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Optimum Design Of Grounding System Of High Voltage Substations
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Book Synopsis Optimum Design of Grounding System of High Voltage Substations by : Ossama Gouda
Download or read book Optimum Design of Grounding System of High Voltage Substations written by Ossama Gouda and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2011-03 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main purpose of this article is to study the optimum design of grounding system of high voltage substations by using artificial neural network. The proposed study will implement the following important contributions: 1-Performance of grounding system under uniform and non-uniform soil resistivity. 2-Grounding by using equal and non-equal spacing grids studying the performance of non equal spacing grid incase of uniform and non-uniform soil. 3-Grounding by grids and rods in non- uniform soil and unequally spaced grids. 4-Safety analysis of grounding grid with different structures. 5-Designing of ANN as a tool to select the optimum grounding system. 6-Performance of grounding system under transient conditions.
Book Synopsis Design Parameters of Electrical Network Grounding Systems by : El-Sayed Gouda, Osama
Download or read book Design Parameters of Electrical Network Grounding Systems written by El-Sayed Gouda, Osama and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2017-12-01 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the demand for efficient energy sources continues to grow around the globe, electrical systems are becoming more essential to meet these increased needs. As these systems are being utilized more frequently, it becomes imperative to find ways of optimizing their overall function. Design Parameters of Electrical Network Grounding Systems is a critical scholarly resource that examines safe grounding designs of electrical networks. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as cathodic protection of grounding grids, grounding connections, and soil resistivity evaluation, this book is geared towards academicians, practitioners, and researchers seeking current research on electrical networks.
Book Synopsis Grounding Grid Design for High Voltage Substations by : Farhan bin Hanaffi
Download or read book Grounding Grid Design for High Voltage Substations written by Farhan bin Hanaffi and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An electrical grounding system is an important element to ascertain a safe environment for both humans and equipment during fault or transient conditions. The performance of grounding systems under lightning current is quite different from the conventional frequency based power. In order to understand the grounding grid behaviour under lightning current, researchers typically carry out experiments on actual grounding systems or on laboratory scaled models. Although experiments can provide insights of the actual grounding operation, the shortcoming is that a large area of lab space is required which reflects into high costs. As an alternative, computer simulation has been introduced, and can be categorised into three different approaches, namely circuit approach, transmission line approach or electromagnetic approach.In this work, the simulations are performed based on the electromagnetic approach under three dimensions (3D) mode due to its accurate results. For further understanding, a comparison between circuit and electromagnetic approaches is also carried out, where the resulting outcome shows that the circuit approach underestimates the impulse impedance at injection point compared with simulations by the electromagnetic approach. When the electromagnetic approach is applied, a finite element method is used to solve the partial differential electromagnetic equations in the time domain. Thereafter, the simulations results are validated with the existing published results covering the electromagnetic simulations by using the method of moment (MOM), and as well as actual field experiments. In addition, simulations are performed to understand the effect of different parameters, including lightning current, soil parameters, grounding design, and location of injection point of lightning current.Moreover, a comparison study is carried out for potential rise between power frequency and impulse current at different grid sizes. The study shows the potential generated at injection point for both current and saturation point when the grid size reaches a certain point. It's important to consider both types of current to get better grounding grid design. Besides that, empirical equations are used out to calculate the effective area under lightning conditions, where the effect of the down-conductor is taken into consideration as part of the grounding model. The effective area is an important parameter for the optimization of the grounding grid design when increasing grounding size does not improve the impulse impedance.Transient ground potential rise (TGPR) above the ground is another interesting parameter to analyse. In this work, a good correlation is shown between the effective area and the impulse impedance at the injection point with rising transient ground potential. It is found that the TGPR is larger when it is closer to the injection point, but only lasts for a few microseconds. Step voltage evaluations are performed for different standing positions of the human above the grid, including the distance of the step voltage location from the injection point, and the effect of grid size to step voltage value.
Book Synopsis Methodology and Technology for Power System Grounding by : Jinliang He
Download or read book Methodology and Technology for Power System Grounding written by Jinliang He and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-11-28 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grounding is the fundamental measures to ensure the safe operation of power systems, including power apparatus and control/monitoring systems, and guarantee the personal safety. Grounding technology is an interdiscipline involving electrical engineering, high voltage technology, electric safety, electromagnetics, numerical analysis, and geological exploration Methodology and Technology for Power System Grounding: Covers all topics related to power system grounding Presents fundaments and theories of grounding systems Well balances technology and methodology related to grounding system design Helps to understand the grounding analysis softwares Highlights the advanced research works in the field of grounding systems Comprehensively introduces numerical analysis methods Discovers impulse ionization phenomenon of soil around the grounding conductors Touches on lightning impulse characteristics of grounding devices for towers and buildings As a comprehensive treatment of the topic, Methodology and Technology for Power System Grounding is ideal for engineers and researchers in power system, lightning protection, and grounding. The book will also better equip postgraduates, senior undergraduate students in electrical engineering.
Book Synopsis Practical Methods for Analysis and Design of HV Installation Grounding Systems by : Ljubivoje M. Popovic
Download or read book Practical Methods for Analysis and Design of HV Installation Grounding Systems written by Ljubivoje M. Popovic and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-02-20 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical Methods for Analysis and Design of HV Installation Grounding Systems gives readers a basic understanding of the modeling characteristics of the major components of a complex grounding system. One by one, the author develops and analyzes each component as a standalone element, but then puts them together, considering their mutual disposition, or so-called proximity effect. This is the first book to enable the making and analysis of the most complex grounding systems that are typical for HV substations located in urban areas that uses relatively simple mathematical operations instead of modern computers. Since the presented methods enable problem-solving for more complex issues than the ones solved using National, IEC and/or IEEE standards, this book can be considered as an appendix to these standards. Develops general equations of lumped parameter ladder circuits Includes the analytical expression for determination of ground fault current distribution for a fault anywhere along a cable line Presents measurement and analytical methods for the determination of actual ground fault current distribution for high-voltage substations located in urban areas Provides the analytical procedure for the determination of the critical ground fault position for faults appearing in outgoing transmission lines Defines testing procedure for the correct evaluation of grounding systems of substations located in urban areas
Book Synopsis High Voltage Grounding Systems by : Gary Gilbert
Download or read book High Voltage Grounding Systems written by Gary Gilbert and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Minimization of Construction Costs of Substation Grounding Grids: In every electrical installation, one of the most important aspects is adequate grounding; in particular, the grounding of high-voltage substations to protect people and equipment in the event of an electrical fault. Well-designed grounding systems ensure the performance of power systems and safety of personnel. It is desirable that the substation grounding provides a near zero resistance to remote earth. The prevailing practice of most utilities is to install a grid of horizontal ground electrodes (buried bare copper conductors) supplemented by a number of vertical ground rods connected to the grid, and by a number of equipment grounding mats and interconnecting cables. The grounding grid provides a common ground for the electrical equipment and for all metallic structures at the station. It also limits the surface potential gradient. Currently the IEEE 80-2000 standard for substations grounding limits the determination of the grounding parameters (namely step, touch and ground potential rise) to that of a uniform soil model unless the Sunde graphical method is used. With the Sunde graphical method, it relies on interpretation to obtain a two layer soil model. Without the use of the graphical method, the IEEE 81-1983 has several empirical equations that can be used for the two layer model; however, these equations rely on the use of images which retard the speed of calculations to the point where the overall optimization of the grounding grid (with respect to size and shape) has yet to be determined. The goal of the thesis was to improve upon the current restrictions for the grounding grid design, while minimizing the material (i.e., copper conductors) and installation costs of a grid.
Book Synopsis Performance of Grounding Grids at Faulty and Lightning Strokes Conditions by : Gouda, Osama El-Sayed
Download or read book Performance of Grounding Grids at Faulty and Lightning Strokes Conditions written by Gouda, Osama El-Sayed and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2024-08-28 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The performance of grounding grids is critical in safeguarding electrical systems from damage during fault conditions and lightning strikes. Their effectiveness may be compromised under extreme conditions, leading to system failures or safety incidents. Despite advancements in grounding technologies, there remains a need to evaluate and enhance the performance of grounding grids to withstand these scenarios. Engineers, researchers, and industry stakeholders must collaborate to advance testing methodologies, improve design standards, and develop innovative solutions. Effective research and practical improvements in grounding grid systems will ensure reliable protection is provided to safeguard infrastructure and improve safety. Performance of Grounding Grids at Faulty and Lightning Strokes Conditions presents the characteristics of grounding electrodes when subjected to lightning, including the impacts of soil ionization with frequency, soil resistivity, and permittivity variations. The study presents the effects of different reflection factors on human safety through various methods and simulations. This book covers topics such as fault currents, soil ionization, and grounding systems, and is a useful resource for scientists, engineers, technologists, academicians, researchers, and business owners.
Book Synopsis AC Substation Grounding Design by : Mamadou Keita
Download or read book AC Substation Grounding Design written by Mamadou Keita and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents AC substations grounding system for either conventional or gas-insulated. The design of grounding systems of substations has the primary purpose of ensuring the safety and well being of personnel, who may become electrically coupled to the grounding mats during unbalanced fault conditions (El-Dessouky, El-Aziz, & Khamis, 1998), (Phan, 1990). In general, an unbalanced fault will cause a ground potential rise of the system neutral and any conductive medium electrically connected to the neutral. The approach of this design is based on the IEEE Standard 80-2000 which discusses the following subjects safety in grounding, tolerable body current limit, primary and auxiliary ground electrodes, grounding enclosure sizing of conductors and materials, soil characteristics, ground resistance, types of ground faults, installation of connections, pigtails, ground rods, and ground grid integrity test. In this project, general system structure as well as rules and data representations are discussed. An illustrative example is presented using 15 kv medium voltage switchgear for Tri-Met Portland Westside light rail (Thomas & Pham, 1999). The ac substations grounding system design presented in this project can assist grounding system engineer to obtain a safe grounding system which is one of most important design aspects of substations.
Book Synopsis Guide to Substation Grounding and Bonding for Mine Power Systems by : Wils L. Cooley
Download or read book Guide to Substation Grounding and Bonding for Mine Power Systems written by Wils L. Cooley and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Design of AC Substation Grounding System by : Ra Meas
Download or read book Design of AC Substation Grounding System written by Ra Meas and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose for this paper is to understand the basic foundation used to safely design a substation grounding system for AC systems. The following criteria that needs to be address regarding the grounding system includes field data from the site such as soil analysis, the earth and grid resistance, maximum fault current, the conductor material, size, and joining methods, ground rods, resistivity of the soil, common fault types, the hazard tolerable shock voltage consisting of touch, step and mesh voltage, and tolerable body current limits. Based on the formula and criteria from the IEEE Standard 80-2000, calculations will be used to determine whether the substation grounding is safe by design. The information provided here will help to ensure a safe environment for those working in or around the substation while protecting equipment from dangerous electrical shock under normal and faulted condition.
Book Synopsis Technological Innovation for Industry and Service Systems by : Luis M. Camarinha-Matos
Download or read book Technological Innovation for Industry and Service Systems written by Luis M. Camarinha-Matos and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-04-29 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th IFIP WG 5.5/SOCOLNET Advanced Doctoral Conference on Computing, Electrical and Industrial Systems, DoCEIS 2019, held in Costa de Caparica, Portugal, in May 2019. The 36 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 73 submissions. The papers present selected results produced in engineering doctoral programs and focus on technological innovation for industry and serivce systems. Research results and ongoing work are presented, illustrated and discussed in the following areas: collaborative systems, collaboration and resilient systems, decision and optimization systems, assistive systems, smart environments, smart manufacturing, water monitoring systems, communication systems, and energy systems.
Download or read book Water and Energy International written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 1020 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Grounds for Grounding by : Elya B. Joffe
Download or read book Grounds for Grounding written by Elya B. Joffe and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-20 with total page 827 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: GROUNDS FOR GROUNDING The first book to cover grounding from the circuit to system and across the entire spectrum of applications Grounds for Grounding provides a complete and thorough approach to the subject of designing electrical and electronic circuits and systems, blending theory and practice to demonstrate how a few basic rules can be applied across a broad range of applications. The authors begin with the basic concepts of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) that are essential for understanding grounding theory and its applications, such as “ground loop,” which is one of the most misunderstood concepts in EMC. Next, they provide an introduction to grounding, including safety grounding, grounding for control of electromagnetic interference, and grounding-related case studies. Subsequent chapter coverage includes: Fundamentals of grounding design Bonding principles Grounding for power distribution and lightning protection systems Grounding in wiring circuits and cable shields Grounding of EMI terminal protection devices Grounding on printed circuit boards Integrated facility and platform grounding system Practical case studies are integrated throughout the book to aid in readers’ comprehension and each chapter concludes with a useful bibliography. Grounds for Grounding is an indispensable resource for electrical and electronic engineers who work with the design of circuits, systems, and facilities.
Book Synopsis Power System Grounding and Transients by : A.P. Sakis Meliopoulis
Download or read book Power System Grounding and Transients written by A.P. Sakis Meliopoulis and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ""This authoritative work presents detailed coverage of modern modeling and analysis techniques used in the design of electric power transmission systems -- emphasizing grounding and transients. It provides the theoretical background necessary for understanding problems related to grounding systems, such as safety and protection.
Book Synopsis A Study of HV Electric Power Substation Grounding System Design by : Benjamin Kinyua Muita
Download or read book A Study of HV Electric Power Substation Grounding System Design written by Benjamin Kinyua Muita and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Substation Grounding by : Inna Baleva
Download or read book Substation Grounding written by Inna Baleva and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designing a proper substation grounding system is quite complicating. Many parameters affect its design. In order for a grounding design to be safe, it needs to provide a way to carry the electric currents into the ground under both normal and faulted conditions. Also, it must provide assurance that a person in the vicinity would not be endangered. The grounding portion of substation design will be explored. In order to properly plan and design the grounding grid, calculations of the following will be done: maximum fault current, grid resistance, grid current, safe touch and step voltages, ground potential rise, as well as expected touch and step voltage levels. Background information and guidelines to design a substation grounding grid will be provided. A set of equations will be presented to calculate whether the design is safe, and finally, an example will be provided that can be used as a template. Sources of Data IEEE Std. 80-2000 A safe substation ground grid was designed.
Book Synopsis Code of Practice for Design of High-voltage Open-terminal Stations by : British Standards Institute Staff
Download or read book Code of Practice for Design of High-voltage Open-terminal Stations written by British Standards Institute Staff and published by . This book was released on 1990-11-30 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Switching substations, Electric substations, Switchgear, Electric power systems, High-voltage installations, Bus-bars, Design, Clearance distances, Loading, Layout, Marking, Earthing, Electric power transmission, Open electrical equipment, Numerical designations, Electrical insulation
