Nonsmooth Modeling and Simulation for Switched Circuits

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048196817
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Nonsmooth Modeling and Simulation for Switched Circuits by : Vincent Acary

Download or read book Nonsmooth Modeling and Simulation for Switched Circuits written by Vincent Acary and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-10-19 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nonsmooth Modeling and Simulation for Switched Circuits concerns the modeling and the numerical simulation of switched circuits with the nonsmooth dynamical systems (NSDS) approach, using piecewise-linear and multivalued models of electronic devices like diodes, transistors, switches. Numerous examples (ranging from introductory academic circuits to various types of power converters) are analyzed and many simulation results obtained with the INRIA open-source SICONOS software package are presented. Comparisons with SPICE and hybrid methods demonstrate the power of the NSDS approach. Nonsmooth Modeling and Simulation for Switched Circuits is intended to researchers and engineers in the field of circuits simulation and design, but may also attract applied mathematicians interested by the numerical analysis for nonsmooth dynamical systems, as well as researchers from Systems and Control.

Nonsmooth Mechanics

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319286641
Total Pages : 628 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Nonsmooth Mechanics by : Bernard Brogliato

Download or read book Nonsmooth Mechanics written by Bernard Brogliato and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-29 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its third edition, this standard reference is a comprehensive treatment of nonsmooth mechanical systems refocused to give more prominence to issues connected with control and modelling. It covers Lagrangian and Newton–Euler systems, detailing mathematical tools such as convex analysis and complementarity theory. The ways in which nonsmooth mechanics influence and are influenced by well-posedness analysis, numerical analysis and simulation, modelling and control are explained. Contact/impact laws, stability theory and trajectory-tracking control are given detailed exposition connected by a mathematical framework formed from complementarity systems and measure-differential inclusions. Links are established with electrical circuits with set-valued nonsmooth elements as well as with other nonsmooth dynamical systems like impulsive and piecewise linear systems. Nonsmooth Mechanics (third edition) retains the topical structure familiar from its predecessors but has been substantially rewritten, edited and updated to account for the significant body of results that have emerged in the twenty-first century—including developments in: the existence and uniqueness of solutions; impact models; extension of the Lagrange–Dirichlet theorem and trajectory tracking; and well-posedness of contact complementarity problems with and without friction. Many figures (both new and redrawn to improve the clarity of the presentation) and examples are used to illustrate the theoretical developments. Material introducing the mathematics of nonsmooth mechanics has been improved to reflect the broad range of applications interest that has developed since publication of the second edition. The detail of some mathematical essentials is provided in four appendices. With its improved bibliography of over 1,300 references and wide-ranging coverage, Nonsmooth Mechanics (third edition) is sure to be an invaluable resource for researchers and postgraduates studying the control of mechanical systems, robotics, granular matter and relevant fields of applied mathematics. “The book’s two best features, in my view are its detailed survey of the literature... and its detailed presentation of many examples illustrating both the techniques and their limitations... For readers interested in the field, this book will serve as an excellent introductory survey.” Andrew Lewis in Automatica “It is written with clarity, contains the latest research results in the area of impact problems for rigid bodies and is recommended for both applied mathematicians and engineers.” Panagiotis D. Panagiotopoulos in Mathematical Reviews “The presentation is excellent in combining rigorous mathematics with a great number of examples... allowing the reader to understand the basic concepts.” Hans Troger in Mathematical Abstracts “/i>

Dynamics and Control of Switched Electronic Systems

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447128850
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

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Book Synopsis Dynamics and Control of Switched Electronic Systems by : Francesco Vasca

Download or read book Dynamics and Control of Switched Electronic Systems written by Francesco Vasca and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-28 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increased efficiency and quality constraints imposed on electrical energy systems have inspired a renewed research interest in the study of formal approaches to the analysis and control of power electronics converters. Switched systems represent a useful framework for modeling these converters and the peculiarities of their operating conditions and control goals justify the specific classification of “switched electronic systems”. Indeed, idealized switched models of power converters introduce problems not commonly encountered when analyzing generic switched models or non-switched electrical networks. In that sense the analysis of switched electronic systems represents a source for new ideas and benchmarks for switched and hybrid systems generally. Dynamics and Control of Switched Electronic Systems draws on the expertise of an international group of expert contributors to give an overview of recent advances in the modeling, simulation and control of switched electronic systems. The reader is provided with a well-organized source of references and a mathematically-based report of the state of the art in analysis and design techniques for switched power converters. Intuitive language, realistic illustrative examples and numerical simulations help the reader to come to grips with the rigorous presentation of many promising directions of research such as: converter topologies and modulation techniques; continuous-time, discrete-time and hybrid models; modern control strategies for power converters; and challenges in numerical simulation. The guidance and information imparted in this text will be appreciated by engineers, and applied mathematicians working on system and circuit theory, control systems development, and electronic and energy conversion systems design.

Complementarity and Variational Inequalities in Electronics

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128133902
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Complementarity and Variational Inequalities in Electronics by : Daniel Goeleven

Download or read book Complementarity and Variational Inequalities in Electronics written by Daniel Goeleven and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-05-18 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Complementarity and Variational Inequalities in Electronics evaluates the main mathematical models relevant to the study of electrical network problems involving devices. The book focuses on complementarity problems, variational inequalities and non-regular dynamical systems which are well-known for their applications in mechanics and economics, but rarely target electrical applications. The book uses these tools to review the qualitative properties of devices, including slicers, amplitude selectors, sampling gates, operational amplifiers, and four-diode bridge full-wave rectifiers. Users will find demonstrations on how to compute optimized output signal relevant to potentially superior applications. In addition, the book describes how to determine the stationary points of dynamical circuits and to determine the corresponding Lyapunov stability and attractivity properties, topics of major importance for further dynamical analysis and control. Hemivariational inequalities are also covered in some depth relevant to application in thyristor devices. Reviews the main mathematical models applicable to the study of electrical networks involving diodes and transistors Focuses on theoretical existence and uniqueness of a solution, stability of stationary solutions, and invariance properties Provides realistic complementarity and variational problems to illustrate theoretical results Evaluates applications of the theory across many devices, including slicers, amplitude selectors, sampling gates, operational amplifiers, and four-diode bridge full-wave rectifiers Details both fully developed mathematical proofs and common models used in electronics Provides a comprehensive literature review, including thousands of relevant references

Poincaré-Andronov-Melnikov Analysis for Non-Smooth Systems

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128043644
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Poincaré-Andronov-Melnikov Analysis for Non-Smooth Systems by : Michal Fečkan

Download or read book Poincaré-Andronov-Melnikov Analysis for Non-Smooth Systems written by Michal Fečkan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-06-07 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poincaré-Andronov-Melnikov Analysis for Non-Smooth Systems is devoted to the study of bifurcations of periodic solutions for general n-dimensional discontinuous systems. The authors study these systems under assumptions of transversal intersections with discontinuity-switching boundaries. Furthermore, bifurcations of periodic sliding solutions are studied from sliding periodic solutions of unperturbed discontinuous equations, and bifurcations of forced periodic solutions are also investigated for impact systems from single periodic solutions of unperturbed impact equations. In addition, the book presents studies for weakly coupled discontinuous systems, and also the local asymptotic properties of derived perturbed periodic solutions. The relationship between non-smooth systems and their continuous approximations is investigated as well. Examples of 2-, 3- and 4-dimensional discontinuous ordinary differential equations and impact systems are given to illustrate the theoretical results. The authors use so-called discontinuous Poincaré mapping which maps a point to its position after one period of the periodic solution. This approach is rather technical, but it does produce results for general dimensions of spatial variables and parameters as well as the asymptotical results such as stability, instability, and hyperbolicity. Extends Melnikov analysis of the classic Poincaré and Andronov staples, pointing to a general theory for freedom in dimensions of spatial variables and parameters as well as asymptotical results such as stability, instability, and hyperbolicity Presents a toolbox of critical theoretical techniques for many practical examples and models, including non-smooth dynamical systems Provides realistic models based on unsolved discontinuous problems from the literature and describes how Poincaré-Andronov-Melnikov analysis can be used to solve them Investigates the relationship between non-smooth systems and their continuous approximations

Dissipative Systems Analysis and Control

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030194205
Total Pages : 720 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Dissipative Systems Analysis and Control by : Bernard Brogliato

Download or read book Dissipative Systems Analysis and Control written by Bernard Brogliato and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-03 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition of Dissipative Systems Analysis and Control has been substantially reorganized to accommodate new material and enhance its pedagogical features. It examines linear and nonlinear systems with examples of both in each chapter. Also included are some infinite-dimensional and nonsmooth examples. Throughout, emphasis is placed on the use of the dissipative properties of a system for the design of stable feedback control laws.

Multi-agent Optimization

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319971425
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Multi-agent Optimization by : Angelia Nedić

Download or read book Multi-agent Optimization written by Angelia Nedić and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-01 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains three well-written research tutorials that inform the graduate reader about the forefront of current research in multi-agent optimization. These tutorials cover topics that have not yet found their way in standard books and offer the reader the unique opportunity to be guided by major researchers in the respective fields. Multi-agent optimization, lying at the intersection of classical optimization, game theory, and variational inequality theory, is at the forefront of modern optimization and has recently undergone a dramatic development. It seems timely to provide an overview that describes in detail ongoing research and important trends. This book concentrates on Distributed Optimization over Networks; Differential Variational Inequalities; and Advanced Decomposition Algorithms for Multi-agent Systems. This book will appeal to both mathematicians and mathematically oriented engineers and will be the source of inspiration for PhD students and researchers.

A Variational Approach to Nonsmooth Dynamics

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319686585
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis A Variational Approach to Nonsmooth Dynamics by : Samir Adly

Download or read book A Variational Approach to Nonsmooth Dynamics written by Samir Adly and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-19 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This brief examines mathematical models in nonsmooth mechanics and nonregular electrical circuits, including evolution variational inequalities, complementarity systems, differential inclusions, second-order dynamics, Lur'e systems and Moreau's sweeping process. The field of nonsmooth dynamics is of great interest to mathematicians, mechanicians, automatic controllers and engineers. The present volume acknowledges this transversality and provides a multidisciplinary view as it outlines fundamental results in nonsmooth dynamics and explains how to use them to study various problems in engineering. In particular, the author explores the question of how to redefine the notion of dynamical systems in light of modern variational and nonsmooth analysis. With the aim of bridging between the communities of applied mathematicians, engineers and researchers in control theory and nonlinear systems, this brief outlines both relevant mathematical proofs and models in unilateral mechanics and electronics.

Control and Nonlinear Dynamics on Energy Conversion Systems

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Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039211102
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

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Book Synopsis Control and Nonlinear Dynamics on Energy Conversion Systems by : Herbert Ho-Ching Iu

Download or read book Control and Nonlinear Dynamics on Energy Conversion Systems written by Herbert Ho-Ching Iu and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-07-01 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ever-increasing need for higher efficiency, smaller size, and lower cost make the analysis, understanding, and design of energy conversion systems extremely important, interesting, and even imperative. One of the most neglected features in the study of such systems is the effect of the inherent nonlinearities on the stability of the system. Due to these nonlinearities, these devices may exhibit undesirable and complex dynamics, which are the focus of many researchers. Even though a lot of research has taken place in this area during the last 20 years, it is still an active research topic for mainstream power engineers. This research has demonstrated that these systems can become unstable with a direct result in increased losses, extra subharmonics, and even uncontrollability/unobservability. The detailed study of these systems can help in the design of smaller, lighter, and less expensive converters that are particularly important in emerging areas of research like electric vehicles, smart grids, renewable energy sources, and others. The aim of this Special Issue is to cover control and nonlinear aspects of instabilities in different energy conversion systems: theoretical, analysis modelling, and practical solutions for such emerging applications. In this Special Issue, we present novel research works in different areas of the control and nonlinear dynamics of energy conversion systems.

Operations Research, Engineering, and Cyber Security

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319515004
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Operations Research, Engineering, and Cyber Security by : Nicholas J. Daras

Download or read book Operations Research, Engineering, and Cyber Security written by Nicholas J. Daras and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-14 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematical methods and theories with interdisciplinary applications are presented in this book. The eighteen contributions presented in this Work have been written by eminent scientists; a few papers are based on talks which took place at the International Conference at the Hellenic Artillery School in May 2015. Each paper evaluates possible solutions to long-standing problems such as the solvability of the direct electromagnetic scattering problem, geometric approaches to cyber security, ellipsoid targeting with overlap, non-equilibrium solutions of dynamic networks, measuring ballistic dispersion, elliptic regularity theory for the numerical solution of variational problems, approximation theory for polynomials on the real line and the unit circle, complementarity and variational inequalities in electronics, new two-slope parameterized achievement scalarizing functions for nonlinear multiobjective optimization, and strong and weak convexity of closed sets in a Hilbert space. /divGraduate students, scientists, engineers and researchers in pure and applied mathematical sciences, operations research, engineering, and cyber security will find the interdisciplinary scientific perspectives useful to their overall understanding and further research.

Computer Simulation of Electronic Circuits

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Publisher : New Age International
ISBN 13 : 9788122401110
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Computer Simulation of Electronic Circuits by : R. Raghuram

Download or read book Computer Simulation of Electronic Circuits written by R. Raghuram and published by New Age International. This book was released on 1989 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Book On A Very Topical Subject Is Aimed At Engineers Who Either Use Or Develop Cad Tools For Circuit Design, Be It At The Discrete Device Level Or At The Lsi/Vlsi Level. The Book Is Unique In The Sense That It Covers Analog Circuit Simulation, Device Models, Logic Simulation And Fault Simulation. These Topics Traditionally Belong To Different Areas Of Electrical Engineering And Are Therefore Not Covered In One Book. However, A Person Doing Circuit Design On A Computer Today Needs To Know All Aspects Of The Simulation. This Book Attempts To Satisfy This Need. Many Examples Of Programs As Well As Applications Are Given. Every Chapter Contains Solved As Well As Unsolved Problems. In Addition, Programming Assignments Are Included. Mathematics Has Been Kept To A Minimum And An Intuitive Approach Has Been Taken.The Background Required Is That Of Final Year Undergraduate In Electrical Engineering. It Is Expected That Much Of This Material Would Percolate Down To More Basic Courses In Future Years.

Modeling Digital Switching Circuits with Linear Algebra

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031798678
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling Digital Switching Circuits with Linear Algebra by : Mitchell A. Thornton

Download or read book Modeling Digital Switching Circuits with Linear Algebra written by Mitchell A. Thornton and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modeling Digital Switching Circuits with Linear Algebra describes an approach for modeling digital information and circuitry that is an alternative to Boolean algebra. While the Boolean algebraic model has been wildly successful and is responsible for many advances in modern information technology, the approach described in this book offers new insight and different ways of solving problems. Modeling the bit as a vector instead of a scalar value in the set {0, 1} allows digital circuits to be characterized with transfer functions in the form of a linear transformation matrix. The use of transfer functions is ubiquitous in many areas of engineering and their rich background in linear systems theory and signal processing is easily applied to digital switching circuits with this model. The common tasks of circuit simulation and justification are specific examples of the application of the linear algebraic model and are described in detail. The advantages offered by the new model as compared to traditional methods are emphasized throughout the book. Furthermore, the new approach is easily generalized to other types of information processing circuits such as those based upon multiple-valued or quantum logic; thus providing a unifying mathematical framework common to each of these areas. Modeling Digital Switching Circuits with Linear Algebra provides a blend of theoretical concepts and practical issues involved in implementing the method for circuit design tasks. Data structures are described and are shown to not require any more resources for representing the underlying matrices and vectors than those currently used in modern electronic design automation (EDA) tools based on the Boolean model. Algorithms are described that perform simulation, justification, and other common EDA tasks in an efficient manner that are competitive with conventional design tools. The linear algebraic model can be used to implement common EDA tasks directly upon a structural netlist thus avoiding the intermediate step of transforming a circuit description into a representation of a set of switching functions as is commonly the case when conventional Boolean techniques are used. Implementation results are provided that empirically demonstrate the practicality of the linear algebraic model.

Numerical Methods for Nonsmooth Dynamical Systems

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540753923
Total Pages : 525 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Numerical Methods for Nonsmooth Dynamical Systems by : Vincent Acary

Download or read book Numerical Methods for Nonsmooth Dynamical Systems written by Vincent Acary and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-01-30 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book concerns the numerical simulation of dynamical systems whose trajec- ries may not be differentiable everywhere. They are named nonsmooth dynamical systems. They make an important class of systems, rst because of the many app- cations in which nonsmooth models are useful, secondly because they give rise to new problems in various elds of science. Usually nonsmooth dynamical systems are represented as differential inclusions, complementarity systems, evolution va- ational inequalities, each of these classes itself being split into several subclasses. The book is divided into four parts, the rst three parts being sketched in Fig. 0. 1. The aim of the rst part is to present the main tools from mechanics and applied mathematics which are necessary to understand how nonsmooth dynamical systems may be numerically simulated in a reliable way. Many examples illustrate the th- retical results, and an emphasis is put on mechanical systems, as well as on electrical circuits (the so-called Filippov’s systems are also examined in some detail, due to their importance in control applications). The second and third parts are dedicated to a detailed presentation of the numerical schemes. A fourth part is devoted to the presentation of the software platform Siconos. This book is not a textbook on - merical analysis of nonsmooth systems, in the sense that despite the main results of numerical analysis (convergence, order of consistency, etc. ) being presented, their proofs are not provided.

Dynamics and Bifurcations of Non-Smooth Mechanical Systems

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540443983
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Dynamics and Bifurcations of Non-Smooth Mechanical Systems by : Remco I. Leine

Download or read book Dynamics and Bifurcations of Non-Smooth Mechanical Systems written by Remco I. Leine and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph combines the knowledge of both the field of nonlinear dynamics and non-smooth mechanics, presenting a framework for a class of non-smooth mechanical systems using techniques from both fields. The book reviews recent developments, and opens the field to the nonlinear dynamics community. This book addresses researchers and graduate students in engineering and mathematics interested in the modelling, simulation and dynamics of non-smooth systems and nonlinear dynamics.

Dynamics and Control of Switched Electronic Systems

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9781447159919
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (599 download)

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Book Synopsis Dynamics and Control of Switched Electronic Systems by : Francesco Vasca

Download or read book Dynamics and Control of Switched Electronic Systems written by Francesco Vasca and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-04-13 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increased efficiency and quality constraints imposed on electrical energy systems have inspired a renewed research interest in the study of formal approaches to the analysis and control of power electronics converters. Switched systems represent a useful framework for modeling these converters and the peculiarities of their operating conditions and control goals justify the specific classification of “switched electronic systems”. Indeed, idealized switched models of power converters introduce problems not commonly encountered when analyzing generic switched models or non-switched electrical networks. In that sense the analysis of switched electronic systems represents a source for new ideas and benchmarks for switched and hybrid systems generally. Dynamics and Control of Switched Electronic Systems draws on the expertise of an international group of expert contributors to give an overview of recent advances in the modeling, simulation and control of switched electronic systems. The reader is provided with a well-organized source of references and a mathematically-based report of the state of the art in analysis and design techniques for switched power converters. Intuitive language, realistic illustrative examples and numerical simulations help the reader to come to grips with the rigorous presentation of many promising directions of research such as: converter topologies and modulation techniques; continuous-time, discrete-time and hybrid models; modern control strategies for power converters; and challenges in numerical simulation. The guidance and information imparted in this text will be appreciated by engineers, and applied mathematicians working on system and circuit theory, control systems development, and electronic and energy conversion systems design.

IEEE Circuits & Devices

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis IEEE Circuits & Devices by :

Download or read book IEEE Circuits & Devices written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Nonsmooth Mechanics

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447105575
Total Pages : 565 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

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Book Synopsis Nonsmooth Mechanics by : Bernard Brogliato

Download or read book Nonsmooth Mechanics written by Bernard Brogliato and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thank you for opening the second edition of this monograph, which is devoted to the study of a class of nonsmooth dynamical systems of the general form: ::i; = g(x,u) (0. 1) f(x, t) 2: 0 where x E JRn is the system's state vector, u E JRm is the vector of inputs, and the function f (-, . ) represents a unilateral constraint that is imposed on the state. More precisely, we shall restrict ourselves to a subclass of such systems, namely mechanical systems subject to unilateral constraints on the position, whose dynamical equations may be in a first instance written as: ii= g(q,q,u) (0. 2) f(q, t) 2: 0 where q E JRn is the vector of generalized coordinates of the system and u is an in put (or controller) that generally involves a state feedback loop, i. e. u= u(q, q, t, z), with z= Z(z, q, q, t) when the controller is a dynamic state feedback. Mechanical systems composed of rigid bodies interacting fall into this subclass. A general prop erty of systems as in (0. 1) and (0. 2) is that their solutions are nonsmooth (with respect to time): Nonsmoothness arises primarily from the occurence of impacts (or collisions, or percussions) in the dynamical behaviour, when the trajectories attain the surface f(x, t) = O. They are necessary to keep the trajectories within the subspace = {x : f(x, t) 2: O} of the system's state space.