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Optical Basicity And Nepheline Crystallization In High Alumina Glasses
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Book Synopsis Optical Basicity and Nepheline Crystallization in High Alumina Glasses by :
Download or read book Optical Basicity and Nepheline Crystallization in High Alumina Glasses written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to find compositions that increase waste loading of high-alumina wastes beyond what is currently acceptable while avoiding crystallization of nepheline (NaAlSiO4) on slow cooling. Nepheline crystallization has been shown to have a large impact on the chemical durability of high-level waste glasses. It was hypothesized that there would be some composition regions where high-alumina would not result in nepheline crystal production, compositions not currently allowed by the nepheline discriminator. Optical basicity (OB) and the nepheline discriminator (ND) are two ways of describing a given complex glass composition. This report presents the theoretical and experimental basis for these models. They are being studied together in a quadrant system as metrics to explore nepheline crystallization and chemical durability as a function of waste glass composition. These metrics were calculated for glasses with existing data and also for theoretical glasses to explore nepheline formation in Quadrant IV (passes OB metric but fails ND metric), where glasses are presumed to have good chemical durability. Several of these compositions were chosen, and glasses were made to fill poorly represented regions in Quadrant IV. To evaluate nepheline formation and chemical durability of these glasses, quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and the Product Consistency Test were conducted. A large amount of quantitative XRD data is collected here, both from new glasses and from glasses of previous studies that had not previously performed quantitative XRD on the phase assemblage. Appendix A critically discusses a large dataset to be considered for future quantitative studies on nepheline formation in glass. Appendix B provides a theoretical justification for choice of the oxide coefficients used to compute the OB criterion for nepheline formation.
Book Synopsis Chemical Composition Analysis and Product Consistency Tests Supporting Refinement of the Nepheline Model for the High Aluminum Hanford Glass Composition Region by :
Download or read book Chemical Composition Analysis and Product Consistency Tests Supporting Refinement of the Nepheline Model for the High Aluminum Hanford Glass Composition Region written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this report, Savannah River National Laboratory provides chemical analyses and Product Consistency Test (PCT) results for a series of simulated high level waste (HLW) glasses fabricated by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) as part of an ongoing nepheline crystallization study. The results of these analyses will be used to improve the ability to predict crystallization of nepheline as a function of composition and heat treatment for glasses formulated at high alumina concentrations.
Book Synopsis Springer Handbook of Glass by : J. David Musgraves
Download or read book Springer Handbook of Glass written by J. David Musgraves and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-08 with total page 1851 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides comprehensive treatment of the current state of glass science from the leading experts in the field. Opening with an enlightening contribution on the history of glass, the volume is then divided into eight parts. The first part covers fundamental properties, from the current understanding of the thermodynamics of the amorphous state, kinetics, and linear and nonlinear optical properties through colors, photosensitivity, and chemical durability. The second part provides dedicated chapters on each individual glass type, covering traditional systems like silicates and other oxide systems, as well as novel hybrid amorphous materials and spin glasses. The third part features detailed descriptions of modern characterization techniques for understanding this complex state of matter. The fourth part covers modeling, from first-principles calculations through molecular dynamics simulations, and statistical modeling. The fifth part presents a range of laboratory and industrial glass processing methods. The remaining parts cover a wide and representative range of applications areas from optics and photonics through environment, energy, architecture, and sensing. Written by the leading international experts in the field, the Springer Handbook of Glass represents an invaluable resource for graduate students through academic and industry researchers working in photonics, optoelectronics, materials science, energy, architecture, and more.
Book Synopsis Nucleation and Crystallization of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics by : Wolfram Höland
Download or read book Nucleation and Crystallization of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics written by Wolfram Höland and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-07-21 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The E-book "Nucleation and Crystallization of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics" highlights historic perspectives and current research in the field of glass-ceramic technology. Glass-ceramic technology is promising to provide us with materials of high strength, high toughness, unique electrical/electronic or magnetic properties, exceptional optical or unusual thermal or chemical properties. The greater diversity of microstructure-property arrangements and processing routes over glasses and ceramics are responsible that glass-ceramics are the preferred choice of materials in many technical, consumer, optical, medical/dental, electrical/electronic, and architectural fields. This includes increasing uses of glass-ceramic materials for environment and energy applications in the last decades. The positive development of glass-ceramic technology has become true in particular due to the pioneering spirit, resourcefulness, and courage of researchers of the first generation. Extraordinary and, therefore, to be distinguished is the work of the glass-ceramic inventor S. Donald Stookey to whom this Research Topic is dedicated. The authors, all experts in the field of glass-ceramics and based in industry, academia and governmental institutions, contributed to this E-book under the guidance of the Technical Committee 07 "Crystallization and Glass-Ceramics" of the International Commission on Glass (ICG).
Book Synopsis Control of Nepheline Crystallization in Nuclear Waste Glass by :
Download or read book Control of Nepheline Crystallization in Nuclear Waste Glass written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glass frits with a high B2O3 concentration have been designed which, when combined with high-alumina concentration nuclear waste streams, will form glasses with durabilities that are acceptable for repository disposal and predictable using a free energy of hydration model. Two glasses with nepheline discriminator values closest to 0.62 showed significant differences in normalized boron release between the quenched and heat treated versions of each glass. X-ray diffraction confirmed that nepheline crystallized in the glass with the lowest nepheline discriminator value, and nepheline may also exist in the second glass as small nanocrystals. The high-B2O3 frit was successful in producing simulated waste glasses with no detectable nepheline crystallization at waste loadings of up to 45 wt%. The melt rate of this frit was also considerably better than other frits with increased concentrations of Na2O.
Book Synopsis INTERNATIONAL STUDY OF ALUMINUM IMPACTS ON CRYSTALLIZATION IN U.S. HIGH LEVEL WASTE GLASS. by :
Download or read book INTERNATIONAL STUDY OF ALUMINUM IMPACTS ON CRYSTALLIZATION IN U.S. HIGH LEVEL WASTE GLASS. written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this task was to develop glass formulations for (Department of Energy) DOE waste streams with high aluminum concentrations to avoid nepheline formation while maintaining or meeting waste loading and/or waste throughput expectations as well as satisfying critical process and product performance related constraints. Liquidus temperatures and crystallization behavior were carefully characterized to support model development for higher waste loading glasses. The experimental work, characterization, and data interpretation necessary to meet these objectives were performed among three partnering laboratories: the V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute (KRI), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL). Projected glass compositional regions that bound anticipated Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) and Hanford high level waste (HLW) glass regions of interest were developed and used to generate glass compositions of interest for meeting the objectives of this study. A thorough statistical analysis was employed to allow for a wide range of waste glass compositions to be examined while minimizing the number of glasses that had to be fabricated and characterized in the laboratory. The glass compositions were divided into two sets, with 45 in the test matrix investigated by the U.S. laboratories and 30 in the test matrix investigated by KRI. Fabrication and characterization of the US and KRI-series glasses were generally handled separately. This report focuses mainly on the US-series glasses. Glasses were fabricated and characterized by SRNL and PNNL. Crystalline phases were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the quenched and canister centerline cooled (CCC) glasses and were generally iron oxides and spinels, which are not expected to impact durability of the glass. Nepheline was detected in five of the glasses after the CCC heat treatment. Chemical composition measurements for each of the glasses were conducted following an analytical plan. A review of the individual oxides for each glass revealed that there were no errors in batching significant enough to impact the outcome of the study. A comparison of the measured compositions of the replicates indicated an acceptable degree of repeatability as the percent differences for most of the oxides were less than 5% and percent differences for all of the oxides were less than 10 wt%. Chemical durability was measured using the Product Consistency Test (PCT). All but two of the study glasses had normalized leachate for boron (NL [B]) values that were well below that of the Environmental Assessment (EA) reference glass. The two highest NL [B] values were for the CCC versions of glasses US-18 and US-27 (10.498 g/L and 15.962 g/L, respectively). Nepheline crystallization was identified by qualitative XRD in five of the US-series glasses. Each of these five glasses (US-18, US-26, US-27, US-37 and US-43) showed a significant increase in NL [B] values after the CCC heat treatment. This reduction in durability can be attributed to the formation of nepheline during the slow cooling cycle and the removal of glass formers from the residual glass network. The liquidus temperature (T{sub L}) of each glass in the study was determined by both optical microscopy and XRD methods. The correlation coefficient of the measured XRD TL data versus the measured optical TL data was very good (R2 = 0.9469). Aside from a few outliers, the two datasets aligned very well across the entire temperature range (829 C to 1312 C for optical data and 813 C to 1310 C for XRD crystal fraction data). The data also correlated well with the predictions of a PNNL T{sub L} model. The correlation between the measured and calculated data had a higher degree of merit for the XRD crystal fraction data than for the optical data (higher R2 value of 0.9089 versus 0.8970 for the optical data). The SEM-EDS analysis of select samples revealed the presence of undissolved RuO2 in all glasses due to the low solubility of RuO2 in borosilicate glass. These particles tended to form agglomerates with varying sizes and shapes that were located close to the bottom of crucibles. The results of this study provide further insight into the ability of borosilicate waste glass to incorporate increased (>16 wt %) concentrations of aluminum. The glass composition and properties data will be incorporated into a database of glass composition-property relationships (ComPro) to support further optimization of waste glass compositions at DOE sites.
Download or read book Chemistry of Glasses written by A. Paul and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1989-11-30 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The chemistry of glass is a rapidly developing field brought about by the merging together of advanced chemistry and advanced physics. While acting as a text book on the subject, this work may also serve as a useful reference source for students and research workers alike.
Book Synopsis Operations and Basic Processes in Steelmaking by : Luis Felipe Verdeja González
Download or read book Operations and Basic Processes in Steelmaking written by Luis Felipe Verdeja González and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-24 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the operations and industrial processes related to the production of steel. The chapters cover the second part of the iron and steelmaking process, called steelmaking, presenting the stages of the process until obtaining the finished steel product in different formats for distinct applications. This book reports significant operating variables of the processes and basic operations of the steelmaking. The chapters contain numerous solved exercises conceptually supported on the thermodynamic and kinetic fundamentals of the production of steel from the pig iron in the Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) and the production of steel and ferroalloys in Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF). The thermal and mechanic fundamentals of the hot rolling operations and the mechanical fundamentals of the cold rolling, forming, and wire drawing to obtain different steel products are also reported. The book summarizes the strengths and uncertainties of steel as a structural material.
Book Synopsis Structure and Crystallization of Glasses by : Werner Vogel
Download or read book Structure and Crystallization of Glasses written by Werner Vogel and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structure and Crystallization of Glasses details glass structural analysis from an experimental perspective. The book is comprised of eight chapters that cover various structural concepts. The text first introduces the basic elements of glass structures, and then proceeds to discussing the development of classical structure theories. The next chapter presents research that deals with structure of prototype and original glasses. Next, the book details the position of the structural conceptions resulting from the studies. Chapter 5 talks about the crystallization behavior of glasses according to the classical studies of G. Tammann and their development. Chapter 6 deals with the effects of the composition of glass on the resulting form of a crystal phase in the course of growth. The seventh chapter discusses the microphases in glass and their relations to crystallization, and the last chapter details the directed crystallization in glass. The text will be of great use to individuals involved in the research, development, and application of glass technology, such as materials engineers and inorganic chemists.
Download or read book Chemistry of Glasses written by A. Paul and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'The preface ... either serves for the explanation of the purpose of the book, or for justification and as an answer to critics'. Lermontov This book is based mainly on the lectures on the Chemistry of Glasses which I gave at the University of Sheffield to the final year honours and postgraduate students of Glass Technology and Materials Science. Most books reflect the interests and enthusiasm of their authors, and the present one is no exception. The chemistry of glass is a rapidly developing field because the frontiers of advanced chemistry and advanced physics are merging together and con sequently this book will soon require considerable amplification and modification. However, my experience in teaching the chemistry of glasses for more than a decade has shown me that there is much need for a good text-book on the subject. This book is therefore intended to be a stop-gap which, until it receives that new revision. may serve as a useful reference work for students and research workers alike. I gratefully acknowledge the influence on my thinking of many of those colleagues at Sheffield with whom I have been in contact during the past twenty years or so. In addition to these personal influences, other published works have had considerable influence in modifying my approach. especially Cotton and Wilkinson's Advanced inorganic Chemistry. Dr Peter James helped me in writing Chapter 2, and Professor Peter McMillan not only read the whole manuscript but also made a number of most helpful suggestions.
Book Synopsis Catalyzed Controlled Crystallization of Glasses in the Lithium Aluminosilicate System by : V. V. Vargin
Download or read book Catalyzed Controlled Crystallization of Glasses in the Lithium Aluminosilicate System written by V. V. Vargin and published by Springer. This book was released on 1965 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Symposium on Nucleation and Crystallization in Glasses and Melts by : American Ceramic Society
Download or read book Symposium on Nucleation and Crystallization in Glasses and Melts written by American Ceramic Society and published by Columbus, Ohio : American Ceramic Society. This book was released on 1962 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nucleation and Crystallization in Glasses by : J. H. Simmons
Download or read book Nucleation and Crystallization in Glasses written by J. H. Simmons and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Studies of the Properties of High-alumina Glasses by : Alan M. Trax
Download or read book Studies of the Properties of High-alumina Glasses written by Alan M. Trax and published by . This book was released on 1950 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Melts of High-alumina Glasses by : William Stuart Debenham
Download or read book Melts of High-alumina Glasses written by William Stuart Debenham and published by . This book was released on 1935 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Catalyzed Controlled Crystallization of Glasses in the Lithium Aluminosilicate System by : Eugene Boris Uvarov
Download or read book Catalyzed Controlled Crystallization of Glasses in the Lithium Aluminosilicate System written by Eugene Boris Uvarov and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Introduction to Glass Science and Technology by : James E Shelby
Download or read book Introduction to Glass Science and Technology written by James E Shelby and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2015-11-06 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a concise and inexpensive introduction for an undergraduate course in glass science and technology. The level of the book has deliberately been maintained at the introductory level to avoid confusion of the student by inclusion of more advanced material, and is unique in that its text is limited to the amount suitable for a one term course for students in materials science, ceramics or inorganic chemistry. The contents cover the fundamental topics of importance in glass science and technology, including glass formation, crystallization, phase separation and structure of glasses. Additional chapters discuss the most important properties of glasses, including discussion of physical, optical, electrical, chemical and mechanical properties. A final chapter provides an introduction to a number of methods used to form technical glasses, including glass sheet, bottles, insulation fibre, optical fibres and other common commercial products. In addition, the book contains discussion of the effects of phase separation and crystallization on the properties of glasses, which is neglected in other texts. Although intended primarily as a textbook, Introduction to Glass Science and Technology will also be invaluable to the engineer or scientist who desires more knowledge regarding the formation, properties and production of glass.
