Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Next Generation Safety Performance Monitoring At Signalized Intersections Using Connected Vehicle Technology
Download Next Generation Safety Performance Monitoring At Signalized Intersections Using Connected Vehicle Technology full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Next Generation Safety Performance Monitoring At Signalized Intersections Using Connected Vehicle Technology ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Next Generation Safety Performance Monitoring at Signalized Intersections Using Connected Vehicle Technology by : Liteng Zha
Download or read book Next Generation Safety Performance Monitoring at Signalized Intersections Using Connected Vehicle Technology written by Liteng Zha and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Operation and Safety Performance Assessment of Queue Warning Applications on Signalized Intersections for Connected Freight Vehicles by : Sara Bashir
Download or read book Operation and Safety Performance Assessment of Queue Warning Applications on Signalized Intersections for Connected Freight Vehicles written by Sara Bashir and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Connected Vehicle (CV) technologies have been a core component for the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) due to their capability to support a variety of ITS applications and unite vehicles and infrastructure elements into a well-integrated transportation system. Connected vehicles refer to those that exchange information with each other and the infrastructure using Dedicated Short-Range communication (DSRC), known as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (I2V) communications under Vehicular ad hoc Network (VANET). These communications improve safety, mobility, and productivity of transportation systems users. This research develops and tests CV-based algorithms for a Queue Warning (Q-WARN) application for heavy freight vehicles. The Q-WARN application uses CV technologies to allow vehicles within the queue to automatically broadcast their queued status information (e.g., rapid deceleration, disabled status, and lane location) to upstream vehicles as well as to infrastructure. The queue warnings are sent to oncoming vehicles to prevent rear-end or other secondary collisions. It can also provide drivers the appropriate warning to help them safely reduce their speed, make the decision of changing lanes, or use alternative routes through enhancing drivers’ situational awareness. This thesis focuses on Q-WARN applications for freight vehicles at signalized intersections that are located adjacent to I-80 in Wyoming, which are characterized by heavy truck traffic. Four locations in the state of Wyoming, characterized by heavy freight traffic, are selected as the test-case intersections. The algorithms developed are using the latitude/longitude (lat/lon) coordinates of freight CVs and intersections to form a communication link and share information. The tests were performed in VISSIM microsimulation with Econolite ASC/3 Software-in-the-Loop (SIL) traffic signal controller emulator. The scope of analyses is twofold. Firstly, from the traffic operation approach: queuing, total delays, and vehicle spacing were scrutinized at intersection. Secondly, from the traffic safety perspective, Time-to-Collision (TTC) and Post-Encroachment Time (PET), as two commonly used Surrogate Measures of Safety (SMoS), were assessed. Through analyses of simulation results, in-depth comparisons of these traffic flow and safety parameters at baseline (0%), 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% CV Market Penetration Rates (MPRs) under the effect of Q-WARN application were performed. The simulation scenarios developed through communication protocol can be easily implemented in the field, since it uses universal technologies. The results from developed Q-WARN algorithms revealed that the application has a remarkable potential to improve traffic operation parameters at signalized intersections, as well as providing safety benefits, especially when applied to heavy freight vehicles. Findings indicated successful traffic operation performance of the developed Q-WARN application in reducing vehicle delays by an average of 2% to 5%, as well as increasing the spacing between vehicles up to 134%, which could be an indicator of safety benefits. The results depicted that as the CV-MPR increases, the means of both SMoS increases, leading to safety enhancement under the impact of Q-WARN application. The abundance of information obtained from CV vehicles can be used to further enhance different control algorithms and applications.
Book Synopsis Network Wide Signal Control Strategy Base on Connected Vehicle Technology by : Lei Zhang
Download or read book Network Wide Signal Control Strategy Base on Connected Vehicle Technology written by Lei Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation discusses network wide signal control strategies base on connected vehicle technology. Traffic congestion on arterials has become one of the largest threats to economic competitiveness, livability, safety, and long-term environmental sustainability in the United States. In addition, arterials usually experience more blockage than freeways, specifically in terms of intersection congestion. There is no doubt that emerging technologies provide unequaled opportunities to revolutionize “retiming” and mitigate traffic congestion. Connected vehicle technology provides unparalleled safety benefits and holds promise in terms of alleviating both traffic congestion and the environmental impacts of future transportation systems. The objective of this research is to improve the mobility, safety and environmental effects at signalized arterials with connected vehicles. The proposed solution of this dissertation is to formulate traffic signal control models for signalized arterials based on connected vehicle technology. The models optimize offset, split, and cycle length to minimize total queue delay in all directions of coordinated intersections. Then, the models are implemented in a centralized system—including closed-loop systems—first, before expanding the results to distributed systems. The benefits of the models are realized at the infant stage of connected vehicle deployment when the penetration rate of connected vehicles is around 10%. Furthermore, the benefits incentivize the growth of the penetration rate for drivers. In addition, this dissertation contains a performance evaluation in traffic delay, volume throughput, fuel consumption, emission, and safety by providing a case study of coordinated signalized intersections. The case study results show the solution of this dissertation could adapt early deployment of connected vehicle technology and apply to future connected vehicle technology development.
Book Synopsis Smarter New York City by : André Corrêa d'Almeida
Download or read book Smarter New York City written by André Corrêa d'Almeida and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2018-08-28 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovation is often presented as being in the exclusive domain of the private sector. Yet despite widespread perceptions of public-sector inefficiency, government agencies have much to teach us about how technological and social advances occur. Improving governance at the municipal level is critical to the future of the twenty-first-century city, from environmental sustainability to education, economic development, public health, and beyond. In this age of acceleration and massive migration of people into cities around the world, this book explains how innovation from within city agencies and administrations makes urban systems smarter and shapes life in New York City. Using a series of case studies, Smarter New York City describes the drivers and constraints behind urban innovation, including leadership and organization; networks and interagency collaboration; institutional context; technology and real-time data collection; responsiveness and decision making; and results and impact. Cases include residential organic-waste collection, an NYPD program that identifies the sound of gunshots in real time, and the Vision Zero attempt to end traffic casualties, among others. Challenging the usefulness of a tech-centric view of urban innovation, Smarter New York City brings together a multidisciplinary and integrated perspective to imagine new possibilities from within city agencies, with practical lessons for city officials, urban planners, policy makers, civil society, and potential private-sector partners.
Book Synopsis Enhanced Traffic Signal Operation Using Connected Vehicle Data by : Ehsan Bagheri
Download or read book Enhanced Traffic Signal Operation Using Connected Vehicle Data written by Ehsan Bagheri and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As traffic on urban road network increases, congestion and delays are becoming more severe. At grade intersections form capacity bottlenecks in urban road networks because at these locations, capacity must be shared by competing traffic movements. Traffic signals are the most common method by which the right of way is dynamically allocated to conflicting movements. A range of traffic signal control strategies exist including fixed time control, actuated control, and adaptive traffic signal control (ATSC). ATSC relies on traffic sensors to estimate inputs such as traffic demands, queue lengths, etc. and then dynamically adjusts signal timings with the objective to minimize delays and stops at the intersection. Despite, the advantages of these ATSC systems, one of the barriers limiting greater use of these systems is the large number of traffic sensors required to provide the essential information for their signal timing optimization methodologies. A recently introduced technology called connected vehicles will make vehicles capable of providing detailed information such as their position, speed, acceleration rate, etc. in real-time using a wireless technology. The deployment of connected vehicle technology would provide the opportunity to introduce new traffic control strategies or to enhance the existing one. Some work has been done to-date to develop new ATSC systems on the basis of the data provided by connected vehicles which are mainly designed on the assumption that all vehicles on the network are equipped with the connected vehicle technology. The goals of such systems are to: 1) provide better performance at signalized intersections using enhanced algorithms based on richer data provided by the connected vehicles; and 2) reduce (or eliminate) the need for fixed point detectors/sensors in order to reduce deployment and maintenance costs. However, no work has been done to investigate how connected vehicle data can improve the performance of ATSC systems that are currently deployed and that operate using data from traditional detectors. Moreover, achieving a 100% market penetration of connected vehicles may take more than 30 years (even if the technology is mandated on new vehicles). Therefore, it is necessary to provide a solution that is capable of improving the performance of signalized intersections during this transition period using connected vehicle data even at low market penetration rates. This research examines the use of connected vehicle data as the only data source at different market penetration rates aiming to provide the required inputs for conventional adaptive signal control systems. The thesis proposes various methodologies to: 1) estimate queues at signalized intersections; 2) dynamically estimate the saturation flow rate required for optimizing the timings of traffic signals at intersections; and 3) estimate the free flow speed on arterials for the purpose of optimizing offsets between traffic signals. This thesis has resulted in the following findings: 1. Connected vehicle data can be used to estimate the queue length at signalized intersections especially for the purpose of estimating the saturation flow rate. The vehicles' length information provided by connected vehicles can be used to enhance the queue estimation when the traffic composition changes on a network. 2. The proposed methodology for estimating the saturation flow rate is able to estimate temporally varying saturation flow rates in response to changing network conditions, including lane blockages and queue spillback that limit discharge rates, and do so with an acceptable range of errors even at low level of market penetration of connected vehicles. The evaluation of the method for a range of traffic Level of Service (LOS) shows that the maximum observed mean absolute relative error (6.2%) occurs at LOS F and when only 10% of vehicles in the traffic stream are connected vehicles. 3. The proposed method for estimating the Free Flow Speed (FFS) on arterial roads can provide estimations close to the known ground truth and can respond to changes in the FFS. The results also show that the maximum absolute error of approximately 4.7 km/h in the estimated FFS was observed at 10% market penetration rate of connected vehicles. 4. The results of an evaluation of an adaptive signal control system based on connected vehicle data in a microsimulation environment show that the adaptive signal control system is able to adjust timings of signals at intersections in response to changes in the saturation flow rate and free flow speed estimated from connected vehicle data using the proposed methodologies. The comparison of the adaptive signal control system against a fixed time control at 20% and 100% CV market penetration rates shows improvements in average vehicular delay and average number of stops at both market penetration rates and though improvements are larger for 100% CV LMP, approximately 70% of these improvements are achieved at 20% CV LMP.
Book Synopsis Traffic Signal Control at Connected Vehicle Equipped Intersections by : Zhitong Huang
Download or read book Traffic Signal Control at Connected Vehicle Equipped Intersections written by Zhitong Huang and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dissertation presents a connected vehicle based traffic signal control model (CVTSCM) for signalized arterials. The model addresses different levels of traffic congestion starting with the initial deployment of connected vehicle technologies focusing on two modules created in CVTSCM. For near/under-saturated intersections, an arterial-level traffic progression optimization model (ALTPOM) is being proposed. ALTPOM improves traffic progression by optimizing offsets for an entire signalized arterial simultaneously. To optimize these offsets, splits of coordinated intersections are first adjusted to balance predicted upcoming demands of all approaches at individual intersections. An open source traffic simulator was selected to implement and evaluate the performance of ALTPOM. The case studies’ field signal timing plans were coordinated and optimized using TRANSYT-7F as the benchmark. ALTPOM was implemented with connected vehicles penetration rates at 25% and 50%, ALTPOM significantly outperforms TRANSYT-7F with at least 26.0% reduction of control delay (sec/vehicle) and a 4.4% increase of throughput for both directions of major and minor streets. This technique differs from traditional traffic coordination which prioritizes major street traffic, and thereby generally results in degrading performance on minor streets. ALTPOM also provides smooth traffic progression for the coordinated direction with little impact on the opposite direction. The performance of ALTPOM improves as the penetration rate of connected vehicles increases. For saturated/oversaturated conditions, two queue length management based Active Traffic Management (ATM) strategies are proposed, analytically investigated, and experimentally validated. The first strategy distributes as much green time as possible for approaches with higher saturation discharge rate in order to reduce delay. For the second approach, green times are allocated to balance queue lengths of major and minor streets preventing queue spillback or gridlock. Both strategies were formulated initially using uniform arrival and departure, and then validated using field vehicle trajectory data. After validation of the modules, the effectiveness of CVTSCM is proven. Then, conclusions and recommendations for future researches are presented at the end.
Book Synopsis Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management by : Jiuping Xu
Download or read book Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management written by Jiuping Xu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-25 with total page 1752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings book is divided in 2 Volumes and 8 Parts. Part I is dedicated to Decision Support System, which is about the information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities; Part II is on Computing Methodology, which is always used to provide the most effective algorithm for numerical solutions of various modeling problems; Part III presents Information Technology, which is the application of computers to store, study, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, or information in the context of a business or other enterprise; Part IV is dedicated to Data Analysis, which is a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making; Part V presents papers on Operational Management, which is about the plan, organization, implementation and control of the operation process; Part VI is on Project Management, which is about the initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria at the specified time in the field of engineering; Part VII presents Green Supply Chain, which is about the management of the flow of goods and services based on the concept of “low-carbon”; Part VIII is focused on Industry Strategy Management, which refers to the decision-making and management art of an industry or organization in a long-term and long-term development direction, objectives, tasks and policies, as well as resource allocation.
Book Synopsis Operational and Safety Performance Assessment of Innovative Intersection and Interchange Designs in a Connected Vehicle Environment by : Mutasem Alzoubaidi
Download or read book Operational and Safety Performance Assessment of Innovative Intersection and Interchange Designs in a Connected Vehicle Environment written by Mutasem Alzoubaidi and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovative intersections and interchange designs is one strategy known to enhance the operational and safety performance of our roads. Innovative designs specifically lead to an improved signal progression and result in reduced travel times, delays, crash severities and frequencies. Connected Vehicle (CV) technology is another strategy that has enabled dozens of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications with the potential to bring major safety, mobility and environmental benefits. Many studies have focused on exploring each strategy when implemented solely. Therefore, one of the goals of this dissertation is studying the impacts and benefits of the combined implementation of the two strategies, while the other lies within developing a new innovative interchange design called the Continuous Green-T Partial Cloverleaf A (CGT-parclo A) and exploring its operational and safety aspects. A microsimulation approach was followed to achieve these goals.The results show that the combined implementation of CVs and innovative intersections has reduced travel times, and delays by nearly 65.3%, and 29.2%, respectively. Additionally, the total number of conflicts, rear-end and lane change conflicts dropped by nearly 23.8%, 23.6% and 24.4%, respectively at full Continuous Flow Intersections and 100% MPRThe CGT-parclo A exhibited superior operational performance to a multitude of interchange designs in most tested cases. The CGT-parclo A reduced travel times, and delays as high as 55.7%, and 69.8%, respectively, compared to the parclo A and parclo progressA. The CGT-parclo A is the best form of parclo A interchanges in terms of reducing the likelihoods, severities and frequencies of crashes.
Book Synopsis Next Generation Transit Signal Priority with Connected Vehicle Technology by : Jia Hu (Writer on transportation)
Download or read book Next Generation Transit Signal Priority with Connected Vehicle Technology written by Jia Hu (Writer on transportation) and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Operational Effectiveness of Connected Vehicle Smartphone Technology on a Signalized Corridor by : Festo Mjogolo
Download or read book Operational Effectiveness of Connected Vehicle Smartphone Technology on a Signalized Corridor written by Festo Mjogolo and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade, extensive research efforts have been placed on performance evaluation and the benefits of innovative CV applications. Findings indicate that CV technology can effectively mitigate the safety, mobility, and environmental challenges experienced on transportation networks. Most of research evaluated CV technology through simulation studies. However, a field study provides a more ideal method of assessing CV technology effectiveness. Therefore, a field study to obtain the actual effectiveness of CV technology was warranted, to validate previous findings, and to add to the body of knowledge surrounding this topic. This thesis presents both a field study and simulation evaluation of the effectiveness of CV smartphone technology on a 1.1 mile segment of State Road 121, containing five intersections, in Gainesville, Florida. Field observations were conducted using a CV application, developed by Connected Signals, Inc., that uses a smartphone application, called EnLighten, to communicate intersection information to driver's smartphone, which serves as a vehicle on-board unit. Traffic operation and safety performance was evaluated using start-up lost time, discharge distribution model, and speed harmonization. Findings show that the CV smartphone technology improved intersection performance with a reduction in start-up lost time of approximately 86%. Additionally, driving safety improved with a reduction in speed variability by nearly 61% between vehicles in a specific lane for a 100% CV penetration rate. Cost analyses of deploying CV smartphone technology indicate that implementation may result in an average total economic cost savings associated with crashes of nearly $6.8 million at the study site, and approximately $5.6 billion statewide. Findings of the simulation evaluation revealed that the CV technology improved performance of intersections operating at a Level of Service (LOS) B or better, compared to lower operating levels. Operational performance improved at intersections operating at a LOS C with a 30% to 60% CV penetration rate.
Book Synopsis Monitoring and Assessing Traffic Safety at Signalized Intersections Using Live Video Images by : Jidong Yang (Assistant professor)
Download or read book Monitoring and Assessing Traffic Safety at Signalized Intersections Using Live Video Images written by Jidong Yang (Assistant professor) and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Eco-traffic Signal System Based on Connected Vehicle Technology by : Anup Chitrakar
Download or read book An Eco-traffic Signal System Based on Connected Vehicle Technology written by Anup Chitrakar and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intelligent Transportation System uses Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. This technology is used for applications that intend to increase safety and to improve traffic management and operation. For the latter it promises applications with advanced features in order to reduce fuel consumption. This research presents the design and implementation of a system architecture, diverse algorithms, and communication methods of an Eco-Traffic Signal System. The application uses vehicle-to-infrastructure communications to control traffic light timing with the goal of avoiding unnecessary stops of heavy vehicles, which in turn results in energy savings. The architecture takes advantage of Basic Safety Messages in connected vehicle technology and executes an application inside of the Road Side Unit employed in future traffic intersections. This unit facilitates the necessary algorithms and communication support to instruct the traffic controller to manage signal timing. A proof of concept of the Eco-Traffic Signal System was implemented and its functionality was verified in field tests using commercial DSRC equipment.
Book Synopsis Advancing Connected Vehicle Technologies by Improving Vehicular Channel Model Accuracy and Safety Performance Measures by : Scott Carpenter
Download or read book Advancing Connected Vehicle Technologies by Improving Vehicular Channel Model Accuracy and Safety Performance Measures written by Scott Carpenter and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Connected Vehicle Corridor Deployment and Performance Measures for Assessment by : Howell Li
Download or read book Connected Vehicle Corridor Deployment and Performance Measures for Assessment written by Howell Li and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Traffic Signal Control in a Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Environment Considering Pedestrians by : Xiao Liang
Download or read book Traffic Signal Control in a Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Environment Considering Pedestrians written by Xiao Liang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic signals help to maintain order in urban traffic networks and reduce vehicle conflicts by dynamically assigning right-of-way to different vehicle movements. However, by temporarily stopping vehicle movements at regular intervals, traffic signals are a major source of urban congestion and cause increased vehicle delay, fuel consumption, and environmental pollution. Connected and Autonomous Vehicle technology may be utilized to optimize traffic operations at signalized intersections, since connected vehicles have the ability to communicate with the surrounding infrastructure and autonomous vehicles can follow the instructions from the signal or a central control system. Connected vehicle information received by a signal controller can be used to help adjust signal timings to tailor to the specific dynamic vehicle demand. Information about the signal timing plan can then be communicated back to the vehicles so that they can adjust their speeds/trajectories to further improve traffic operations. Based on a thorough literature review of existing studies in the area of signal control utilizing information from connected and autonomous vehicles, three research gaps are found: 1) application are limited to unrealistic intersection configurations; 2) methods are limited to a single mode; or, 3) methods only optimize the average value of measure of effectiveness while ignoring the distribution among vehicles. As a part of this dissertation, several methods will be proposed to increase computational efficiency of an existing CAV-based joint signal timing and vehicle trajectory optimization algorithm so that it can be applied to more realistic intersection settings without adding computational burden. Doing so requires the creation of new methods to accommodate features like multiple lanes on each approach, more than two approaches and turning maneuvers. Methods to incorporate human-driven cooperative vehicles and pedestrians are also proposed and tested. A more equitable traffic signal control method is also designed.
Book Synopsis Data Collection System and Analysis Methodology Development Using Radar-based Vehicle Detection Infrastructure by : Kelvin Roberto Santiago Chaparro
Download or read book Data Collection System and Analysis Methodology Development Using Radar-based Vehicle Detection Infrastructure written by Kelvin Roberto Santiago Chaparro and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in vehicle detection systems and signal controllers have produced actuated traffic signals that react to the presence of vehicles as well as adaptive traffic signal systems that predict vehicle arrivals to proactively adjust signal timings. However, one thing that has not changed over the years is the reliance on point-based data produced by loop activations or by alternative vehicle detection systems that emulate the behavior of loop detectors. Even when limited, point-based data remains the standard used by traffic engineers to measure or estimate volume, speed, density, occupancy, delay, and emissions among other performance measures. Microwave radar-based vehicle detection is one commercially-available technology used as an alternative for loop detectors. The Intersector"!is a radar-based vehicle detection system that continuously monitors the trajectory of vehicles within the range of the device while approaching an intersection. However, trajectory information which is composed of speed, position, and vehicle length is only used to communicate the presence of vehicles over a virtual loop to the signal controller. In other words, all trajectory information is constantly discarded. If collected, discarded trajectory data can be used to directly monitor performance measures by analyzing the full path followed by a vehicle and the corresponding speed profile. A software-based data collection system developed as part of this research capable of monitoring and logging vehicle trajectories which are constantly discarded by the Intersector"!is presented. Data collected from the system was used to directly monitor operational and safety performance measures. Data analysis procedures were developed to obtain turning movement counts, lane classifications, stopped delay, post-encroachment time, red light running statistics, and operational speeds. All procedures were written and implemented in the R programming language thus making the implementation of the procedures using low-cost hardware platforms intended for the internet of things (IOT) a possibility. The research presented represents a transformational shift in how performance measures are monitored at signalized intersections
Book Synopsis Real-time Prediction of Vehicle Locations in a Connected Vehicle Environment by : Noah J. Goodall
Download or read book Real-time Prediction of Vehicle Locations in a Connected Vehicle Environment written by Noah J. Goodall and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
