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Download or read book Body of Secrets written by James Bamford and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2007-12-18 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Security Agency is the world’s most powerful, most far-reaching espionage. Now with a new afterword describing the security lapses that preceded the attacks of September 11, 2001, Body of Secrets takes us to the inner sanctum of America’s spy world. In the follow-up to his bestselling Puzzle Palace, James Banford reveals the NSA’s hidden role in the most volatile world events of the past, and its desperate scramble to meet the frightening challenges of today and tomorrow. Here is a scrupulously documented account—much of which is based on unprecedented access to previously undisclosed documents—of the agency’s tireless hunt for intelligence on enemies and allies alike. Body of secrets is a riveting analysis of this most clandestine of agencies, a major work of history and investigative journalism. A New York Times Notable Book
Book Synopsis NSA Secrets by : The Washington Post
Download or read book NSA Secrets written by The Washington Post and published by Diversion Books. This book was released on 2013-12-17 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pulitzer Prize–winning investigation into surveillance abuses and the Edward Snowden case that brought them to light. The NSA's extensive surveillance program has led Americans to question threats to their privacy. As reported by the Washington Post, in their Pulitzer Prize-winning coverage of whistleblower Edward Snowden's NSA leaks, NSA Secrets delves into the shadowy world of information gathering, exposing how data about you is being collected every day. From his earliest encrypted exchanges with reporters, Edward Snowden knew he was a man in danger. Sitting on a mountain of incriminating evidence about the NSA surveillance programs, Snowden was prepared to risk his freedom, and his very life, to let the world know about the perceived overreach of the NSA and the massive collection of personal information that was carried out in the name of national security by the U.S. government. The Washington Post’s complete coverage of the NSA spying scandal, which it helped break, is now collected in one place to give as comprehensive a view of the story as is known. From the first contact with Snowden to the latest revelations in worldwide cellphone tracking, the award-winning reporters at the Post have vigorously reported on the scope of the NSA’s surveillance. Snowden called the internet “a TV that watches you,” and accused the government of “abusing [it] in secret to extend their powers beyond what is necessary and appropriate.” Here, the secrets of those who tried in vain to remain in the shadows are revealed.
Book Synopsis The Shadow Factory by : James Bamford
Download or read book The Shadow Factory written by James Bamford and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2009-07-14 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: James Bamford has been the preeminent expert on the National Security Agency since his reporting revealed the agency’s existence in the 1980s. Now Bamford describes the transformation of the NSA since 9/11, as the agency increasingly turns its high-tech ears on the American public. The Shadow Factory reconstructs how the NSA missed a chance to thwart the 9/11 hijackers and details how this mistake has led to a heightening of domestic surveillance. In disturbing detail, Bamford describes exactly how every American’s data is being mined and what is being done with it. Any reader who thinks America’s liberties are being protected by Congress will be shocked and appalled at what is revealed here.
Book Synopsis How America Lost Its Secrets by : Edward Jay Epstein
Download or read book How America Lost Its Secrets written by Edward Jay Epstein and published by Knopf. This book was released on 2017 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "After details of American government surveillance were published in 2013, Edward Snowden, formerly a subcontracted IT analyst for the NSA, became the center of an international controversy: was he a hero, traitor, whistleblower, spy? Was his theft legitimized by the nature of the information he exposed? When is it necessary for governmental transparency to give way to subterfuge? Edward Jay Epstein [examines] these and other questions, delving into both how our secrets were taken and the man who took them"--Amazon.com.
Book Synopsis Permanent Record by : Edward Snowden
Download or read book Permanent Record written by Edward Snowden and published by Metropolitan Books. This book was released on 2019-09-17 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER Edward Snowden, the man who risked everything to expose the US government’s system of mass surveillance, reveals for the first time the story of his life, including how he helped to build that system and what motivated him to try to bring it down. In 2013, twenty-nine-year-old Edward Snowden shocked the world when he broke with the American intelligence establishment and revealed that the United States government was secretly pursuing the means to collect every single phone call, text message, and email. The result would be an unprecedented system of mass surveillance with the ability to pry into the private lives of every person on earth. Six years later, Snowden reveals for the very first time how he helped to build this system and why he was moved to expose it. Spanning the bucolic Beltway suburbs of his childhood and the clandestine CIA and NSA postings of his adulthood, Permanent Record is the extraordinary account of a bright young man who grew up online—a man who became a spy, a whistleblower, and, in exile, the Internet’s conscience. Written with wit, grace, passion, and an unflinching candor, Permanent Record is a crucial memoir of our digital age and destined to be a classic.
Book Synopsis The Secret Sentry by : Matthew M. Aid
Download or read book The Secret Sentry written by Matthew M. Aid and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2010-06-08 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a history of the agency, from its inception in 1945, to its role in the Cold War, to its controversial advisory position at the time of the Bush administration's search for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, shortly before the invasion of 2003.
Book Synopsis Code Warriors by : Stephen Budiansky
Download or read book Code Warriors written by Stephen Budiansky and published by Knopf. This book was released on 2016 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Code Warriors, Stephen Budiansky--a longtime expert in cryptology--tells the fascinating story of how NSA came to be, from its roots in World War II through the fall of the Berlin Wall. Along the way, he guides us through the fascinating challenges faced by cryptanalysts, and how they broke some of the most complicated codes of the twentieth century. With access to new documents, Budiansky shows where the agency succeeded and failed during the Cold War, but his account also offers crucial perspective for assessing NSA today in the wake of the Edward Snowden revelations. Budiansky shows how NSA's obsession with recording every bit of data and decoding every signal is far from a new development; throughout its history the depth and breadth of the agency's reach has resulted in both remarkable successes and destructive failures.
Download or read book NSA Secrets written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NSA's extensive surveillance program has riveted America as the public questions the threats to their privacy. As reported by The Washington Post, in their Pulitzer Prize-winning coverage of whistleblower Edward Snowden's NSA leaks, NSA SECRETS delves into the shadowy world of information gathering, exposing how data about you is being gathered every day. From his earliest encrypted exchanges with reporters, Edward Snowden knew he was a man in danger. Sitting on a mountain of incriminating evidence about the NSA surveillance programs, Snowden was prepared to risk his freedom, and his very life, to let the world know about the perceived overreach of the NSA and the massive collection of personal information that was carried out in the name of national security by the U.S. government. The Washington Post's complete coverage of the NSA spying scandal, which it helped break, is now collected in one place to give as comprehensive a view of the story as is known. From the first contact with Snowden to the latest revelations in worldwide cellphone tracking, the award-winning reporters at the Post have vigorously reported on the scope of the NSA's surveillance. Snowden called the internet "a TV that watches you," and accused the government of "abusing [it] in secret to extend their powers beyond what is necessary and appropriate." Here, the secrets are revealed of those who tried in vain to remain in the shadows.
Book Synopsis NSA Secrets Declassified by : National Security Agency (NSA)
Download or read book NSA Secrets Declassified written by National Security Agency (NSA) and published by . This book was released on 2018-03-11 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three important NSA publications provide unique information about cryptology and radio intelligence used in the fight against rumrunners during Prohibition, and African-American cryptologists. Contents: Listening to the Rumrunners: Radio Intelligence during Prohibition; Cryptology, Elizebeth Friedman and the United States Coast Guard Thwart the Rumrunners; The Invisible Cryptologists: African-Americans, World War II to 1956. Listening to the Rumrunners - Most Americans are aware of the era of lawlessness in this country that began with the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1919. The institution of Prohibition brought with it major law enforcement problems, whose effects continue to be felt today. Few people, however, are aware of the major role played by communications intelligence in the enforcement of the Prohibition laws. The files of the United States Coast Guard (USCG) and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), including the files of the Radio Division of the Department of Commerce, show that radio was used on a large scale in connection with rum-running activities. The radio operations of the rum-running organizations were, in fact, comparable in size, technical skill, and organization with the radio operation that would be conducted by enemy agents in World War II. Cryptology, Elizebeth Friedman and the United States Coast Guard Thwart the Rumrunners - On land, the task of enforcing Prohibition fell to several federal agencies, but on the high seas, the responsibility belonged to the United States Coast Guard (USCG). This new responsibility would severely tax the Coast Guard's resources. They would have to police 12,000 miles of U.S. coastline with a total of 4,140 personnel and 75 vessels, the majority of which were not designed for law enforcement operations. Despite the difficulties presented by the mission, the Coast Guard accepted the challenge. The service's attitude was best expressed in a 25 April 1924 letter by RADM Frederick C. Billard, the USCG Commandant at the time, "The Coast Guard.. .will not fail in its performance of this... task. You men are the last line of defense..." However, in order to prevail in this effort they would need ingenuity, perseverance, and "a new kind of detective work," namely the art and science of cryptology. The Invisible Cryptologists: African-Americans - During research on the early days of NSA, historians at the Center for Cryptologic History (CCH) learned of the employment of African-Americans at the Agency in the period after World War II. Occasionally, in informal conversations with former NSA seniors, the subject of minority history would come up, and CCH historians collected anecdotes about segregated offices in the early days. It became apparent that the employment of African-Americans came even earlier than previously thought. No information, however, confirmed any contribution by African-Americans during the world war. In early 1996, the History Center received as a donation a book of rather monotonous photographs of civilian employees at one of NSA's predecessors receiving citations for important contributions. Out of several hundred photographs, only two included African-Americans - an employee receiving an award from Colonel Preston Corderman and the same employee posing with his family. Although undated, the matrix of the photograph indicated it had been taken in 1945 or early 1946. This made it likely the person was receiving an award for wartime contributions. It therefore became a high priority in the History Center to investigate the story behind this photograph and learn the truth behind the unconnected anecdotes about African-Americans in the early days of the cryptologic organization.
Book Synopsis NSA Secrets Declassified by : National Security Agency (NSA)
Download or read book NSA Secrets Declassified written by National Security Agency (NSA) and published by . This book was released on 2018-03-09 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important compilation of NSA publications and documents provides truly unique insights into the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor which led to American involvement in World War II. As a bonus, we've included our new intelligence title, 2015 U.S. Intelligence Community Worldwide Threat Assessment. Three documents are featured: United States Cryptologic History: Pearl Harbor Revisited: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence 1924-1941, West Wind Clear: Cryptology and the Winds Message Controversy - A Documentary History, and NSA Pearl Harbor Reviews.United States Cryptologic History: Pearl Harbor Revisited: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence 1924-1941: Foreword * Introduction * Earliest Efforts * Role of ONI * Early War Plans * Japanese Fleet Capabilities and Intentions * Cryptologic Challenge: Navy-Army Cooperation * Bureaucracy Prevails * Status Quo in the Pacific * A New Attempt at Cooperation * Japanese Cryptography * Recovering the "Blue Book" * Introducing JN-25 * Turning Victory into Defeat * Introducing "Purple" * Disarmament: Paying the Price * Confusing Diplomacy * Struggling for Resources * Planning for War * War Games * Pacific Buildup * National Emergency * Circumstances Favor Diplomatic Targets * Information Gaps * Cooperation with Allies * The Move to Hawaii * Support to the Pacific Fleet * Japanese Intentions Revealed * Support to Asiatic Fleet * Japanese Strategy * Japanese Navy * Diplomatic Messages * Warning Messages * Reaction * COMINT after the Opening Attack * Conclusion * Appendix A: Naval Messages Intercepted between 5 September and 4 December 1941 * Appendix B: Summary of Diplomatic Messages July-November 1941 * Appendix C: Highlights from COM-14 Daily COMINT Summary * Notes * Abbreviations Used * Notes on Sources BibliographyWest Wind Clear: Cryptology and the Winds Message Controversy - A Documentary History: Chapter 1: Background: Interwar U.S. - Japan Relations and Cryptology * United States-Japan Relations, 1919-1940 * (Japanese Diplomatic and Naval Cryptology and American Codebreaking between the Wars) * United States - Japan Relations Worsen, 1940-1941 * Chapter 2: Intercepted Japanese Diplomatic Messages Reveal a Warning System, 19 November-28 November 1941 * The Cryptography of the J-19 System * Japan Fields a New Diplomatic Manual Cryptographic System * The Americans Solve the New Manual System November 19: Japanese Message #2353 - The First Winds Instruction Message * November 19: Japanese Message #2354 - The Second Winds Instruction Message * Chapter 3: The Hunt for the Winds Execute Message, 28 November -- 7 December 1941 * The Search Begins -- 28 November 1941 * Tokyo Sends More Instructions about Destroying Cryptographic Material * The Hidden Word Message -- A Complement to the Winds Messages * Tokyo Sends Even More Instructions, 28 November-6 December * 7 December 1941: The Hidden Word Message Is Sent * 7 December 1941: The Winds Execute Message Is Sent * Chapter 4: The Winds Controversy: Myth and Reality * Captain Laurance Safford -- In the Eye of the Controversy * Safford Searches for the Missing Winds Execute Message * Safford's Detailed Claim about the Winds Execute Message -- February 1946 * Examining Safford's Version(s) of Events * The Intercept of the Winds Execute Message * Actions Taken in the Aftermath of the Winds Execute Message * Who Saw the Winds Execute Intercept or Translation? * The Matter of Missing or Destroyed Records * Some Observations on Captain Laurance Safford * The Case of Captain Alwin Kramer's Changing Testimony * What the Japanese Said about the Winds Execute Message * What the British and Dutch Radio Monitors Heard * The Winds Controversy Resurfaces -- Ralph Briggs' Claim * The Winds Execute: The Final Casting * Afterword: The Winds Message, American Cryptology and History * The Impact and Intelligence Value of the Winds Messages
Download or read book Body of Secrets written by James Bamford and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Code Warriors by : Stephen Budiansky
Download or read book Code Warriors written by Stephen Budiansky and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2017-08-22 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A sweeping, in-depth history of NSA, whose famous “cult of silence” has left the agency shrouded in mystery for decades The National Security Agency was born out of the legendary codebreaking programs of World War II that cracked the famed Enigma machine and other German and Japanese codes, thereby turning the tide of Allied victory. In the postwar years, as the United States developed a new enemy in the Soviet Union, our intelligence community found itself targeting not soldiers on the battlefield, but suspected spies, foreign leaders, and even American citizens. Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, NSA played a vital, often fraught and controversial role in the major events of the Cold War, from the Korean War to the Cuban Missile Crisis to Vietnam and beyond. In Code Warriors, Stephen Budiansky—a longtime expert in cryptology—tells the fascinating story of how NSA came to be, from its roots in World War II through the fall of the Berlin Wall. Along the way, he guides us through the fascinating challenges faced by cryptanalysts, and how they broke some of the most complicated codes of the twentieth century. With access to new documents, Budiansky shows where the agency succeeded and failed during the Cold War, but his account also offers crucial perspective for assessing NSA today in the wake of the Edward Snowden revelations. Budiansky shows how NSA’s obsession with recording every bit of data and decoding every signal is far from a new development; throughout its history the depth and breadth of the agency’s reach has resulted in both remarkable successes and destructive failures. Featuring a series of appendixes that explain the technical details of Soviet codes and how they were broken, this is a rich and riveting history of the underbelly of the Cold War, and an essential and timely read for all who seek to understand the origins of the modern NSA.
Book Synopsis Beyond Snowden by : Timothy H. Edgar
Download or read book Beyond Snowden written by Timothy H. Edgar and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2017-08-29 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Safeguarding Our Privacy and Our Values in an Age of Mass Surveillance America’s mass surveillance programs, once secret, can no longer be ignored. While Edward Snowden began the process in 2013 with his leaks of top secret documents, the Obama administration’s own reforms have also helped bring the National Security Agency and its programs of signals intelligence collection out of the shadows. The real question is: What should we do about mass surveillance? Timothy Edgar, a long-time civil liberties activist who worked inside the intelligence community for six years during the Bush and Obama administrations, believes that the NSA’s programs are profound threat to the privacy of everyone in the world. At the same time, he argues that mass surveillance programs can be made consistent with democratic values, if we make the hard choices needed to bring transparency, accountability, privacy, and human rights protections into complex programs of intelligence collection. Although the NSA and other agencies already comply with rules intended to prevent them from spying on Americans, Edgar argues that the rules—most of which date from the 1970s—are inadequate for this century. Reforms adopted during the Obama administration are a good first step but, in his view, do not go nearly far enough. Edgar argues that our communications today—and the national security threats we face—are both global and digital. In the twenty first century, the only way to protect our privacy as Americans is to do a better job of protecting everyone’s privacy. Beyond Surveillance: Privacy, Mass Surveillance, and the Struggle to Reform the NSA explains both why and how we can do this, without sacrificing the vital intelligence capabilities we need to keep ourselves and our allies safe. If we do, we set a positive example for other nations that must confront challenges like terrorism while preserving human rights. The United States already leads the world in mass surveillance. It can lead the world in mass surveillance reform.
Download or read book Deep State written by Marc Ambinder and published by Turner Publishing Company. This book was released on 2013-02-14 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a hidden country within the United States. It was formed from the astonishing number of secrets held by the government and the growing ranks of secret-keepers given charge over them. The government secrecy industry speaks in a private language of codes and acronyms, and follows an arcane set of rules and customs designed to perpetuate itself, repel penetration, and deflect oversight. It justifies itself with the assertion that the American values worth preserving are often best sustained by subterfuge and deception. Deep State, written by two of the country's most respected national security journalists, disassembles the secrecy apparatus of the United States and examines real-world trends that ought to trouble everyone from the most aggressive hawk to the fiercest civil libertarian. The book: - Provides the fullest account to date of the National Security Agency’s controversial surveillance program first spun up in the dark days after 9/11. - Examines President Obama's attempt to reconcile his instincts as a liberal with the realities of executive power, and his use of the state secrets doctrine. - Exposes how the public’s ubiquitous access to information has been the secrecy industry's toughest opponent to date, and provides a full account of how WikiLeaks and other “sunlight” organizations are changing the government's approach to handling sensitive information, for better and worse. - Explains how the increased exposure of secrets affects everything from Congressional budgets to Area 51, from SEAL Team Six and Delta Force to the FBI, CIA, and NSA. - Assesses whether the formal and informal mechanisms put in place to protect citizens from abuses by the American deep state work, and how they might be reformed.
Book Synopsis The Puzzle Palace by : James Bamford
Download or read book The Puzzle Palace written by James Bamford and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. This book was released on 2018-06-05 with total page 698 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book ever written on the National Security Agency from the New York Times bestselling author of Body of Secrets and The Shadow Factory. In this groundbreaking, award-winning book, James Bamford traces the NSA’s origins, details its inner workings, and explores its far-flung operations. He describes the city of fifty thousand people and nearly twenty buildings that is the Fort Meade headquarters of the NSA—where there are close to a dozen underground acres of computers, where a significant part of the world’s communications are monitored, and where reports from a number of super-sophisticated satellite eavesdropping systems are analyzed. He also gives a detailed account of NSA’s complex network of listening posts—both in the United States and throughout much of the rest of the world. When a Soviet general picks up his car telephone to call headquarters, when a New York businessman wires his branch in London, when a Chinese trade official makes an overseas call, when the British Admiralty urgently wants to know the plans and movements of Argentina’s fleet in the South Atlantic—all of these messages become NSA targets. James Bamford’s illuminating book reveals how NSA’s mission of Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) has made the human espionage agent almost a romantic figure of the past. Winner Best Investigative Book of the Year Award from Investigative Reporters & Editors “The Puzzle Palace has the feel of an artifact, the darkly revealing kind. Though published during the Reagan years, the book is coolly subversive and powerfully prescient.”—The New Yorker “Mr. Bamford has emerged with everything except the combination to the director’s safe.”—The New York Times Book Review
Book Synopsis NSA Secrets Declassified by : National Security Agency (NSA)
Download or read book NSA Secrets Declassified written by National Security Agency (NSA) and published by . This book was released on 2017-11-15 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two important NSA publications convey fascinating historical stories: Revolutionary Secrets: Cryptology in the American Revolution and Brigadier John Tiltman: A Giant Among Cryptanalysts.Revolutionary Secrets: This is the story of revolutionary communications and cryptologic secrets and the role they played in America's war for independence. At the time of the American Revolution, both the British commanders and the American rebels practiced a variety of methods to keep their written communications secret. Both turned to invisible inks, hidden messages, and secret writing in the form of ciphers and codes. Cryptography--the use of ciphers and codes--makes messages unintelligible to an adversary by the use of keys and lists. Ciphers rearrange letters or change individual letters into a different letter, number, or symbol based on a prearranged setting known as a key. Codes change entire words or phrases into other words, number groups, or symbols based on a list or a book. To decrypt the secret messages, the receiver needs access to the original key, list, or book. Theoretically, the adversary wouldn't have the original source and therefore could not understand the message even if it were captured. Solving a message without having the original key or list--crypt-analysis--has been employed by governments and militaries for as long as people have used cryptography to make messages secret. The ability to capture and read the enemy's communications provides invaluable information for a military commander. With foreknowledge of an adversary's intentions, leaders can develop counteractions and turn a battle in their favor. In the late summer of 1781, General George Washington finally saw an opportunity to take New York City away from the British. Virtually from the beginning of the War for Independence six years earlier, the British had held this key city, and Washington had long desired to take it into American hands. Washington laid siege to the town all summer. With the expected arrival of Admiral de Grasse and ships of the French fleet along with an additional 3,000 French soldiers, he believed he finally had his chance. But on August 14, he changed his mind and turned his eye to Yorktown, Virginia. Washington received intelligence, gained partially through the decryption of captured British messages, that gave him the assurance he needed to complete his move on Yorktown.Brigadier John Tiltman: Brigadier John Tiltman has been variously described as the greatest cryptanalyst of his time, the best cryptanalyst ever to work for Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ, Great Britain's counterpart to NSA), and a "legend in his own time." He led the attack on numerous code and cipher systems of over a dozen countries. At the same time, he developed cipher systems for his own country that were unbreakable during the time they were used. He held the title of Chief Cryptographer for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS, which became GCHQ in 1946) from 1942 on. He humbly described this position as "honorary," but it carried the dual responsibility of being tasked with the initial diagnosis of and attack on all unbroken foreign cipher systems, and the development of secure ciphers for British forces. His career spanned two world wars, conflicts in Korea and Vietnam, and most of the Cold War. Retiring from GCHQ in 1964, he capitalized on relations he had built up over the previous two decades and served as a consultant to NSA until 1980. At the age of eighty-five, he finally stepped away from sixty-six years of public service to two countries. Sixty of those years were devoted to signals intelligence (SIGINT) and communications security (COMSEC). To those who worked with him, he was known simply as "The Brig."
Book Synopsis NSA Secrets Declassified by : National Security Agency (NSA)
Download or read book NSA Secrets Declassified written by National Security Agency (NSA) and published by . This book was released on 2017-11-16 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important NSA publication describes the elements of traffic analysis (T/A) and explains how T/A has been used for several purposes including to produce intelligence information, to aid cryptanalysis, and to support the collection of additional data. It then presents examples of intelligence contributions made by T/A during World War I, World War II, and the Cold War, including the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is a major segment of the intelligence discipline, and communications intelligence (COMINT) is a subset of SIGINT. In turn, T/A is a significant part of COMINT while also useful in other aspects of SIGINT. This document defines and explains traffic analysis when used in this context, as part of the broader discipline of signals intelligence. The word traffic to a communicator or cryptologist referred to communications passed between a sender and an intended recipient. Thus, the study of traffic by unintended recipients was called traffic analysis. T/A has been the study of "external" features of target communications. It also can be used against non-communications electronic emissions and telemetry signals. It examined all aspects of communications transmissions excluding code or cipher message content, which was the purview of cryptanalysis (C/A). Traffic analysts studied signals' characteristics, including radio frequency usage, callsigns, (a series of letters and/or numbers assigned to a specific radio station), transmission schedules, locations of transmitters, the routings and volumes of message traffic, informal "chatter" between the targets' radio operators and the unique characteristics exhibited by manual Morse operators, referred to as their "fists." T/A and C/A historically have been the major technical approaches to COMINT, and information derived from traffic analysis and cryptanalysis can be combined to gain knowledge about the senders and receivers. This knowledge was provided to customers in "end-product" reports. The Elements of Traffic Analysis - Historically, the elements of communications subject to traffic analysis were among the following: Callsigns - Usually a brief series of letters and/or numbers assigned to a specific radio station by a government authority. The radio operator transmitted a callsign to identify the station when making contact with other radio stations. Some callsigns were permanent, while others changed periodically according to a pre-arranged plan to confuse monitoring by unintended listeners. If the unintended listeners (COMINT units) solved the system by which the callsigns were generated and/or assigned, they could then predict the new callsigns used by individual radio stations following the periodic changes.
