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Of Markets And Subsidies
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Book Synopsis Subsidies in International Trade by : Gary Clyde Hufbauer
Download or read book Subsidies in International Trade written by Gary Clyde Hufbauer and published by MIT Press (MA). This book was released on 1984 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book seeks to explain and analyze both the concepts underlying the subsidy problem and the most important of the issues involved.
Book Synopsis Subsidies to Chinese Industry by : Usha C.V. Haley
Download or read book Subsidies to Chinese Industry written by Usha C.V. Haley and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2013-05-02 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Government subsidies have contributed to China's success as manufacturer and exporter in capital-intensive industries. China's state-capitalist regime uses subsidies to stabilize and create common understandings of markets among governments and firms.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Subsidized Imports on Domestic Industry by : Morris E. Morkre
Download or read book The Effect of Subsidized Imports on Domestic Industry written by Morris E. Morkre and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Subsidies to Chinese Industry by : Usha C.V. Haley
Download or read book Subsidies to Chinese Industry written by Usha C.V. Haley and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-03-27 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How did China move so swiftly in capital-intensive industries without labor-cost or scale advantage from bit player to the largest manufacturer and exporter in the world? This book argues that subsidies contributed significantly to China's success. Industrial subsidies in key Chinese manufacturing industries may exceed thirty percent of industrial output. Economic theories have mostly portrayed subsidies as distortive, inefficiently reallocating resources according to non-market criteria. However, China's state-capitalist regime uses subsidies to promote the governments' and the Communist Party of China's interests. Rather than aberrations, subsidies help Chinese businesses and governments produce, stabilize and create common understandings of markets; the flows of capital reflect struggles between critical Chinese actors including central and provincial governments. Concepts of state capitalism including market-transition theory, the multi-organizational Chinese state, and state as paramount shareholder, create complex and relevant understandings of Chinese subsidies. The authors develop independent measures of industrial subsidies using publicly-reported data at firm and industry levels from governmental and private sources. Subsidies include free to low-cost loans, subsidies to energy (coal, electricity, natural gas, heavy oil) and to key inputs, land and technology. Four sequential studies identify the growth of subsidies to Chinese manufacturing over time and effects on world industry: steel (2000-2007), glass (2004-2008), paper (2002-2009) and auto parts (2001-2011). Subsidies to Chinese industry affect and are affected by business strategy and trade policy. Business strategies include lobbying for subsidies and for protection from subsidized foreign competitors and managing supply chains to guard against whiplash effects of uncoordinated subsidies. The subsidized solar industry highlights how global business strategies and decisions on production location and technology development respond to production or consumption subsidies and include market (competitive) and non-market (political) strategies. The book also covers government policies and regulation on subsidies broadly focusing on domestic consumption (antidumping and countervailing duties) and domestic production (indigenous innovation).
Book Synopsis The WTO Law of Subsidies by : Marc Benitah
Download or read book The WTO Law of Subsidies written by Marc Benitah and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2019-05-23 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Subsidies are arguably the dominant theme in International Economic Law. A prolific case law has been elaborated by WTO Panels and Appellate Body in response to the multitude of complaints lodged in the past two decades (Softwood Lumber, Airbus, Boeing, etc.) Unfortunately, it is possible to be overwhelmed by the complexity of this case law. This book provides a comprehensive approach in response to this complexity. First, it avoids unnecessary legal jargon, making it accessible to a large public. Second, it adopts a comprehensive and progressive approach where legal subtleties are not avoided but presented at the right moment and the right place. The reader is therefore not overwhelmed from the outset by a multitude of details. The first Part of the book adopts the perspective of a WTO Member seeking to counter an alleged subsidy granted by another Member. To this end, this first Part scans and analyzes in detail all WTO Agreements, containing cumulative disciplines and remedies relating to subsidies. Therefore, it is not only the SCM Agreement that is scanned and analyzed but also the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA), GATT 1994, and even the 1980 Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft (ATCA). The second Part of the book adopts the perspective of a WTO Member accused of granting subsidies violating subsidies disciplines.To this end, an original classification is offered of the various strategies that can be used by this Member. For this purpose, a distinction is made between the “threshold strategy” where the existence of a challengeable subsidy is recused from the outset, the “denying violation of disciplines strategy,”the “exemption or exception strategy,” the “procedural and evidentiary strategy,” and finally the “implementing strategy.” The last Part of this book, which could turn out to be the most useful for the community of agents concerned by subsidies, offers an original examination of pending legal issues. To this end, a relevant distinction is established between pending legal issues partially answered by present case law and pending legal issues not still answered by present case law. This case law and the norms disciplining subsidies in WTO Agreements are of utmost importance first for International Trade Ministries, Parliaments, and International Institutions (OECD, CNUCED, FAO, etc.). However, Non-Governmental Organizations (World Wide Fund, etc.) are also directly concerned by this topic regarding, for example, fisheries subsidies and their impact on overexploitation of marine resources. The private sector (fishing fleets, fishermen, extractive industries, etc.) is also affected by this topic particularly regarding future investments.Law firms involved in subsidies cases are naturally at the forefront of the community of agents concerned by this topic.
Book Synopsis Reverse Subsidies in Global Monopsony Capitalism by : Dev Nathan
Download or read book Reverse Subsidies in Global Monopsony Capitalism written by Dev Nathan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-05-26 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a firm analytical base to discussions about injustice and the unequal distribution of gains from global production in the form of global monopsony capitalism. It utilizes the concept of reverse subsidies as the purchase of gendered labour and environmental services below their costs of production in garment value chains in India and other garment producing countries, such as Bangladesh and Cambodia. Environmental services, such as freshwater for garment manufacture and land for cotton production, are degraded by overuse and untreated waste disposal. The resulting higher profits from the low prices of garments are captured by global brands, using their monopsony position, with few buyers and myriad sellers, in the market. This book links the concept of reverse subsidies with those of injustice, inequality and sustainability in global production.
Book Synopsis The Big Handout by : Thomas Kostigen
Download or read book The Big Handout written by Thomas Kostigen and published by Scribe Publications. This book was released on 2012-05-23 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Just reading the word ‘subsidies’ may cause many people’s eyes to glaze over. We don’t think it affects us directly, so we tune out. But it turns out that this complicated-sounding issue has an enormous impact on all of us. The Big Handout is about bad fiscal, environmental, agricultural, water, energy, health, and foreign policies. And it’s a story about just one thing — subsidies. A subsidy is a grant by the government to a private business that is deemed advantageous to the public. Cotton, wheat, corn, soy, and oil are the most subsidised commodities in the United States. In this eye-opening book, New York Times–bestselling author Thomas Kostigen explores government policies that cost US taxpayers $200 billion per year, or over $1,500 per household. In some cases, they pay more for subsidised goods than they’d pay in a free market — and, in the most shocking abuses of the subsidy system, they pay for goods that aren’t even produced. The Big Handout exposes how artificial pricing hurts US citizens and people worldwide, from our waistlines and pocketbooks to our health. By revealing just how toxic America’s subsidy system has become for everyone — including the way it distorts the prices of goods produced by genuinely free-trade countries such as Australia — The Big Handout is a wake-up call for farmers, consumers, and politicians.
Book Synopsis Perverse Subsidies by : Norman Myers
Download or read book Perverse Subsidies written by Norman Myers and published by Island Press. This book was released on with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Outlines hundreds of examples of perverse subsidies that are granted at the expense of the environment. Addresses the implications of perverse subsidies in six leading sectors and shows how these subsidies undercut economies and environments alike.
Book Synopsis Subsidy Reform in the Middle East and North Africa by : Mr.Carlo A Sdralevich
Download or read book Subsidy Reform in the Middle East and North Africa written by Mr.Carlo A Sdralevich and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2014-07-09 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries price subsidies are common, especially on food and fuels. However, these are neither well targeted nor cost effective as a social protection tool, often benefiting mainly the better off instead of the poor and vulnerable. This paper explores the challenges of replacing generalized price subsidies with more equitable social safety net instruments, including the short-term inflationary effects, and describes the features of successful subsidy reforms.
Book Synopsis Government Subsidies by : Mr.Benedict J. Clements
Download or read book Government Subsidies written by Mr.Benedict J. Clements and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1995-09-01 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper addresses the problems of defining and measuring government subsidies, examines why and how government subsidies are used as a fiscal policy tool, assesses their economic effects, appraises international empirical evidence on government subsidies, and offers options for their reform. Recent international trends in government subsidy expenditure are analyzed for the 16-year period from 1975 to 1990, using general government subsidy data for 60 countries from the System of National Accounts (SNA) and central government expenditure on subsidies and other current transfers for 68 countries from Government Finance Statistics (GFS). The paper reviews major policy options for subsidy reform, focusing on ways to improve the cost-effectiveness of subsidy programs.
Book Synopsis Of Markets and Subsidies by : Felix Mormann
Download or read book Of Markets and Subsidies written by Felix Mormann and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States is commonly characterized as a nation with a deep distrust of big government and a strong commitment to markets and competition. In contrast, the prevailing image of the European Union is that of a highly bureaucratized polity favoring interventionist economic governance over free-market capitalism. In the context of clean energy, however, these roles appear to be somewhat reversed. A top-level survey of the U.S. clean energy policy landscape reveals a surprisingly pervasive reliance on government subsidies with few, if any, competitive elements. E.U. clean energy policy, meanwhile, reflects an unexpected commitment to market-based instruments and competition. This essay suggests that these counter-intuitive policy trends can be explained by critical differences in the black-letter law of both jurisdictions and its enforcement in the courts, among other factors. Unlike their American counterparts, E.U. judges prioritize the timely transition to a low-carbon energy economy over unrestricted competition among member states. As the European Union pushes for greater intrastate competition in clean energy policy, the United States focuses instead on defending the Founding Fathers' ideal of unfettered interstate competition.
Book Synopsis International Limits to Government Intervention in the Market-place by : William N. Walker
Download or read book International Limits to Government Intervention in the Market-place written by William N. Walker and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Quest for Subsidy Reforms in the Middle East and North Africa Region by : Paolo Verme
Download or read book The Quest for Subsidy Reforms in the Middle East and North Africa Region written by Paolo Verme and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-04-21 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an analysis of energy and food subsidies in the MENA region between 2010 and 2014. Using the World Bank’s proprietary SUBSIM model, the book studies the distribution of subsidies and the simulation of subsidy reforms across eight countries within in a partial equilibrium framework. The distributional analysis of subsidies provides information on who benefits from existing subsidies, while the simulations of subsidy reforms provide information on the outcomes of the reforms in terms of government budget, household welfare, poverty, inequality, and the trade-offs between these outcomes. This focus provides governments with the essential information they need to make decisions on subsidy reforms and consumers with a clear sense of which programs and reforms are successful. The book highlights the historical roots of subsidies, the real trigger of subsidy reforms, and the complexity of subsidy reforms. It discusses the pros and cons of radical and gradualist approaches to reforms, the use of compensation mechanisms and their implications, the advantages and disadvantages of public information campaigns, the political economy of targeting different economic populations, the political timing of reforms, and whether, overall, the reforms observed in the MENA region have been successful. The first book on subsidies in the MENA region that is based on primary micro data, this book is useful for researchers and graduate students studying political economy and working with microsimulation modelling instruments as well as government officials engaged in subsidies reforms, research institutes and private consulting groups advising governments on subsidy reforms.
Book Synopsis WTO Disciplines on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures by : Dominic Coppens
Download or read book WTO Disciplines on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures written by Dominic Coppens and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-05-22 with total page 695 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does the WTO leave appropriate policy space to its Members to pursue legitimate objectives, such as the economic development of developing countries, the conversion to a greener economy, or recovery in times of a global economic downturn? This legal and normative analysis of the WTO rules on subsidies and countervailing measures sheds light on why governments resort to subsidization and, by tracing the historical origins of the SCM Agreement and the Agreement on Agriculture, on why they have been willing to gradually confine their policy space. This sets the stage for a systematic and comprehensive legal analysis of both agreements, which integrates the vast amount of case law and proposals tabled in the Doha round. A separate case study explores the complex rules on export credit support, and the book closes with an in-depth normative assessment of these WTO rules on subsidies and countervailing measures.
Book Synopsis Export Subsidies and International Market Share Rivalry by : James A. Brander
Download or read book Export Subsidies and International Market Share Rivalry written by James A. Brander and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Countries often perceive themselves as being in competition with each other for profitable international markets. In such a world export subsidies can appear as attractive policy tools, from a national point of view, because they improve the relative position of a domestic firm in noncooperative rivalries with foreign firms, enabling it to expand its market share and earn greater profits. In effect, subsidies change the initial conditions of the game that firms play. The terms of trade move against the subsidizing country, but its welfare can increase because, under imperfect competition, price exceeds the marginal cost of exports. International noncooperative equilibriumis characterized by such subsidies on the part of exporting nations, even though they are jointly suboptimal.
Book Synopsis Implementing Energy Subsidy Reforms by : Maria Vagliasindi
Download or read book Implementing Energy Subsidy Reforms written by Maria Vagliasindi and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-11-01 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poorly implemented energy subsidies are economically costly to taxpayers and damage the environment. This book aims to provide lessons from a sample of twenty case studies to help policymakers address implementation challenges and overcome political economy and affordability constraints.
Book Synopsis Budgetary Subsidies in Centrally Planned Economies in Transition by : Mr.Robert Holzmann
Download or read book Budgetary Subsidies in Centrally Planned Economies in Transition written by Mr.Robert Holzmann and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1991-01-01 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes budgetary subsidy policy issues that arise when centrally planned economies move toward a market economy. The analysis suggests that subsidy reduction, to be successful, has to be embedded into an overall economic reform program and that during the program’s execution, former implicit subsidies are likely to become budgetized. Furthermore, additional pressure on the budget, caused by enterprise restructuring or the introduction of social safety net provisions, necessitates careful policy design. Comprehensive budgetary reform is required to prevent budgetary slippages during the transition process.
