Operation Condor

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Predatory States

Author : J. Patrice McSherry
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
ISBN 13 : 0742568709
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (425 download)

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Book Synopsis Predatory States by : J. Patrice McSherry

Download or read book Predatory States written by J. Patrice McSherry and published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. This book was released on 2012-07-10 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This powerful study makes a compelling case about the key U.S. role in state terrorism in Latin America during the Cold War. Long hidden from public view, Operation Condor was a military network created in the 1970s to eliminate political opponents of Latin American regimes. Its key members were the anticommunist dictatorships of Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil, later joined by Peru and Ecuador, with covert support from the U.S. government. Drawing on a wealth of testimonies, declassified files, and Latin American primary sources, J. Patrice McSherry examines Operation Condor from numerous vantage points: its secret structures, intelligence networks, covert operations against dissidents, political assassinations worldwide, commanders and operatives, links to the Pentagon and the CIA, and extension to Central America in the 1980s. The author convincingly shows how, using extralegal and terrorist methods, Operation Condor hunted down, seized, and executed political opponents across borders. McSherry argues that Condor functioned within, or parallel to, the structures of the larger inter-American military system led by the United States, and that declassified U.S. documents make clear that U.S. security officers saw Condor as a legitimate and useful 'counterterror' organization. Revealing new details of Condor operations and fresh evidence of links to the U.S. security establishment, this controversial work offers an original analysis of the use of secret, parallel armies in Western counterinsurgency strategies. It will be a clarion call to all readers to consider the long-term consequences of clandestine operations in the name of 'democracy.'

The Condor Years

Author : John Dinges
Publisher : New Press, The
ISBN 13 : 1595589023
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (955 download)

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Book Synopsis The Condor Years by : John Dinges

Download or read book The Condor Years written by John Dinges and published by New Press, The. This book was released on 2012-03-13 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A “compelling and shocking account” of a brutal campaign of repression in Latin America, based on interviews and previously secret documents (The Miami Herald). Throughout the 1970s, six Latin American governments, led by Chile, formed a military alliance called Operation Condor to carry out kidnappings, torture, and political assassinations across three continents. It was an early “war on terror” initially encouraged by the CIA—which later backfired on the United States. Hailed by Foreign Affairs as “remarkable” and “a major contribution to the historical record,” The Condor Years uncovers the unsettling facts about the secret US relationship with the dictators who created this terrorist organization. Written by award-winning journalist John Dinges and updated to include later developments in the prosecution of Pinochet, the book is a chilling yet dispassionately told history of one of Latin America’s darkest eras. Dinges, himself interrogated in a Chilean torture camp, interviewed participants on both sides and examined thousands of previously secret documents to take the reader inside this underground world of military operatives and diplomats, right-wing spies and left-wing revolutionaries. “Scrupulous, well-documented.” —The Washington Post “Nobody knows what went wrong inside Chile like John Dinges.” —Seymour Hersh

Operation Condor

Author : Charles River Charles River Editors
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781095308110
Total Pages : 97 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Operation Condor by : Charles River Charles River Editors

Download or read book Operation Condor written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-04-19 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading "Let's say there were 7,000 or 8,000 people who had to die to win the war against subversion... We couldn't execute them by firing squad. Neither could we take them to court... For that reason, so as not to provoke protests inside and outside the country, the decision was reached that these people should be disappeared." - General Jorge Rafael Videla For much of the 20th century, South American governments in large part lived under a system of military junta governments. The mixture of indigenous peoples, foreign settlers and European colonial superpowers produced cultural and social imbalances into which military forces intervened as a stabilizing influence. The proactive personalities of military heads and the rigid structures of such a hierarchy guaranteed the "strong man" commanding officer an abiding presence in the form of executive dictator. Such leaders often bore the more collaborative title of "President," but the reality was, in most cases, identical. Likewise, the gap between rich and poor was often vast, and a disappearance of the middle class fed a frequent urge for revolution, reenergizing the military's intent to stop it. With no stabilizing center, the ideologies most prevalent in such conflicts alternated between a federal model of industrial and social nationalization and an equally conservative structure under privatized ownership and autocratic rule drawn from the head of a junta government. Whichever belief system was in play for the major industrial nations of the continent, a constant bombardment of foreign influence pushed the people of states such as Chile, Brazil, Argentina, and others, toward overthrow, in one direction or the other. From the left came Stalinist influences from the Soviet Union and Castro's Cuba, while the German World War II model and an anti-communist mindset from the United States worked behind the scenes to upset any movement toward extreme liberalism. The reign of Juan Peron in Argentina became the most iconic such arrangement to the Western observer, but General Augusto Pinochet's 17-year rule over Chile after an American-supported coup in the 1970s proved the most enduring and the most resistant to eradication by subsequent leaders of an opposite bent. Pinochet himself openly bragged, "My library is filled with UN condemnations." By combating Marxists and Communists during the Cold War, Pinochet ensured he would at the very least remain undisturbed by America, even as he carried out policies that would be labeled tyrannical by any objective measurement. As writer Jacob C. Hornberger put it while analyzing appraisals of Pinochet based on political background, "[T]error in the name of fighting terror is a grave criminal offense against humanity no matter what economic philosophy the state terrorist happens to hold." The tacit acceptance of these right-wing dictators across South America was part of an overarching effort known as Operation Condor, consisting mostly of CIA operations that are as infamous and controversial as ever, with a lasting legacy that affects current events such as reactions to the ongoing unrest in Venezuela. Operation Condor: The History of the Notorious Intelligence Operations Supported by the United States to Combat Communists across South America looks at the various intelligence operations and the winding chain of events that brought about conflicts in the region. Along with pictures and a bibliography, you will learn about Operation Condor like never before.

The Condor Trials

Author : Francesca Lessa
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300265360
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis The Condor Trials by : Francesca Lessa

Download or read book The Condor Trials written by Francesca Lessa and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stories of transnational terror and justice illuminate the past and present of South America’s struggles for human rights. Through the voices of survivors, human rights activists, judicial actors, and experts, The Condor Trials unravels the secrets of transnational repression masterminded by South American dictators between 1969 and 1981. Under Operation Condor, the regimes of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay closely monitored hundreds of exiles and kidnapped, tortured, murdered, or forcibly returned them to their countries of origin. This cross-border network designed to silence opposition in exile transformed South America into a borderless zone of terror and impunity. Francesca Lessa shows how, gradually, transnational networks of activists materialized and effectively transcended national borders to achieve justice for the victims of these horrors. Based on extensive fieldwork, archival research, trial ethnography, and over 100 interviews, The Condor Trials explores South America’s past and present and sheds light on ongoing struggles for justice as its societies come to terms with the unparalleled atrocities of their not-so-distant pasts.

The Jakarta Method

Author : Vincent Bevins
Publisher : PublicAffairs
ISBN 13 : 1541724011
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (417 download)

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Book Synopsis The Jakarta Method by : Vincent Bevins

Download or read book The Jakarta Method written by Vincent Bevins and published by PublicAffairs. This book was released on 2020-05-19 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF 2020 BY NPR, THE FINANCIAL TIMES, AND GQ The hidden story of the wanton slaughter -- in Indonesia, Latin America, and around the world -- backed by the United States. In 1965, the U.S. government helped the Indonesian military kill approximately one million innocent civilians. This was one of the most important turning points of the twentieth century, eliminating the largest communist party outside China and the Soviet Union and inspiring copycat terror programs in faraway countries like Brazil and Chile. But these events remain widely overlooked, precisely because the CIA's secret interventions were so successful. In this bold and comprehensive new history, Vincent Bevins builds on his incisive reporting for the Washington Post, using recently declassified documents, archival research and eye-witness testimony collected across twelve countries to reveal a shocking legacy that spans the globe. For decades, it's been believed that parts of the developing world passed peacefully into the U.S.-led capitalist system. The Jakarta Method demonstrates that the brutal extermination of unarmed leftists was a fundamental part of Washington's final triumph in the Cold War.

When States Kill

Author : Cecilia Menjívar
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292778503
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis When States Kill by : Cecilia Menjívar

Download or read book When States Kill written by Cecilia Menjívar and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2009-07-21 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early twentieth century, technological transfers from the United States to Latin American countries have involved technologies of violence for social control. As the chapters in this book illustrate, these technological transfers have taken various forms, including the training of Latin American military personnel in surveillance and torture and the provision of political and logistic support for campaigns of state terror. The human cost for Latin America has been enormous—thousands of Latin Americans have been murdered, disappeared, or tortured, and whole communities have been terrorized into silence. Organized by region, the essays in this book address the topic of state-sponsored terrorism in a variety of ways. Most take the perspective that state-directed political violence is a modern development of a regional political structure in which U.S. political interests weigh heavily. Others acknowledge that Latin American states enthusiastically received U.S. support for their campaigns of terror. A few see local culture and history as key factors in the implementation of state campaigns of political violence. Together, all the essays exemplify how technologies of terror have been transferred among various Latin American countries, with particular attention to the role that the United States, as a "strong" state, has played in such transfers.

State Violence and Genocide in Latin America

Author : Marcia Esparza
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135244952
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (352 download)

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Book Synopsis State Violence and Genocide in Latin America by : Marcia Esparza

Download or read book State Violence and Genocide in Latin America written by Marcia Esparza and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-09-10 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume explores political violence and genocide in Latin America during the Cold War, examining this in light of the United States’ hegemonic position on the continent. Using case studies based on the regimes of Argentina, Chile, Guatemala, Peru and Uruguay, this book shows how U.S foreign policy – far from promoting long term political stability and democratic institutions – has actually undermined them. The first part of the book is an inquiry into the larger historical context in which the development of an unequal power relationship between the United States and Latin American and Caribbean nations evolved after the proliferation of the Monroe Doctrine. The region came to be seen as a contested terrain in the East-West conflict of the Cold War, and a new US-inspired ideology, the ‘National Security Doctrine’, was used to justify military operations and the hunting down of individuals and groups labelled as ‘communists’. Following on from this historical context, the book then provides an analysis of the mechanisms of state and genocidal violence is offered, demonstrating how in order to get to know the internal enemy, national armies relied on US intelligence training and economic aid to carry out their surveillance campaigns. This book will be of interest to students of Latin American politics, US foreign policy, human rights and terrorism and political violence in general. Marcia Esparza is an Assistant Professor in Criminal Justice Department at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. Henry R. Huttenbach is the Founder and Chairman of the International Academy for Genocide Prevention and Professor Emeritus of City College of the City University of New York. Daniel Feierstein is the Director of the Center for Genocide Studies at the Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero, Argentina, and is a Professor in the Faculty of Genocide at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The Feathers of Condor

Author : Fernando López
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443898988
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis The Feathers of Condor by : Fernando López

Download or read book The Feathers of Condor written by Fernando López and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2016-08-17 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 25 November 1975, representatives of five South American intelligence services held a secret meeting in the city of Santiago, Chile. At the end of the gathering, the participating delegations agreed to launch Operation Condor under the pretext of coordinating counterinsurgency activities, sharing information to combat leftist guerrillas and stopping an alleged advance of Marxism in the region. Condor, however, went much further than mere exchanges of information between neighbours. It was a plan to transnationalize state terrorism beyond South America. This book identifies the reasons why the South American military regimes chose this strategic path at a time when most revolutionary movements in the region were defeated, in the process of leaving behind armed struggle and resuming the political path. One of Condor’s most intriguing features was the level of cooperation achieved by these governments considering the distrust, animosity and historical rivalries between these countries’ armed forces. This book explores these differences and goes further than previous lines of inquiry, which have focused predominantly on the conflict between Latin American leftist guerrillas and the armed forces, to study the contribution made by other actors such as civilian anticommunist figures and organizations, and the activities conducted by politically active exiles and their supporters in numerous countries. This broader approach confirms that the South American dictatorships launched the Condor Plan to systematically eliminate any kind of opposition, especially key figures and groups involved in the denunciation of the regimes’ human rights violations.

The Pinochet File

Author : Peter Kornbluh
Publisher : The New Press
ISBN 13 : 1595589953
Total Pages : 485 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (955 download)

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Book Synopsis The Pinochet File by : Peter Kornbluh

Download or read book The Pinochet File written by Peter Kornbluh and published by The New Press. This book was released on 2016-04-12 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Revised and updated: the definitive primary-source history of US involvement in General Pinochet’s Chilean coup—“the evidence is overwhelming” (The New Yorker). Published to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of General Augusto Pinochet’s infamous September 11, 1973, military coup in Chile, this updated edition of The Pinochet File reveals the shocking, formerly secret record of the US government’s complicity with atrocity in a foreign country. The book now completes the file on Pinochet’s story, detailing his multiple indictments between 2004 and his death on December 10, 2006, including the Riggs Bank scandal that revealed how the dictator had illegally squirreled away over $26 million in ill-begotten wealth in secret American bank accounts. When it was first released in hardcover, The Pinochet File contributed to the international campaign to hold Pinochet accountable for murder, torture, and terrorism. A new afterword tells the extraordinary story of Henry Kissinger’s attempt to undercut the book’s reception—efforts that generated a major scandal that led to a high-level resignation at the Council on Foreign Relations, illustrating the continued ability of the book to speak truth to power. “The Pinochet File should be considered the long awaited book of record on U.S. intervention in Chile . . . A crisp compelling narrative, almost a political thriller.” —Los Angeles Times

Managing the Counterrevolution

Author : Stephen M. Streeter
Publisher : Ohio University Press
ISBN 13 : 0896802159
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (968 download)

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Book Synopsis Managing the Counterrevolution by : Stephen M. Streeter

Download or read book Managing the Counterrevolution written by Stephen M. Streeter and published by Ohio University Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Eisenhower administration's intervention in Guatemala is one of the most closely studied covert operations in the history of the Cold War. Yet we know far more about the 1954 coup itself than its aftermath. This book uses the concept of "counterrevolution" to trace the Eisenhower administration's efforts to restore U.S. hegemony in a nation whose reform governments had antagonized U.S. economic interests and the local elite. Comparing the Guatemalan case to U.S.-sponsored counterrevolutions in Iran, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, and Chile reveals that Washington's efforts to roll back "communism" in Latin America and elsewhere during the Cold War represented in reality a short-term strategy to protect core American interests from the rising tide of Third World nationalism.

Consent of the Damned

Author : David M K Sheinin
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813042593
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Consent of the Damned by : David M K Sheinin

Download or read book Consent of the Damned written by David M K Sheinin and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2012-11-18 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under violent military dictatorship, Operation Condor and the Dirty War scarred Argentina from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, leaving behind a legacy of repression, state terror, and political murder. Even today, the now-democratic Argentine government attempts to repair the damage of these atrocities by making human rights a policy priority. But what about the other Dirty War, during which Argentine civilians--including indigenous populations--and foreign powers ignored and even abetted the state's vicious crimes against humanity? In this groundbreaking new work, David Sheinin draws on previously classified Argentine government documents, human rights lawsuits, and archived propaganda to illustrate the military-constructed fantasy of bloodshed as a public defense of human rights. Exploring the reactions of civilians and the international community to the daily carnage, Sheinin unearths how compliance with the dictatorship perpetuated the violence that defined a nation. This new approach to the history of human rights in Argentina will change how we understand dictatorship, democracy, and state terror.

Operation Gladio

Author : Paul L. Williams
Publisher : Prometheus Books
ISBN 13 : 1616149752
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (161 download)

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Book Synopsis Operation Gladio by : Paul L. Williams

Download or read book Operation Gladio written by Paul L. Williams and published by Prometheus Books. This book was released on 2015-02-03 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This disturbing exposé describes a secret alliance forged at the close of World War II by the CIA, the Sicilian and US mafias, and the Vatican to thwart the possibility of a Communist invasion of Europe. Journalist Paul L. Williams presents evidence suggesting the existence of “stay-behind” units in many European countries consisting of five thousand to fifteen thousand military operatives. According to the author’s research, the initial funding for these guerilla armies came from the sale of large stocks of SS morphine that had been smuggled out of Germany and Italy and of bogus British bank notes that had been produced in concentration camps by skilled counterfeiters. As the Cold War intensified, the units were used not only to ward off possible invaders, but also to thwart the rise of left-wing movements in South America and NATO-based countries by terror attacks. Williams argues that Operation Gladio soon gave rise to the toppling of governments, wholesale genocide, the formation of death squads, financial scandals on a grand scale, the creation of the mujahideen, an international narcotics network, and, most recently, the ascendancy of Jorge Mario Bergoglio, a Jesuit cleric with strong ties to Operation Condor (an outgrowth of Gladio in Argentina) as Pope Francis I. Sure to be controversial, Operation Gladio connects the dots in ways the mainstream media often overlooks.

Operation Condor

Author : Albert Norman
Publisher : Trafford Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1425101305
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (251 download)

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Book Synopsis Operation Condor by : Albert Norman

Download or read book Operation Condor written by Albert Norman and published by Trafford Publishing. This book was released on 2009-09-15 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hitler's dangerous scheme to escape from a foundering Germany involves a Lufthansa pilot and his aviatrix wife, both pioneers in long distance air transport.

Beyond the Vanguard

Author : Marian E. Schlotterbeck
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520970179
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis Beyond the Vanguard by : Marian E. Schlotterbeck

Download or read book Beyond the Vanguard written by Marian E. Schlotterbeck and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2018-05-25 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For a thousand days in the early 1970s, Chileans experienced revolution not as a dream but as daily life. Alongside Salvador Allende’s attempt to democratically bring about a socialist regime, new understandings of the meaning of revolutionary change emerged. In her groundbreaking book Beyond the Vanguard, Marian E. Schlotterbeck explores popular politics in Chile in the decade before Augusto Pinochet’s dictatorship and provides an in-depth account of how working-class people transformed the existing social order by embracing radical politics. Schlotterbeck eloquently examines the lost opportunities for creating a democratic revolution and the ways that the legacy of this period continues to resonate in Chile and beyond. Learn more about the author and this book in an interview published online with Jacobin.

A History of Political Murder in Latin America

Author : W. John Green
Publisher : SUNY Press
ISBN 13 : 1438456638
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Political Murder in Latin America by : W. John Green

Download or read book A History of Political Murder in Latin America written by W. John Green and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 2015-04-27 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A sweeping study of political murder in Latin America. This sweeping history depicts Latin Americas pan-regional culture of political murder. Unlike typical studies of the region, which often focus on the issues or trends of individual countries, this work focuses thematically on the nature of political murder itself, comparing and contrasting its uses and practices throughout the region. W. John Green examines the entire system of political murder: the methods and justifications the perpetrators employ, the victims, and the consequences for Latin American societies. Green demonstrates that elite and state actors have been responsible for most political murders, assassinating the leaders of popular movements and other messengers of change. Latin American elites have also often targeted the potential audience for these messages through the regions various dirty wars. In spite of regional differences, elites across the region have displayed considerable uniformity in justifying their use of murder, imagining themselves in a class war with democratic forces. While the United States has often been complicit in such violence, Green notes that this has not been universally true, with US support waxing and waning. A detailed appendix, exploring political murder country by country, provides an additional resource for readers.

The Rebecca Code

Author : Mark Simmons
Publisher : The History Press
ISBN 13 : 0752478850
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (524 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rebecca Code by : Mark Simmons

Download or read book The Rebecca Code written by Mark Simmons and published by The History Press. This book was released on 2011-11-30 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: John Eppler thought himself to be the perfect spy. Born to German parents, he grew up in Egypt, adopted by a wealthy family and was educated in Europe. Fluent in German, English and Arabic, he made the Hadj to Mecca but was more at home in high society or travelling the desert on camelback with his adopted Bedouin tribe. After joining the German Secret Service in 1937, in 1942 he was sent across the desert to Cairo by Field Marshal Rommel. His guide was the explorer and Hungarian aristocrat Laszlo Almasy, a man made famous by the book The English Patient. Eppler’s mission was to infiltrate British Army Headquarters and discover the Eighth Army’s troop movements and battle plans. In The Rebecca Code, Mark Simmons reveals the story of Operation Condor and its comedy of errors and how it was foiled by Major A.W. ‘Sammy’ Sansom of the British Field Security Service. It is a tale of the desert, of the hotbed of intrigue that was 1940s Cairo, and the spy who was to send his reports using a code based on Daphne du Maurier’s novel Rebecca.

Operation Condor

Author : Charles River Charles River Editors
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781095308134
Total Pages : 51 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Operation Condor by : Charles River Charles River Editors

Download or read book Operation Condor written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-04-19 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading "Let's say there were 7,000 or 8,000 people who had to die to win the war against subversion... We couldn't execute them by firing squad. Neither could we take them to court... For that reason, so as not to provoke protests inside and outside the country, the decision was reached that these people should be disappeared." - General Jorge Rafael Videla For much of the 20th century, South American governments in large part lived under a system of military junta governments. The mixture of indigenous peoples, foreign settlers and European colonial superpowers produced cultural and social imbalances into which military forces intervened as a stabilizing influence. The proactive personalities of military heads and the rigid structures of such a hierarchy guaranteed the "strong man" commanding officer an abiding presence in the form of executive dictator. Such leaders often bore the more collaborative title of "President," but the reality was, in most cases, identical. Likewise, the gap between rich and poor was often vast, and a disappearance of the middle class fed a frequent urge for revolution, reenergizing the military's intent to stop it. With no stabilizing center, the ideologies most prevalent in such conflicts alternated between a federal model of industrial and social nationalization and an equally conservative structure under privatized ownership and autocratic rule drawn from the head of a junta government. Whichever belief system was in play for the major industrial nations of the continent, a constant bombardment of foreign influence pushed the people of states such as Chile, Brazil, Argentina, and others, toward overthrow, in one direction or the other. From the left came Stalinist influences from the Soviet Union and Castro's Cuba, while the German World War II model and an anti-communist mindset from the United States worked behind the scenes to upset any movement toward extreme liberalism. The reign of Juan Peron in Argentina became the most iconic such arrangement to the Western observer, but General Augusto Pinochet's 17-year rule over Chile after an American-supported coup in the 1970s proved the most enduring and the most resistant to eradication by subsequent leaders of an opposite bent. Pinochet himself openly bragged, "My library is filled with UN condemnations." By combating Marxists and Communists during the Cold War, Pinochet ensured he would at the very least remain undisturbed by America, even as he carried out policies that would be labeled tyrannical by any objective measurement. As writer Jacob C. Hornberger put it while analyzing appraisals of Pinochet based on political background, "[T]error in the name of fighting terror is a grave criminal offense against humanity no matter what economic philosophy the state terrorist happens to hold." The tacit acceptance of these right-wing dictators across South America was part of an overarching effort known as Operation Condor, consisting mostly of CIA operations that are as infamous and controversial as ever, with a lasting legacy that affects current events such as reactions to the ongoing unrest in Venezuela. Operation Condor: The History of the Notorious Intelligence Operations Supported by the United States to Combat Communists across South America looks at the various intelligence operations and the winding chain of events that brought about conflicts in the region. Along with pictures and a bibliography, you will learn about Operation Condor like never before.