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On The Dynamics Of Social Relationships And Vocal Communication Between Individuals And Social Units Of Sperm Whales
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Book Synopsis On the Dynamics of Social Relationships and Vocal Communication Between Individuals and Social Units of Sperm Whales by : Shane Gero
Download or read book On the Dynamics of Social Relationships and Vocal Communication Between Individuals and Social Units of Sperm Whales written by Shane Gero and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Animal Social Networks by : Dr. Jens Krause
Download or read book Animal Social Networks written by Dr. Jens Krause and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The scientific study of networks - computer, social, and biological - has received an enormous amount of interest in recent years. However, the network approach has been applied to the field of animal behaviour relatively late compared to many other biological disciplines. Understanding social network structure is of great importance for biologists since the structural characteristics of any network will affect its constituent members and influence a range of diverse behaviours. These include finding and choosing a sexual partner, developing and maintaining cooperative relationships, and engaging in foraging and anti-predator behavior. This novel text provides an overview of the insights that network analysis has provided into major biological processes, and how it has enhanced our understanding of the social organisation of several important taxonomic groups. It brings together researchers from a wide range of disciplines with the aim of providing both an overview of the power of the network approach for understanding patterns and process in animal populations, as well as outlining how current methodological constraints and challenges can be overcome. Animal Social Networks is principally aimed at graduate level students and researchers in the fields of ecology, zoology, animal behaviour, and evolutionary biology but will also be of interest to social scientists.
Book Synopsis Kinship in Sperm Whale Society by : Christine Konrad
Download or read book Kinship in Sperm Whale Society written by Christine Konrad and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overarching goal of my thesis is to characterize the relationship between kinship and social behaviour in a species with a cooperative, multilevel social structure - the sperm whale. To do so, I use a combination of genetic, behavioural and acoustic data collected during a longitudinal study of sperm whale social units, in the eastern Caribbean. Social units are a stable and basal component of sperm whale social structure. Associations between social units occur within large cultural groups, called vocal clans. To deal with degraded DNA from non-invasive sampling, I develop a protocol that maximizes genotyping success with degraded DNA, while quantifying and minimizing error rates. Using microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, I evaluate kinship among sperm whales, and I examine its relationship to social association, alloparental care and vocal repertoires. First, I characterize the extent and pattern of kinship in and among sperm whale social units, and test whether association is predicted by kinship. I document that social units have a clear matrilineal basis, but do not appear to be strictly matrilineal. My findings also indicate paternal relatedness between social units. Within units, I find individuals associate more with their closer relatives, but this is not the case among units. Second, I investigate calf care in relation to kinship. I demonstrate that behavioural observations are not always sufficient for assigning maternity, and that alloparental care is considerable in some cases and correlates positively with maternal kinship. Exceptions to the general pattern, however, demonstrate that, in addition to kin-selection, other factors influence alloparental care, perhaps including reciprocity, group augmentation or gaining maternal experience. Lastly, I examine acoustic repertoires of individuals and social units, in the context of kinship and social association. Variation in vocal repertoires was not explained by close kinship or social bonds. This supports the prevailing hypothesis that these vocalizations are culturally transmitted, and not determined genetically. Further, this suggests that vocal learning occurs broadly within clans, rather than preferentially from close kin or close social associates, or that biases in vocal learning at lower levels of social structure are diffused by clan-level processes. Also, by observing an absence of signals of kinship in vocalizations, my results suggest that a different mechanism, perhaps familiarity, regulates kin-selection among sperm whales. In conclusion, kinship clearly influences social unit composition, association preferences and alloparental care among sperm whales. However, I also reveal variability in social behaviour that is unexplained by kinship, which highlights the complexity of drivers behind social structure, cooperation and communication in this cultural, highly social and large-brained species.
Book Synopsis On the Interplay Between Society and Culture by : Mauricio Cantor
Download or read book On the Interplay Between Society and Culture written by Mauricio Cantor and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overarching goal of my thesis is to formalize the interplay between animal society and culture, using sperm whales as a model. Sperm whales live in multilevel societies, characterized by cooperation and social learning. Females form nearly-permanent social units and communicate using codas, stereotyped patterns of clicks. Units temporarily group with other units that use similar codas, forming vocal clans-whales of the same population with distinct coda dialects. I investigate the causes, consequences and temporal stability of the sympatric sperm whale clans in the Pacific Ocean. First, I explore the relationship between social structure and social learning as a phenomenon non-exclusive of human societies. Social relationships demarcate how information flows among individuals, as well as its content, while social learning affects who interacts with whom. Second, I show that culture affects sperm whale society by creating clans. With computer models mimicking the dynamics of empirical populations, I test multiple mechanisms of coda transmission-individual learning, genetic inheritance, pure and biased social learning. Clans with different dialects emerge only when whales learn codas from each other, conforming to the most similar individuals around them. Third, I evaluate the consequences of clan membership. Using a long-term dataset, I show differences in social behaviour among clans: members of one clan dived more synchronously and had more homogeneous, briefer relationships than the other. Cultural drift may explain such divergence, with whales replicating within-clan social norms. Finally, I investigate temporal stability of clans by studying the Galápagos population over 30 years. I document a complete population turnover leading to cultural shift: sperm whales studied in 2013-2014 do not belong to two clans that used the area between 1985-1995; instead they are members of clans previously found in other areas of the Pacific. In conclusion, culture gave rise to sperm whale clans, which in turn drives social behaviour, in a two-way relationship that is stable over time but dynamic over space. These findings strengthen the evidence for culture among sperm whales, highlighting that processes driving behavioural flexibility in humans-information transmission through biased social learning and cultural drift-also operate in non-human animal populations.
Download or read book Deep Thinkers written by Janet Mann and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2018-02-14 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A remarkable look at dolphin and whale intelligence, communication, and culture, with stunning photographs: “A wonderful read.” —Biologist Dolphins, whales, and porpoises are often considered to be the smartest nonhuman creatures on Earth. Science and nature buffs are drawn to stories of their use of tools, their self-recognition, their beautiful and complex songs, and their intricate societies. But how do we know what we know, and what does it mean? In Deep Thinkers, renowned cetacean biologist Janet Mann gathers a gam of the world’s leading whale and dolphin researchers—including Luke Rendell, Hal Whitehead, and many more—to illuminate these vital questions, exploring the astounding capacities of cetacean brains. Diving into our current understanding of and dynamic research on dolphin and whale cognition, communication, and culture, Deep Thinkers reveals how incredibly sophisticated these mammals are—and how much we can learn about other animal minds by studying cetacean behavior. Through a combination of fascinating text and more than 150 beautiful and informative illustrations, chapters compare the intelligence markers of cetaceans with those of birds, bats, and primates, asking how we might properly define intelligence in nonhumans. As all-encompassing and profound as the seas in which these deep cetacean cultures have evolved, Deep Thinkers is an awesome and inspiring journey into the fathoms—a reminder of what we gain through their close study, and of what we lose when the great minds of the sea disappear. “Everything you always wanted to know about cetaceans and their intelligence captured here in a single beautiful volume by some of the world’s greatest experts.” —Frans de Waal, New York Times–bestselling author of Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? “Teeming with cool stuff.” —NPR’s 13.7: Cosmos & Culture
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals by : Bernd Würsig
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals written by Bernd Würsig and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-11-27 with total page 1190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, Third Edition covers the ecology, behavior, conservation, evolution, form and function of whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, manatees, dugongs, otters and polar bears. This edition provides new content on anthropogenic concerns, latest information on emerging threats such as ocean noise, and impacts of climate change. With authors and editors who are world experts, this new edition is a critical resource for all who are interested in marine mammals, especially upper level undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and managers, and is a top reference for those in related fields, from oceanographers to environmental scientists. Significant content and topic updates, as well as the addition of new topics in such areas as anthropogenic disturbance Visual maps of the oceans and seas mentioned in contributions, helping to place the geographical features described in the text with clear, consistent species illustrations Written to help users learn new information or brush up on a topic quickly, with the references at the end of each entry to help guide readers into more specialist literature
Download or read book Sperm Whales written by Hal Whitehead and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2003-08 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Famed in story as "the great leviathans," sperm whales are truly creatures of extremes. Giants among all whales, they also have the largest brains of any creature on Earth. Males can reach a length of sixty-two feet and can weigh upwards of fifty tons. With this book, Hal Whitehead gives us a clearer picture of the ecology and social life of sperm whales than we have ever had before. Based on almost two decades of field research, Whitehead describes their biology, behavior, and habitat; how they organize their societies; and how their complex lifestyles may have evolved in this unique environment. Among the many fascinating topics he explores is the crucial role that culture plays in the life of the sperm whale, and he traces the consequences of this argument for both evolution and conservation. Finally, drawing on these findings, Whitehead builds a general model of how the ocean environment influences social behavior and cultural evolution among mammals as well as other animals. The definitive portrait of a provocative creature, Sperm Whales will interest animal behaviorists, conservationists, ecologists, and evolutionary biologists as well as marine mammalogists.
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals by : William F. Perrin
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals written by William F. Perrin and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-02-26 with total page 1355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thorough revision of the classic Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals brings this authoritative book right up-to-date. Articles describe every species in detail, based on the very latest taxonomy, and a host of biological, ecological and sociological aspects relating to marine mammals. The latest information on the biology, ecology, anatomy, behavior and interactions with man is provided by a cast of expert authors – all presented in such detail and clarity to support both marine mammal specialists and the serious naturalist. Fully referenced throughout and with a fresh selection of the best color photographs available, the long-awaited second edition remains at the forefront as the go-to reference on marine mammals. More than 20% NEW MATERIAL includes articles on Climate Change, Pacific White-sided Dolphins, Sociobiology, Habitat Use, Feeding Morphology and more Over 260 articles on the individual species with topics ranging from anatomy and behavior, to conservation, exploitation and the impact of global climate change on marine mammals New color illustrations show every species and document topical articles FROM THE FIRST EDITION “This book is so good...a bargain, full of riches...packed with fascinating up to date information. I recommend it unreservedly it to individuals, students, and researchers, as well as libraries." --Richard M. Laws, MARINE MAMMALS SCIENCE "...establishes a solid and satisfying foundation for current study and future exploration" --Ronald J. Shusterman, SCIENCE
Book Synopsis Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Odontocetes by : Bernd Würsig
Download or read book Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Odontocetes written by Bernd Würsig and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-02 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book concentrates on the marine mammalian group of Odontocetes, the toothed whales, dolphins, and porpoises. In 23 chapters, a total of 40 authors describe general patterns of ethological concepts of odontocetes in their natural environments, with a strong bent towards behavioral ecology. Examples are given of particularly well-studied species and species groups for which enough data exist, especially from the past 15 years. The aim is to give a modern flavor of present knowledge of ethology and behavior of generally large-brained behaviorally flexible mammals that have evolved quite separately from social mammals on land. As well, the plight of populations and species due to humans is described in multiple chapters, with the goal that an understanding of behavior can help to solve or alleviate at least some human-made problems.
Book Synopsis An Introduction to Animal Behaviour by : Aubrey Manning
Download or read book An Introduction to Animal Behaviour written by Aubrey Manning and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-03-26 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A beautifully written introduction to the fundamentals of animal behaviour, this revised and updated edition is now in full colour.
Book Synopsis The Routledge International Handbook of Comparative Psychology by : Todd M. Freeberg
Download or read book The Routledge International Handbook of Comparative Psychology written by Todd M. Freeberg and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-08-31 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge International Handbook of Comparative Psychology is an international reference work that offers scientists and students a balanced overview of current research in the field of comparative psychology and animal behavior. The book takes an integrative approach to animal behavior, with most of the chapters discussing research involving both proximate (developmental and mechanistic) and ultimate (functional and phylogenetic) levels of analysis. Chapters cover the major ideas of core topics in the field and examine emerging research trends to provide readers deeper understanding of these ideas. One of the strengths of this book is its the coverage of core topics in comparative psychology and animal behavior from different – and diverse – perspectives. The diverse perspectives come from the wide range of focal species studied by chapter authors, a range traditionally quite atypical for comparative psychology, and from the widespread international representation of the authors and the diversity of departments and research centers at which these authors work in. The first part of the Handbook examines historical and foundational principles and theories in the field. The second part focuses on individual behavior systems. The final part of the book is devoted to a diversity of ideas that extend our understanding of behavior into new directions. The Routledge International Handbook of Comparative Psychology is an essential resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, and established academics, as well as others who are interested in comparative psychology and animal behavior.
Book Synopsis Sociality in the Marine Environment by : David M. P. Jacoby
Download or read book Sociality in the Marine Environment written by David M. P. Jacoby and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-03-18 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Variation in Sperm Whale (Physeter Macrocephalus) Coda Vocalizations and Social Structure in the North Atlantic Ocean by :
Download or read book Variation in Sperm Whale (Physeter Macrocephalus) Coda Vocalizations and Social Structure in the North Atlantic Ocean written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Turn-taking in human communicative interaction by : Judith Holler
Download or read book Turn-taking in human communicative interaction written by Judith Holler and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-05-09 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The core use of language is in face-to-face conversation. This is characterized by rapid turn-taking. This turn-taking poses a number central puzzles for the psychology of language. Consider, for example, that in large corpora the gap between turns is on the order of 100 to 300 ms, but the latencies involved in language production require minimally between 600 ms (for a single word) or 1500 ms (for as simple sentence). This implies that participants in conversation are predicting the ends of the incoming turn and preparing in advance. But how is this done? What aspects of this prediction are done when? What happens when the prediction is wrong? What stops participants coming in too early? If the system is running on prediction, why is there consistently a mode of 100 to 300 ms in response time? The timing puzzle raises further puzzles: it seems that comprehension must run parallel with the preparation for production, but it has been presumed that there are strict cognitive limitations on more than one central process running at a time. How is this bottleneck overcome? Far from being 'easy' as some psychologists have suggested, conversation may be one of the most demanding cognitive tasks in our everyday lives. Further questions naturally arise: how do children learn to master this demanding task, and what is the developmental trajectory in this domain? Research shows that aspects of turn-taking, such as its timing, are remarkably stable across languages and cultures, but the word order of languages varies enormously. How then does prediction of the incoming turn work when the verb (often the informational nugget in a clause) is at the end? Conversely, how can production work fast enough in languages that have the verb at the beginning, thereby requiring early planning of the whole clause? What happens when one changes modality, as in sign languages – with the loss of channel constraints is turn-taking much freer? And what about face-to-face communication amongst hearing individuals – do gestures, gaze, and other body behaviors facilitate turn-taking? One can also ask the phylogenetic question: how did such a system evolve? There seem to be parallels (analogies) in duetting bird species, and in a variety of monkey species, but there is little evidence of anything like this among the great apes. All this constitutes a neglected set of problems at the heart of the psychology of language and of the language sciences. This Research Topic contributes to advancing our understanding of these problems by summarizing recent work from psycholinguists, developmental psychologists, students of dialog and conversation analysis, linguists, phoneticians, and comparative ethologists.
Book Synopsis DIALECTS OVER SPACE AND TIME by : Taylor A. Hersh
Download or read book DIALECTS OVER SPACE AND TIME written by Taylor A. Hersh and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overarching goal of my thesis is to better understand how sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) dialects vary over space and time, and to quantify the implications of these dynamics on cultural identity and evolution in sperm whale vocalizations. Female and immature sperm whales live in matrilineal social units that are stable over time, and different social units only associate if they belong to the same cultural clan. Clans forage, move, dive, associate, and distribute differently, but the primary way we distinguish them is through their unique dialects. These dialects are comprised of stereotyped patterns of clicks, called codas, and my thesis seeks to clarify the interplay between these social vocalizations and cultural identity in sperm whale clans. Inspired by rhythm in codas, I first survey the literature for evidence of rhythm in cetacean vocalizations and use a comparative lens to theorize about the functional roles it plays. I show that rhythm is common in cetacean vocalizations, but that it may be used in different behavioral contexts by mysticetes and odontocetes. In sperm whales, vocal rhythm is apparent across contexts, suggesting that it is a fundamental feature of communication. Next, I introduce a new method (IDcall) that detects putative biological structure in acoustic datasets using characteristic, repeated call types. I show that IDcall's underlying theory is broadly applicable and can be used to detect sperm whale clans from codas, wren subspecies from songs, and cricket species from songs. Using acoustic data from 25 locations spanning 42 years, I then investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of sperm whale clan dialects. In the spatial domain, I document the presence and distribution of seven clans in the Pacific Ocean, and provide empirical evidence that certain coda types function as symbolic markers of sperm whale clan identity, like ethnic markers in humans. In the temporal domain, I leverage long-term research efforts in the Mediterranean, eastern Caribbean, and Galápagos Islands to show that the fine-scale structure of coda types can change over decadal timespans within clans. Collectively, these findings illustrate the interplay between vocalizations and sociality in sperm whales, and emphasize the need for a global, multi-cultural approach to study and conserve this global, multi-cultural species.
Book Synopsis Mediterranean Marine Mammal Ecology and Conservation by :
Download or read book Mediterranean Marine Mammal Ecology and Conservation written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-10-18 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mediterranean Marine Mammal Ecology and Conservation, the latest edition of the Advances in Marine Biology series providing in-depth and up-to-date reviews on all aspects of marine biology since 1963, presents the latest information on Mediterranean marine mammal ecology and conservation. The series is well known for its excellent reviews and editing, and is now edited by Barbara E. Curry (University of Central Florida, USA), along with an internationally renowned Editorial Board. This serial will appeal to postgraduates and researchers in marine biology, fisheries science, ecology, zoology, and biological oceanography. Volumes cover all areas of marine science, both applied and basic, a wide range of topical areas from all areas of marine ecology, oceanography, fisheries management, molecular biology, and the full range of geographic areas from polar seas to tropical coral reefs. Reviews articles on the latest advances in marine biology Contains contributions from many leading figures in their fields of study Presents material that is widely used by managers, students, and academic professionals in the marine sciences
Book Synopsis People – Marine Mammal Interactions by : Andrew Butterworth
Download or read book People – Marine Mammal Interactions written by Andrew Butterworth and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-08-15 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our relationships with marine mammals are complex. We have used them as resources, and in some places this remains the case; viewed them as competitors and culled them (again ongoing in some localities); been so captivated and intrigued by them that we have taken them into captivity for our entertainment; and developed a lucrative eco-tourism activity focused on them in many nations. When we first envisaged this special topic, we had two overarching aims: Firstly, we hoped to generate critical evaluation of some of our relationships with these animals. Secondly, we hoped to attract knowledgeable commentators and experts who might not traditionally publish in the peer-reviewed literature. We were also asking ourselves a question about what responsibility mankind might have to marine mammals, on our rapidly changing planet? The answer to the question; can, or should, humans have responsibility for the lives of marine mammals when they are affected by our activities? - is, in our opinion, ‘yes’ – and the logical progression from this question is to direct research and effort to understand and optimise the actions, reactions and responses that mankind may be able to take. We hope that the papers in this special issue bring some illumination to a small selection of topics under this much wider topic area, and prove to be informative and stimulating.
