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Optimization Of Ventilation Energy Demands And Indoor Air Quality In The Zebralliance Homes
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Book Synopsis Optimization of Ventilation Energy Demands and Indoor Air Quality in the ZEBRAlliance Homes by :
Download or read book Optimization of Ventilation Energy Demands and Indoor Air Quality in the ZEBRAlliance Homes written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-performance homes require that ventilation energy demands and indoor air quality (IAQ) be simultaneously optimized. In this project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory researchers attempted to bridge these two areas by conducting tests in research houses located in Oak Ridge, TN, that were less than 2 years old, energy-efficient (i.e., expected to consume 50% less energy than a house built per the 2006 IRC), tightly-built, unoccupied, and unfurnished. The team identified air pollutants of concern in the test homes that could generally serve as indicators of IAQ, and conduced field experiments and computer simulations to determine the effectiveness and energy required by various techniques that lessened the concentration of these contaminants. Formaldehyde was selected as the main pollutant of concern from initial air sampling surveys. Field data indicate that concentrations were higher during the summer primarily because emissions from sources rise with increases in temperature. Furthermore, supply ventilation and gas-phase filtration were effective means to reduce formaldehyde concentrations; however, exhaust ventilation had minimal influence on this pollutant. Results from simulations suggest that formaldehyde concentrations obtained while ventilating per ASHRAE 62.2-2010 could be decreased by about 20% from May through September through three strategies: 1) increasing ASHRAE supply ventilation by a factor of two, 2) reducing the thermostat setpoint from 76 to 74°F, or 3) running a gas-phase filtration system while decreasing supply ventilation per ASHRAE by half. In the mixed-humid climate of Oak Ridge, these strategies caused minimal to modest increases in electricity cost of ~$5 to ~$15/month depending on outdoor conditions.
Book Synopsis Ventilation Solutions: Improving Indoor Air Quality by : Charles Nehme
Download or read book Ventilation Solutions: Improving Indoor Air Quality written by Charles Nehme and published by Charles Nehme. This book was released on with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ventilation is an indispensable aspect of our built environment, yet it often operates quietly in the background, unseen and unheard. It is the invisible force that breathes life into our homes, workplaces, and public spaces, influencing our health, comfort, and overall well-being. The quality of the air we breathe indoors profoundly affects our lives, from our ability to concentrate and be productive to our susceptibility to illnesses and allergies. This book delves into the world of ventilation, unveiling its significance, principles, and applications across diverse settings. Whether you are a homeowner seeking to enhance indoor air quality, an architect striving to create sustainable buildings, or an engineer working on cutting-edge ventilation technologies, this book is a comprehensive guide to understanding, implementing, and optimizing ventilation systems. Ventilation is not a static field; it evolves in response to advancing technologies, changing environmental concerns, and the pursuit of healthier, more efficient indoor environments. In each chapter, we explore different facets of ventilation, from its role in mitigating the spread of respiratory diseases like COVID-19 to its pivotal role in green building practices aimed at reducing our carbon footprint. As we navigate the intricate world of ventilation, we emphasize best practices, emerging trends, and innovative solutions that are shaping the future of indoor environments. Whether you are seeking practical advice for improving ventilation in your home, insights into sustainable building design, or a glimpse into the technologies that will revolutionize the field, this book equips you with the knowledge to make informed decisions and contribute to creating spaces that prioritize health, comfort, and environmental responsibility. In our exploration of ventilation, we aim to illuminate the importance of this often-overlooked aspect of our daily lives. By understanding its principles and embracing best practices, we can breathe easier, work more productively, and live healthier lives in the spaces we call home, work, and play. We invite you to embark on this journey through the world of ventilation, and we hope you find the insights and knowledge within these pages both enlightening and empowering. Sincerely, Charles nehme
Book Synopsis Energy and Air Quality Implications of Passive Stack Ventilation in Residential Buildings by :
Download or read book Energy and Air Quality Implications of Passive Stack Ventilation in Residential Buildings written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ventilation requires energy to transport and condition the incoming air. The energy consumption for ventilation in residential buildings depends on the ventilation rate required to maintain an acceptable indoor air quality. Historically, U.S. residential buildings relied on natural infiltration to provide sufficient ventilation, but as homes get tighter, designed ventilation systems are more frequently required particularly for new energy efficient homes and retrofitted homes. ASHRAE Standard 62.2 is used to specify the minimum ventilation rate required in residential buildings and compliance is normally achieved with fully mechanical whole-house systems; however, alternative methods may be used to provide the required ventilation when their air quality equivalency has been proven. One appealing method is the use of passive stack ventilation systems. They have been used for centuries to ventilate buildings and are often used in ventilation regulations in other countries. Passive stacks are appealing because they require no fans or electrical supply (which could lead to lower cost) and do not require maintenance (thus being more robust and reliable). The downside to passive stacks is that there is little control of ventilation air flow rates because they rely on stack and wind effects that depend on local time-varying weather. In this study we looked at how passive stacks might be used in different California climates and investigated control methods that can be used to optimize indoor air quality and energy use. The results showed that passive stacks can be used to provide acceptable indoor air quality per ASHRAE 62.2 with the potential to save energy provided that they are sized appropriately and flow controllers are used to limit over-ventilation.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Multiple Indoor Air Quality and Energy Use Tradeoffs to Inform the Development of Next-generation Ventilation Strategies for Office Buildings by : Adams Edwin Rackes
Download or read book Investigation of Multiple Indoor Air Quality and Energy Use Tradeoffs to Inform the Development of Next-generation Ventilation Strategies for Office Buildings written by Adams Edwin Rackes and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In commercial buildings, ventilation, or air exchange between an indoor environment and the outdoors, is necessary for controlling contaminants emitted by indoor sources such as occupants, cleaning and personal care products, and building materials. In offices, increased ventilation has also been shown to significantly increase worker productivity and reduce sick leave. At the same time, increasing ventilation introduces more outdoor air pollutants, including ones with known public health consequences like particulate matter and ozone. Furthermore, ventilation accounts for about one-fourth of U.S. commercial heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) energy use and changes can have significant effects on building energy consumption. This research project aims to quantify, compare, and optimally or nearly optimally balance these multiple impacts for office buildings, while remaining alert to the fact that outcomes differ significantly by building, operating conditions, and user preference. The project had three objectives. The first was to use Monte Carlo analysis over a wide range of climates and office building characteristics to evaluate combinations of mature existing technologies including demand-controlled ventilation (DCV), economizing, supply air temperature reset, and increased ventilation rate (VR). Some combinations were 'win-win,' reducing HVAC energy consumption by 12-27% while increasing work performance by 0.5% and eliminating 5 hours of absenteeism per year. Annually, such strategies could save U.S. $1.25 billion in energy costs and generate $28-55 billion in total net benefits. The second objective was to develop an outcome-based ventilation (OBV) decision-making framework, using a loss function to combine scientific knowledge, uncertainty, and parameters to express user preferences. The OBV framework confirmed that human-related outcomes are much more valuable than energy use. For example, we evaluated an intervention that increased the VR by ~10 L/s/occ on a dataset representing the office sector. With "best estimate" user parameters, the average loss impact of every other outcome was greater than the one related to HVAC energy costs--by a factor of 47 for work performance, 25 for excess absence, 3.9 for particle exposure, and 1.1 for ozone exposure. Even the most ventilation-adverse user preferences still produced VRs that were very often as high as 30 L/s/occ and only rarely lower than 15 L/s/occ. The third objective was to use optimization with the OBV framework to minimize loss over a daylong horizon and take advantage of weather, pollution, occupancy, and other transient dynamics. An optimal control problem was formulated, then translated to a nonlinear optimization problem, and solved by interior point methods. Results showed that, contrary to our hypothesis, numerically optimizing ventilation control for a single day did not provide substantial Pareto improvements over existing control methods. In fact, a strategy with economizer and DCV was very close to Pareto optimal on most days. Neither time-of-use pricing nor any factor in a sensitivity analysis revealed opportunities in which optimizing ventilation within each day of the year saved more than 5% of annual HVAC energy costs. In concluding, we used the insights of this research to outline a procedure for next-generation ventilation that takes advantage of opportunities to optimize over an annual horizon and adjust for the influential climate and building parameters identified by sensitivity analysis. For daily control, it would employ existing successful technology components, like DCV and economizer controls, that we have shown to be capable of significant energy savings and, on a daily timescale, nearly optimal. These methods would be embedded in and guided by a more conscious annual strategy that includes an initial preference elicitation step and an offline annual optimization to intelligently allocate ventilation resources across the year. Such an approach could help make ventilation more effective and reliable, and allow users to make informed decisions about ventilation tradeoffs and understand their consequences.
Book Synopsis Improving Indoor Air Quality Through Design, Operation, and Maintenance by : Milton Meckler
Download or read book Improving Indoor Air Quality Through Design, Operation, and Maintenance written by Milton Meckler and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 1996 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning with specific guidelines for assessing and measuring indoor air contaminants, this hands-on reference details engineering, maintenance and operational procedures which may be applied to correct problems associated with "sick building syndrome," and generally to assure the safety and quality of indoor air. Among the solutions examined are retrofitting of VAV systems with IAQ sensors, use of desiccants to remove air contaminants, and new ventilation efficiency techniques. Guidelines for optimizing operation and maintenance in terms of their impact on indoor air quality are also provided. The techniques presented are those which can provide for the quality of air in indoor environments while not sacrificing energy efficiency. While emphasizing practical IAQ solutions which can be readily implemented in new as well as in older buildings, the author has also included a number of state-of-the-art techniques and new methods for which testing has only recently been completed.
Book Synopsis Energy Impacts of Envelope Tightening and Mechanical Ventilation for the U.S. Residential Sector by :
Download or read book Energy Impacts of Envelope Tightening and Mechanical Ventilation for the U.S. Residential Sector written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Effective residential envelope air sealing reduces infiltration and associated energy costs for thermal conditioning, yet often creates a need for mechanical ventilation to protect indoor air quality. This study estimated the potential energy savings of implementing airtightness improvements or absolute standards along with mechanical ventilation throughout the U.S. housing stock. We used a physics-based modeling framework to simulate the impact of envelope tightening, providing mechanical ventilation as needed. There are 113 million homes in the US. We calculated the change in energy demand for each home in a nationally representative sample of 50,000 virtual homes developed from the 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey. Ventilation was provided as required by 2010 and proposed 2013 versions of ASHRAE Standard 62.2. Ensuring that all current homes comply with 62.2-2010 would increase residential site energy demand by 0.07 quads (0.07 exajoules (EJ)) annually. Improving airtightness of all homes at current average retrofit performance levels would decrease demand by 0.7 quads (0.74 EJ) annually and upgrading all homes to be as airtight as the top 10% of similar homes would double the savings, leading to roughly $22 billion in annual savings in energy bills. We also analyzed the potential benefits of bringing the entire stock to airtightness specifications of IECC 2012, Canada's R2000, and Passive House standards.
Book Synopsis Optimization of Occupancy Based Demand Controlled Ventilation in Residences by :
Download or read book Optimization of Occupancy Based Demand Controlled Ventilation in Residences written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although it has been used for many years in commercial buildings, the application of demand controlled ventilation in residences is limited. In this study we used occupant exposure to pollutants integrated over time (referred to as 'dose') as the metric to evaluate the effectiveness and air quality implications of demand controlled ventilation in residences. We looked at air quality for two situations. The first is that typically used in ventilation standards: the exposure over a long term. The second is to look at peak exposures that are associated with time variations in ventilation rates and pollutant generation. The pollutant generation had two components: a background rate associated with the building materials and furnishings and a second component related to occupants. The demand controlled ventilation system operated at a low airflow rate when the residence was unoccupied and at a high airflow rate when occupied. We used analytical solutions to the continuity equation to determine the ventilation effectiveness and the long-term chronic dose and peak acute exposure for a representative range of occupancy periods, pollutant generation rates and airflow rates. The results of the study showed that we can optimize the demand controlled airflow rates to reduce the quantity of air used for ventilation without introducing problematic acute conditions.
Book Synopsis Building Performance Simulation for Design and Operation by : Jan L.M. Hensen
Download or read book Building Performance Simulation for Design and Operation written by Jan L.M. Hensen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-09-10 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Effective building performance simulation can reduce the environmental impact of the built environment, improve indoor quality and productivity, and facilitate future innovation and technological progress in construction. It draws on many disciplines, including physics, mathematics, material science, biophysics and human behavioural, environmental and computational sciences. The discipline itself is continuously evolving and maturing, and improvements in model robustness and fidelity are constantly being made. This has sparked a new agenda focusing on the effectiveness of simulation in building life-cycle processes. Building Performance Simulation for Design and Operation begins with an introduction to the concepts of performance indicators and targets, followed by a discussion on the role of building simulation in performance-based building design and operation. This sets the ground for in-depth discussion of performance prediction for energy demand, indoor environmental quality (including thermal, visual, indoor air quality and moisture phenomena), HVAC and renewable system performance, urban level modelling, building operational optimization and automation. Produced in cooperation with the International Building Performance Simulation Association (IBPSA), and featuring contributions from fourteen internationally recognised experts in this field, this book provides a unique and comprehensive overview of building performance simulation for the complete building life-cycle from conception to demolition. It is primarily intended for advanced students in building services engineering, and in architectural, environmental or mechanical engineering; and will be useful for building and systems designers and operators.
Book Synopsis Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States by : National Research Council
Download or read book Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-06-10 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: America's economy and lifestyles have been shaped by the low prices and availability of energy. In the last decade, however, the prices of oil, natural gas, and coal have increased dramatically, leaving consumers and the industrial and service sectors looking for ways to reduce energy use. To achieve greater energy efficiency, we need technology, more informed consumers and producers, and investments in more energy-efficient industrial processes, businesses, residences, and transportation. As part of the America's Energy Future project, Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States examines the potential for reducing energy demand through improving efficiency by using existing technologies, technologies developed but not yet utilized widely, and prospective technologies. The book evaluates technologies based on their estimated times to initial commercial deployment, and provides an analysis of costs, barriers, and research needs. This quantitative characterization of technologies will guide policy makers toward planning the future of energy use in America. This book will also have much to offer to industry leaders, investors, environmentalists, and others looking for a practical diagnosis of energy efficiency possibilities.
Download or read book An Update on Formaldehyde written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Transportation of Used Fuel written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Evolutionary Computation by : Kenneth A. De Jong
Download or read book Evolutionary Computation written by Kenneth A. De Jong and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2006-02-03 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A clear and comprehensive introduction to the field of evolutionary computation that takes an integrated approach. Evolutionary computation, the use of evolutionary systems as computational processes for solving complex problems, is a tool used by computer scientists and engineers who want to harness the power of evolution to build useful new artifacts, by biologists interested in developing and testing better models of natural evolutionary systems, and by artificial life scientists for designing and implementing new artificial evolutionary worlds. In this clear and comprehensive introduction to the field, Kenneth De Jong presents an integrated view of the state of the art in evolutionary computation. Although other books have described such particular areas of the field as genetic algorithms, genetic programming, evolution strategies, and evolutionary programming, Evolutionary Computation is noteworthy for considering these systems as specific instances of a more general class of evolutionary algorithms. This useful overview of a fragmented field is suitable for classroom use or as a reference for computer scientists and engineers.
Book Synopsis Remote Sensing: Techniques and Applications by : Henry Collier
Download or read book Remote Sensing: Techniques and Applications written by Henry Collier and published by . This book was released on 2016-06 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Remote sensing plays a prominent role in atmospheric measurements and physical observations of earth's topography. This book contains a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of remote sensing such as climate change, greenhouse emissions, various remote sensing instruments, remote sensing techniques for monitoring of agricultural productivity, etc. The case studies and researches provided in this book will help students, researchers and all associated with the field of remote sensing in gaining advanced information of the field.
