Supported Palladium Alloy Membranes for Use in Efficient Production of Coal Derived Hydrogen written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last quarter, new procedures were developed and implemented to improve reliability and repeatability of release characteristics from the temporary substrate (i.e., silicon wafer) and to minimize through-thickness defects in a 6-inch diameter film, 3 microns in thickness. With the new procedures, we have been able to consistently produce essentially stress free films, with zero or minimal defects (less than 5) across a 6-inch diameter area. (It is important to note that for those films containing pinholes, a procedure has been developed to repair the pinholes to form a gas tight seal). The films are all within the identified tolerance range for composition (i.e., 60 ± 0.2 % Pd). A number of these films have subsequently been shipped to IdaTech for evaluation and integration into their test module. Colorado School of Mines continued their high temperature evaluation of 6 micron thick, sputtered Pd-Cu films. Pure hydrogen permeability increased up to 400 C while the membrane was in the [beta]-phase and dropped once the temperature increased to over 450 C. Above this temperature, as confirmed by the binary phase diagram, the film transforms into either a mixed [alpha]/[beta] or pure [alpha] phase. The same trend was observed for a baseline 25 micron-thick foil (from Wilkinson) where the pure hydrogen permeability increased with temperature while the membrane was in the [beta]-phase and then decreased upon transformation to the [alpha] phase.
Download or read book PALLADIUM written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advances have shown that Pd-Cu composite membranes are not susceptible to the mechanical, embrittlement, and poisoning problems that have prevented widespread industrial use of Pd for high temperature H2 separation. These membranes consist of a thin ((almost equal to)1 mm) film of metal deposited on the inner surface of a porous metal or ceramic tube. Based on preliminary results, thin Pd60Cu40 films are expected to exhibit hydrogen flux up to ten times larger than commercial polymer membranes for H2 separation, and resist poisoning by H2S and other sulfur compounds typical of coal gas. Similar Pd-membranes have been operated at temperatures as high as 750 C. The overall objective of the proposed project is to demonstrate the feasibility of using sequential electroless plating to fabricate Pd60Cu40 alloy membranes on porous supports for H2 separation. These following advantages of these membranes for processing of coal-derived gas will be demonstrated: High H2 flux; Sulfur tolerant, even at very high total sulfur levels (1000 ppm); Operation at temperatures well above 500 C; and Resistance to embrittlement and degradation by thermal cycling. The proposed research plan is designed to providing a fundamental understanding of: Factors important in membrane fabrication; Optimization of membrane structure and composition; Effect of temperature, pressure, and gas composition on H2 flux and membrane selectivity; and How this membrane technology can be integrated in coal gasification-fuel cell systems.
Book Synopsis Palladium and Palladium-copper Composite Membranes for Hydrogen Separation by : Stephen Nick Paglieri
Download or read book Palladium and Palladium-copper Composite Membranes for Hydrogen Separation written by Stephen Nick Paglieri and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis High-Performance Palladium Based Membrane for Hydrogen Separation and Purification by :
Download or read book High-Performance Palladium Based Membrane for Hydrogen Separation and Purification written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mission of the DOE's Fuel Cell Technologies'Hydrogen Fuels R & D effort is to research, develop, and validate technologies for producing, storing, and delivering hydrogen in an efficient, clean, safe, reliable, and affordable manner. A key program technical milestone for hydrogen technology readiness is to produce hydrogen from diverse, domestic resources at $2.00-$3.00 per gallon of gasoline equivalent (gge) delivered, untaxed. Low-cost, high-temperature hydrogen separation membranes represent a key enabling technology for small-scale distributed hydrogen production units. Availability of such membranes with high selectivity and high permeability for hydrogen will allow their integration with hydrocarbon reforming and water gas shift reactions, potentially reducing the cost of hydrogen produced. Pd-metal-based dense membranes are known for their excellent hydrogen selectivity and permeability characteristics, however, utilization of these membranes has so far been limited to small scale niche markets for hydrogen purification primarily due to the relatively high cost of Pd-alloy tubes compared to pressure swing adsorption (PSA) units. This project was aimed at development of thin-film Pd-alloy membranes deposited on Pall Corporation's DOE-based AccuSep® porous metal tube substrates to form a composite hydrogen separation membrane for these applications. Pall's composite membrane development addressed the typical limitations of composite structures by developing robust membranes capable of withstanding thermal and mechanical stresses resulting from high temperature (400C), high pressure (400 psi steam methane reformer and 1000 psi coal) operations and thermal cycling involved in conventional hydrogen production. In addition, the Pd-alloy membrane composition was optimized to be able to offer the most stability in the typical synthesis gas environments produced by reforming of natural gas and bio-derived liquid fuels (BILI) validating the technical effectiveness and economic feasibility of the technology demonstrated. Results from this research added technology and product design information that offers the potential to significantly advance the commercial viability of hydrogen production.
Book Synopsis Separation of Hydrogen Using Thin Film Palladium-ceramic Composite Membrane by :
Download or read book Separation of Hydrogen Using Thin Film Palladium-ceramic Composite Membrane written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary objective of this study was to prepare and characterize a hydrogen permselective palladium-ceramic composite membrane for high temperature gas separations and catalytic membrane reactors. Electroless plating method was used as a potential route to deposit a thin palladium film on microporous ceramic substrate. The objectives of the work presented here were to characterize the new Pd-ceramic composite membrane by SEM and EDX analysis and to carry out fundamental permeability measurements of the membrane at elevated temperatures and pressures. The potential application of membranes in high temperature gas separation and reactor technology have been recognized by many investigators. In the coal gasification process, the exit gases are normally hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and water vapor. The objective is to obtain hydrogen from this gas mixture.
Download or read book Renewable Fuels written by Rajni Kant and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-07-17 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renewable fuels, in the present times, have become important to curb emission of greenhouse gases, which are causing damage to the environment and leading to climatic changes. Ideally, their utilization can be a zero carbon operation. Planting suitable trees on all waste lands and agro forestry on a large scale can fulfil the needs of timber, fuel, fruits, etc. All kinds of lignocellulosic biomass can be converted by several methods to useful liquid fuels like alcohols, biodiesel, methane, renewable diesel and renewable gasoline. Hydrogen can be used as a renewable fuel because of its desirable characteristics and properties for its use as a green fuel.
Book Synopsis Development of Palladium Composite Membranes for Hydrogen Separation by :
Download or read book Development of Palladium Composite Membranes for Hydrogen Separation written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two types of palladium composite membrane were investigated for hydrogen separation. A palladium alloy membrane was prepared by electroless plating a layer of palladium (≈20 [mu]m) and then copper onto a commercially available porous (nominal 0.2 [mu]m pores) [alpha]-alumina substrate. The resulting multilayer metal film was annealed at 355 C for several days to promote metallic interdiffusion and alloy formation. During the heat treatment, a maximum hydrogen flux of 0.15 mol (STP)/m2 · s was observed at 355 C and a pressure drop ([Delta]P) across the membrane of 6.8 atm. The H2/Ar ideal separation factor was 68 at these conditions, however, the separation factor decreased upon thermal cycling. The other type of membrane fabricated was a palladium coated vanadium-copper alloy foil where the main advantage is the reduction in palladium film coating thickness to 100 nm per side. New methods are being developed for welding the thin foil into modules for testing. The hydrogen flux through a pinhole-free, 75 [mu]m thick Pd/VCu{sub 1.1}/Pd (atomic %) composite membrane was 0.66 mol (STP)/m2 · at 350 C and [Delta]P = 3.5 atm compared to 0.44 mol (STP)/m2 · s for a 71 [mu]m thick Pd/VCu10/Pd membrane. Vanadium alloy composition was checked using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES).
Book Synopsis Palladium-copper Alloys for Hydrogen Separation Membranes by : Mark Mika
Download or read book Palladium-copper Alloys for Hydrogen Separation Membranes written by Mark Mika and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Preparation and Characterization of Composite Membrane for High Temperature Gas Separation by :
Download or read book Preparation and Characterization of Composite Membrane for High Temperature Gas Separation written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this project is to develop thin film palladium membranes for separation of hydrogen in high temperature applications. The authors plan to use electroless plating to deposit thin palladium films on microporous ceramic and silver substrates and then characterize the membrane in terms of permeability and selectivity for gas separation. To accomplish the research objective, the project requires three tasks: Development of a process for composite membrane fabrication; Characterization of composite membrane; and Development of theoretical model for hydrogen gas separation. The experimental procedures are described.
Book Synopsis Composite Metal Membranes for Hydrogen Separation Applications by :
Download or read book Composite Metal Membranes for Hydrogen Separation Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A novel multilayer metal membrane has been developed that can be used for the separation of hydrogen from feed streams with near perfect selectivity. The membrane is comprised of very thin layers of fully dense palladium film deposited on both sides of a thin Group V metal foil, ion-milled prior to sputtering of the palladium. Palladium loading are kept low using the thin film deposition technology: 0.0012 grams of palladium per square centimeter of membrane is typically used, although thinner coatings have been employed. This membrane operates at temperatures on the order of 300 C and is capable of high rates of hydrogen flow. Flows are dependent on the pressure differential applied to the membrane, but flows of 105 sccm/cm2 and higher are regularly observed with differentials below one atmosphere. Long term testing of the membrane for a period in excess of 775 hours under constant conditions showed stable flows and an 85% hydrogen recovery efficiency. A system has been successfully applied to the hydrogen handling system of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell and was tested using a pseudo-reformate feed stream without any degradation in performance.
Book Synopsis Sulfur Tolerance of Pd/Au Alloy Membranes for Hydrogen Separation from Coal Gas by : Chao-Huang Chen
Download or read book Sulfur Tolerance of Pd/Au Alloy Membranes for Hydrogen Separation from Coal Gas written by Chao-Huang Chen and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 866 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: This work provides a detailed characterization study on H2S poisoning of Pd and Pd/Au alloy composite membranes to obtain fundamental understandings of sulfur poisoning phenomena and preparation of sulfur tolerant membranes. The enhancement of the sulfur tolerance by alloying Pd with Au has been confirmed by both permeation test and microstructure analysis (SEM and XRD). While pure Pd membranes exhibited the permeance decline in the presence of H2S due to both sulfur adsorption and bulk Pd4S formation, Pd/Au alloy membranes showed the permeance loss merely resulted from the surface sulfur adsorption without bulk sulfide formation up to 55 ppm H2S. The XPS study confirmed that the H2S adsorption on the Pd/Au alloy surfaces was dissociative, and both surface Au and Pd sulfides were formed with the preferential Au-S bonding. The adsorption type of sulfur on the Pd/Au alloy surfaces was monolayer with a limited coverage, which increased with decreasing temperature. The permeance loss of Pd/Au membranes was essentially fully recoverable in H2, and the integrity of the membranes remained unaltered after the poisoning/recovery tests. Increasing Au composition in the Pd/Au membranes increased the sulfur tolerance. A Pd/Au alloy membrane of 16.7 wt% Au exhibited a permeance over 50% of its original value in the presence of 5 ppm H2S at 400°C, while a Pd membrane showed 85% permeance loss. The Pd/Au alloy membranes were fabricated by the Au displacement deposition, which had an empirical reaction order of 3.2 determined by the AAS. The HT-XRD study verified that the formed Pd/Au alloy layers were thermally stable up to 500°C.
