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Nitrogen Efficiency In Late Lactation Dairy Cows
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Book Synopsis Nitrogen Efficiency in Late Lactation Dairy Cows by : Tiago Miguel Lima da Costa Barros
Download or read book Nitrogen Efficiency in Late Lactation Dairy Cows written by Tiago Miguel Lima da Costa Barros and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our main objectives were to (Project A) determine the partitioning of N from alfalfa silage (AS), corn silage (CS), corn grain (CG), and soybean meal (SBM) in lactating cows; and (Project B) study the effects of incremental reduction in dietary crude protein (CP) concentration on N metabolism of late-lactation dairy cows. In Project A, 12 multiparous cows were fed one of four dietary treatments constructed by replacing one feed ingredient of the unlabeled pretreatment TMR with its corresponding 15N-labeled ingredient (grown with 15N-labeled fertilizers). Cows were fed dietary treatments for four days and were fed the unlabeled TMR from day another four days. Results of different modeling approaches using a single exponential pool model suggested that N from concentrates contributed to a greater extent to milk N than N from silages. Corn grain N contributed the least to urinary N compared with other feed ingredients. These results provided evidence for distinct metabolic and digestive utilization of the N from AS, CS, CG, and SBM. Overall results suggested more excretion of urinary N and fecal N relative to milk N secretion for silages than for concentrates. In project B, 16 pens of eight late-lactation cows were fed for 12 weeks one of four diets that contained CP concentration of 16.2, 14.4, 13.1, and 11.8%. Reducing dietary CP reduced, in a linear fashion, the mass of dry matter, CP, and starch digested in the digestive tract. Ruminal concentrations of ammonia and branched-chain amino acids (AA) were linearly reduced with the reduction in dietary CP. Milk N secretion and excretion of urinary N and fecal N were linearly reduced with the reduction in dietary CP. Serum concentration of essential and non-essential amino acids were not affected by dietary treatments. Muscle N breakdown increased with the reduction of dietary CP concentration in week 1 and 4 of the experimental period, however this effect was not present in week 12. Muscle N mobilization was insufficient to maintain production level, but might have been instrumental in maintaining other physiological functions such as pregnancy.
Book Synopsis Nutritional Strategies to Improve Nitrogen Efficiency and Reduce Nitrogen Excretion of Lactating Dairy Cows by : Susan M. Noftsger
Download or read book Nutritional Strategies to Improve Nitrogen Efficiency and Reduce Nitrogen Excretion of Lactating Dairy Cows written by Susan M. Noftsger and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The mechanism of action of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid and its effects on N efficiency, ruminal variables, and milk production and composition were examined. In Trial 1, metabolizable protein (MP) supply and AA balance was manipulated through selection of highly digestible RUP sources and Met supplementation. Treatments were: 1) 18.3% crude protein with low estimated intestinal digestibility of RUP; 2) 18.3% CP with high digestibility RUP; 3) 16.9% CP with high digestibility RUP; and 4) 17.0% CP with high digestibility RUP and supplemental Met. Supplementing the highly digestible RUP source with rumen available and rumen escape sources of Met resulted in maximal milk and protein production and maximum N efficiency by cows during the production trial. In Trial 2, continuous culture fermenters were used to determine the optimal concentration of HMB for digestibility of carbohydrates and synthesis of microbial N. Treatments were three concentrations of HMB (0, 0.055, and 0.110 %) and one concentration of dl-Met (0.097%). Digestibility of carbohydrate, other than ADF, was largely insensitive to treatment. Differences in concentration and production of individual VFA were seen and the proportion of bacterial N produced from NH3-N decreased linearly with increasing HMB. This suggests that supplementation of HMB may have a sparing effect on branched chain volatile fatty acids. In trial 3, eight cows were used to examine the passage of HMB from the rumen, ruminal effects of HMB, and effects on production, N utilization, VFA, and protozoa. Samples of omasal fluid were used to determine the amount of Met supplements passing out of the rumen. Treatments were: (1) no methionine (2) 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid at 0.10% of DM; (3) isopropyl HMB at 0.13% of DM; and (4) dl-methionine at 0.088% of DM. Digestibility in the rumen was not different. Protozoa were increased numerically in the omasum by HMB and HMBi treatments. The percentage of HMB that passed into the omasum was 5.3%. Only a small amount of HMBi was found as HMB in the omasum (2.3%).
Book Synopsis Nutrition and Lactation in the Dairy Cow by : Philip C. Garnsworthy
Download or read book Nutrition and Lactation in the Dairy Cow written by Philip C. Garnsworthy and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nutrition and Lactation in the Dairy Cow is the proceedings of the 46th University of Nottingham Easter School in Agricultural Science. Said symposium was concerned with the significant advances in the field of nutrition and lactation in the dairy cow. The book is divided in five parts. Part I deals with the principles behind nutrition and lactation of cows. Part II discusses the cow’s nutrient interactions; responses to nutrients that yield protein and energy; and the influence of nutrient balance and milk yields. Part III tackles the efficiency of energy utilization in cows and its relation to milk production. Part IV talks about food intake of cows and the factors that affect it, while Part V deals with the different feeding systems for cows. The text is recommended for those involved in raising cows and dairy production, especially those who would like to know more and make studies about the relationship of nutrition and lactation of cows.
Book Synopsis Modelling Nutrient Utilization in Farm Animals by : J. P. McNamara
Download or read book Modelling Nutrient Utilization in Farm Animals written by J. P. McNamara and published by CABI. This book was released on 2000 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes current research in modelling nutrient use in farm animals, from cellular to ecosystem level. The chapters are developed from papers presented at a satellite meeting of the 9th International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology, held in South Africa in October 1999.Excellent papers from a top list of contributorsEditors of great reputationCovers the current topics of interest
Book Synopsis Nutritional strategies to improve nitrogen efficiency and milk protein synthesis in dairy cows by : James D. Ferguson
Download or read book Nutritional strategies to improve nitrogen efficiency and milk protein synthesis in dairy cows written by James D. Ferguson and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Identifying Strategies to Improve Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Lactating Dairy Cows by : Felipe Xavier Amaro
Download or read book Identifying Strategies to Improve Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Lactating Dairy Cows written by Felipe Xavier Amaro and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MI and longer WD. Long WD preserved water soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the silages, while it decreased CP concentrations. Predicted milk yield responses were greater when ensiled ryegrass was wilted for a shorter duration. Lastly, we evaluated (Chapter 6) the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on nutrient digestibility and ruminal N metabolism using a dual-flow continuous culture system. Incremental doses of AFB1 (0 to 150 micrograms/kg of diet DM) did not affect nutrient digestibility, fermentation parameters, and flows of N. Aflatoxin B1 increased with dose at 1 h but decreased to undetectable levels 4 h post-dosing. The clearance of AFB1 under our experimental conditions may be a function of microbial degradation, system passage rate, or the interaction of both factors.
Download or read book NorFor - written by Harald Volden and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-10-05 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NorFor is a semi-mechanistic feed evaluation system for cattle, which is used by advisors in Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. This book describes in detail the system and it covers five main sections. The first is concerned with information on feed characteristics, feed analysis and feed digestion methods. The second section describes the digestion and metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract and the supply and requirement of energy and metabolizable amino acids. The third section considers the prediction of feed intake and physical structure of the diet. The fourth section focuses on model evaluation and the final section provides information on the IT solutions and feed ration formulation by a non-linear economical optimization procedure. This book will be of significant interest to researchers, students and advisors of cattle nutrition and feed evaluation.
Book Synopsis INRA feeding system for ruminants by : INRA
Download or read book INRA feeding system for ruminants written by INRA and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-11-27 with total page 639 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The INRA Feeding System for Ruminants has been renewed to better address emerging challenges for animal nutrition: prevision of productive responses, product quality, animal health and emissions to the environment, in a larger extent of breeding contexts. The new system is mainly built from meta-analyses of large data bases, and modelling. The dietary supply model accounts for digestive interactions and flows of individual nutrients, so that feed values depend on the final ration. Animal requirements account for variability in metabolic efficiency. Various productive and non-productive animal responses to diets are quantified. This book presents the whole system for dairy and meat, large and small ruminant production, including specificities for tropical and Mediterranean areas. The first two sections present biological concepts and equations (with their field of application and statistical accuracy) used to predict intake (including at grazing) and nutrient supply (Section 1), animal’s requirements and multiple responses to diets (Section 2). They apply to net energy, metabolisable protein and amino acids, water, minerals and vitamins. Section 3 presents the use of concepts and equations in rationing with two purposes: (1) diet calculation for a given performance objective; and (2) prediction of the multiple responses of animal to diet changes. Section 4 displays the tables of feed values, and their prevision. All the equations and concepts are embedded in the fifth version of INRAtion® software for practical use.
Book Synopsis Shifts in Timing, Location, and Source of Nitrogen Supply in Dairy Cows by :
Download or read book Shifts in Timing, Location, and Source of Nitrogen Supply in Dairy Cows written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nitrogen Metabolism in Dairy Cattle by : H. Russell Conrad
Download or read book Nitrogen Metabolism in Dairy Cattle written by H. Russell Conrad and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition by : J. P. Felix D'Mello
Download or read book Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition written by J. P. Felix D'Mello and published by Cabi. This book was released on 2003 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amino acid metabolism and nutrition of farm animals continues to be an active area of research. However, since the publication of the first edition, as Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition (1994), there is now a need to take into account advances in the amino acid nutrition of a wider range of animals, including companion animals. In this new edition, the editor has attempted to retain chapter imparting strength to the first version, while introducing authors with new ideas and vision, as well as chapters on other animals such as cats and dogs. The book is thematically structured. Part 1 includes chapter of an introductory and general nature with applications to a wide range of animal species. The next four parts are species-related sections, including pigs, poultry, ruminants and other animals. The chapters in the final section cover applications and perspectives. The book has been written as a reference work for advanced students as well as researchers in animal nutrition.
Book Synopsis Physiological Aspects of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants by : T. Tsuda
Download or read book Physiological Aspects of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants written by T. Tsuda and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 806 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is comprised of invited papers presented at the Seventh International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology, held in Sendai, Japan, in September 1989. Papers are invited on the recommendations of 300 international experts. The proceedings of this symposia provides the most comprehensive coverage available of current research in ruminant physiology.
Book Synopsis Nutritional Strategies to Optimize Efficiency of Nitrogen Use by Lactating Dairy Cows by : Jan Schuba
Download or read book Nutritional Strategies to Optimize Efficiency of Nitrogen Use by Lactating Dairy Cows written by Jan Schuba and published by . This book was released on 2018* with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amino-acids; cattle; excretion; goats; nitrogen; recommendations; ruminants; sheep; supply; urea
Book Synopsis Relationship Between Mammary Gland Metabolism and Nitrogen Efficiency in the Lactating Dairy Cow by :
Download or read book Relationship Between Mammary Gland Metabolism and Nitrogen Efficiency in the Lactating Dairy Cow written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this research was to evaluate the responses in mammary metabolism and milk protein yield when the mammary gland is exposed to different nutritional scenarios and to correlate these with efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Two trials were conducted using Latin square designs. The first trial evaluated three dietary CP levels (16.1, 14.6 and 13.2%) with or without abomasal infusion of the predicted limiting essential amino acids (EAA) on 14.6 and 13.2% CP diets. Milk and milk protein yields were not affected by treatment (average 35.4 kg/d and 1.03 kg/d, respectively); efficiency of use of dietary CP and MP increased, and urinary N excretion decreased, as dietary CP decreased. Infusions of EAA increased mammary clearance rate for the non-infused EAA, allowing for the same yield of milk protein despite lower arterial concentrations of these AA in the infused treatments. Overall, efficiency of N utilization did not appear to be affected by changes in mammary metabolism and was probably driven by reduced extra-mammary catabolism as AA supply was reduced. The second trial evaluated post-ruminal infusions of glucose, acetate and casein, alone or in combination. Glucose increased milk protein yield through greater mammary AA clearance rate and reduced AA oxidation within the gland, achieving a 58% efficiency of MP utilization. When glucose was infused with casein, the recovery of infused casein in milk protein was 47%. Acetate had no effect on milk protein yield. Under the condition of this experiment, cell signaling proteins were not affected by treatment and therefore did not help explain the responses to infused nutrients. In conclusion, glucose has a clear stimulating effect on milk protein synthesis and the mammary gland has the ability to increase the supply of nutrients to match its synthetic capacity. Both experiments demonstrated that the NRC (2001) model does not have the ability to predict the responses observed on either low (13.2%) CP diet or with glucose infusion. This indicates that the single nutrient-limiting nature of the NRC (2001) model, which milk and milk protein secretion based only on MP limitation, is insensitive to the interaction of glucose and MP supplies.
Book Synopsis The Art and Science of Grazing by : Sarah Flack
Download or read book The Art and Science of Grazing written by Sarah Flack and published by Chelsea Green Publishing. This book was released on 2016 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grazing management might seem simple: just put livestock in a pasture and let them eat their fill. However, as Sarah Flack explains in The Art and Science of Grazing, the pasture/livestock relationship is incredibly complex. If a farmer doesn't pay close attention to how the animals are grazing, the resulting poorly managed grazing system can be harmful to the health of the livestock, pasture plants, and soils. Well-managed pastures can instead create healthier animals, a diverse and resilient pasture ecosystem, and other benefits. Flack delves deeply below the surface of "let the cows eat grass," demonstrating that grazing management is a sophisticated science that requires mastery of plant and animal physiology, animal behavior, and ecology. She also shows readers that applying grazing management science on a working farm is an art form that calls on grass farmers to be careful observers, excellent planners and record-keepers, skillful interpreters of their observations, and creative troubleshooters. The Art and Science of Grazing will allow farmers to gain a solid understanding of the key principles of grazing management so they can both design and manage successful grazing systems. The book's unique approach presents information first from the perspective of pasture plants, and then from the livestock perspective--helping farmers understand both plant and animal needs before setting up a grazing system. This book is an essential guide for ruminant farmers who want to be able to create grazing systems that meet the needs of their livestock, pasture plants, soils, and the larger ecosystem. The book discusses all the practical details that are critical for sustained success: how to set up a new system or improve existing systems; acreage calculations; paddock layout; fence and drinking water access; lanes and other grazing infrastructure; managing livestock movement and flow; soil fertility; seeding and reseeding pastures; and more. The author includes descriptions of real grazing systems working well on dairy, beef, goat, and sheep farms in different regions of North America. The book covers pasture requirements specific to organic farming, but will be of use to both organic and non-organic farms.
Book Synopsis Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle by : Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition
Download or read book Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle written by Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-05-16 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As members of the public becomes more concious of the food they consume and its content, higher standards are expected in the preparation of such food. The updated seventh edition of Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle explores the impact of cattle's biological, production, and environmental diversities, as well as variations on nutrient utilization and requirements. More enhanced than previous editions, this edition expands on the descriptions of cattle and their nutritional requirements taking management and environmental conditions into consideration. The book clearly communicates the current state of beef cattle nutrient requirements and animal variation by visually presenting related data via computer-generated models. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle expounds on the effects of beef cattle body condition on the state of compensatory growth, takes an in-depth look at the variations in cattle type, and documents the important effects of the environment and stress on food intake. This volume also uses new data on the development of a fetus during pregnancy to prescribe nutrient requirements of gestating cattle more precisely. By focusing on factors such as product quality and environmental awareness, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle presents standards and advisements for acceptable nutrients in a complete and conventional manner that promotes a more practical understanding and application.
Book Synopsis Effect of Varying Rumen Degradable and Undegradable Protein on Milk Production and Nitrogen Efficiency in Lactating Dairy Cows Under Summer Conditions by : Jeffrey D. Kaufman
Download or read book Effect of Varying Rumen Degradable and Undegradable Protein on Milk Production and Nitrogen Efficiency in Lactating Dairy Cows Under Summer Conditions written by Jeffrey D. Kaufman and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective is to determine the effect of reducing nitrogen input through feeding low rumen degradable protein (RDP) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) proportions on milk production, nitrogen efficiency and metabolism in heat-stressed cows. Forty-eight mid-lactating, Holstein cows were assigned to treatments using a randomized block design in a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 12/treatment). Treatments included two levels of RDP (10 and 8%) and two levels of RUP (8 and 6%). From d 1 to 21, a common diet (10% RDP-8% RUP) was fed to cows followed with their respective treatment diets fed from d 22 to 42 of the study. Cows were housed in a freestall barn and exposed to the prevailing temperature and humidity of July and August with no supplemental cooling. Milk samples were collected and analyzed, and plasma was harvested for analysis of metabolites from d 42. Treatment differences were tested using the MIXED procedure of SAS and reported as least square means ± [plus or minus] standard error of the mean. Rectal temperatures increased from a.m. to p.m., indicating cows were experiencing heat stress. The 10% RDP treatment decreased vaginal temperatures compared with 8% RDP in the 8% RUP (39.0 vs. 39.4 ± 0.14°C), but remained unchanged in the 6% RUP treatment (39.4 vs. 39.3 ± 0.14°C). The 8% RDP treatment increased energy-corrected milk (ECM) compared with 10% RDP in the 6% RUP treatment (31.7 vs. 29.4 ± 0.76 kg/d), but reduced ECM in the 8% RUP treatment (32.5 vs. 33.0 ± 0.76 kg/d). The 8% RDP treatment improved nitrogen utilization efficiency compared with 10% RDP (35.1 vs. 31.6 ± 0.76%). The 6% RUP treatment improved nitrogen utilization efficiency compared with 8% RUP (35.1 vs. 31.6 ± 0.76%). The 8% RDP treatment increased glucose concentrations compared with the 10% RDP treatment (3.13 vs. 2.98 ± 0.07 mmol/L). The 8% RDP treatment decreased insulin concentrations compared with the 10% RDP treatment (15.8 vs. 20.9 ± 1.55 μU/mL). Therefore, diets with low RDP and RUP may increase nitrogen utilization efficiency and metabolism without reducing milk production in heat-stressed dairy cows.
