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Neuronal Identity From Fate Specification To Function
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Book Synopsis Neuronal Identity from Fate Specification to Function by : Nikolaos Konstantinides
Download or read book Neuronal Identity from Fate Specification to Function written by Nikolaos Konstantinides and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-02-02 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Determinants of Neuronal Identity by : Marty Shankland
Download or read book Determinants of Neuronal Identity written by Marty Shankland and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 559 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Determinants of Neuronal Identity brings together studies of a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms that highlight the determinants of neuronal identity. Emphasis of this book is on how neurons are generated; how their developmental identities are specified; and to what degree those identities can be subsequently modified to meet the changing needs of the organism. This book also considers various techniques used in the analysis of different organisms. This volume is comprised of 15 chapters; the first of which introduces the reader to the specification of neuronal identity in Caenorhabditis elegans. The discussion then turns to neurogenesis and segmental homology in the leech, as well as intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the development of Retzius neurons in the leech nervous system. Drosophila is discussed next, with particular reference to neuronal diversity in the embryonic central nervous system, cell choice and patterning in the retina, and development of the peripheral nervous system. Other chapters explore endocrine influences on the postembryonic fates of neurons during insect metamorphosis; neuron determination in the nervous system of Hydra and in the mammalian cerebral cortex; and segregation of cell lineage in the vertebrate neural crest. This book will help scientists and active researchers in synthesizing a conceptual framework for further studies of neuronal specification.
Book Synopsis Genomic Regulatory Systems by : Eric H. Davidson
Download or read book Genomic Regulatory Systems written by Eric H. Davidson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-01-24 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interaction between biology and evolution has been the subject of great interest in recent years. Because evolution is such a highly debated topic, a biologically oriented discussion will appeal not only to scientists and biologists but also to the interested lay person. This topic will always be a subject of controversy and therefore any breaking information regarding it is of great interest.The author is a recognized expert in the field of developmental biology and has been instrumental in elucidating the relationship between biology and evolution. The study of evolution is of interest to many different kinds of people and Genomic Regulatory Systems: In Development and Evolution is written at a level that is very easy to read and understand even for the nonscientist.* Contents Include* Regulatory Hardwiring: A Brief Overview of the Genomic Control Apparatus and Its Causal Role in Development and Evolution * Inside the Cis-Regulatory Module: Control Logic and How the Regulatory Environment Is Transduced into Spatial Patterns of Gene Expression* Regulation of Direct Cell-Type Specification in Early Development* The Secret of the Bilaterians: Abstract Regulatory Design in Building Adult Body Parts* Changes That Make New Forms: Gene Regulatory Systems and the Evolution of Body Plans
Book Synopsis Dissecting Neuronal Specification in the Drosophila Taste System by : Lisa Marie Dennison
Download or read book Dissecting Neuronal Specification in the Drosophila Taste System written by Lisa Marie Dennison and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Establishing a complex brain and nervous system requires a wide array of neurons with diverse forms, functions, and characteristics. Developing nervous systems employ many strategies to create this neuronal diversity, and these strategies remain the subject of ongoing investigations in developmental neuroscience. Neuronal diversity in the taste system of Drosophila melanogaster is important for the appropriate detection of chemosensory signals in the fly's environment. Drosophila can distinguish sweet substances, bitter compounds, pheromones, and pure water using distinct populations of taste neurons. The correct detection of such substances is critical for correct ingestion of nutritive foods, avoidance of toxins, recognition of appropriate mates, and hydration, all of which are essential for the survival and propagation of the fly. The first part of this thesis focuses on the developmental relationship between these classes of neurons and the signaling pathways used to diversify them. Mosaic analysis revealed at least two stereotyped lineages for taste neurons innervating bristles on the proboscis of the fly. Furthermore, mutant mosaic studies showed that Numb inheritance or lack thereof is necessary for correct cell fate decisions. The involvement of Numb strongly indicates that Notch signaling is the key player in establishing taste neuron diversity. The second part of this thesis describes an expression screen for transcription factors with specific expression patterns in subsets of taste neurons. The transcription factors activated in each cell type ultimately establish that cell's unique identity by activating expression of appropriate receptors, axon guidance cues, neurotransmitters, and more. The screen identified two transcription factors, knot and Lim3, with specific expression in bitter-sensing neurons. Results of loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies with each gene indicate that neither one alone is necessary or sufficient to specify the full bitter neuron fate, but it remains possible that each could play a role in subsets of the bitter neuron's identity not observed by these analyses.
Book Synopsis Electrical Activity and Cell Fate Specification in the Normal Developing Brain and in Neuropsychiatric Disease by : Georgia Panagiotakos
Download or read book Electrical Activity and Cell Fate Specification in the Normal Developing Brain and in Neuropsychiatric Disease written by Georgia Panagiotakos and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mutations in CACNA1C, the gene encoding the L-type voltage gated calcium channel (LTC) Cav1.2, have been associated with autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. In this thesis, I investigated the role of activity through the LTC Cav1.2 on the generation of excitatory projection neurons in the developing cortex. LTCs such as Cav1.2 convert electrical activity into calcium signals that activate programs of gene expression in the developing nervous system. A gain of function mutation in an alternatively spliced exon of Cav1.2 causes Timothy Syndrome (TS), a multisystemic disorder characterized by cardiac arrhythmias and autism. Using an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) platform, our lab previously reported that neurons from TS patients have altered gene expression suggesting a change in the abundance and laminar identity of early-born cortical projection neurons. As part of my thesis work, I demonstrated that Cav1.2 is expressed in the developing cortex in the mouse and human brain, and that GABA depolarization-induced calcium rises in NPCs and immature neurons can be completely blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of LTCs. I then found that splicing of Cav1.2 is dynamically regulated during mouse embryonic brain development and in human iPSC-derived cells. The exon containing the TS mutation is predominantly expressed in immature cells, and the TS mutation causes subtle alterations in Cav1.2 mRNA splicing, resulting in overabundance of the mutant exon in Cav1.2 transcripts. Through a series of in utero electroporation experiments mimicking TS, I found that over-expressing TS or wild type Cav1.2 in vivo recapitulates the differentiation defects reflected by our gene expression studies in iPSC-derived TS neurons, resulting in reduced SATB2-expressing putative callosally projecting neurons and increased CTIP2-expressing subcortically projecting cells. Over-expressing a channel that cannot carry calcium eliminates this effect, supporting the idea that excess calcium signaling may underlie differentiation defects observed in TS patient cells. In utero loss of function of Cav1.2 has the opposite effect, resulting in an overabundance of SATB2-expressing cells in the cortical plate. In a collaborative project exploring another genetically defined form of autism caused by deletion of the 16p11.2 genomic locus, we also observed a reduction in SATB2-expressing cells, suggesting the possibility of common cortical differentiation defects across ASDs. Together, this work indicates that altered expression of Cav1.2 can bidirectionally regulate the differentiation of early-born cortical projection neurons and seeds the idea that the abundance of SATB2 and CTIP2-expressing cells may be a point of convergence for multiple psychiatric disorders.
Book Synopsis Defining Neuronal Identity Using MicroRNA-mediated Reprogramming by : Matthew J. McCoy
Download or read book Defining Neuronal Identity Using MicroRNA-mediated Reprogramming written by Matthew J. McCoy and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cell fate reprogramming is transforming our understanding of the establishment and maintenance of cellular identity. In addition, reprogramming holds great promise to model diseases affecting cell types that are prohibitively difficult to study, such as human neurons. Overexpression of the brain-enriched microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-9/9* and miR-124 (miR-9/9*-124) results in reprogramming human somatic cells into neurons and has recently been used to generate specific neuronal subtypes affected in neurodegenerative disorders. However, the mechanisms governing the ability of miR-9/9*-124 to generate alternative subtypes of neurons remained unknown. In this thesis, I report that overexpressing miR-9/9*-124 triggers reconfiguration of chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and mRNA expression to induce a default neuronal state. MiR-9/9*-124-induced neurons (miNs) are functionally excitable and are uncommitted towards specific subtypes yet possess open chromatin at neuronal subtype-specific loci, suggesting such identity can be imparted by additional lineage-specific transcription factors. Consistently, we show ISL1 and LHX3 selectively drive conversion to a highly homogenous population of human spinal cord motor neurons. This work shows that modular synergism between miRNAs and neuronal subtype-specific transcription factors can drive lineage-specific neuronal reprogramming, thereby providing a general platform for high-efficiency generation of distinct subtypes of human neurons. Since many neurodegenerative diseases occur after development, modeling them requires reprogramming methods capable of generating functionally mature neurons. However, few robust molecular hallmarks existed to identify such neurons, or to compare efficiencies between reprogramming methods. Recent studies demonstrated that active long genes (>100 kb from transcription start to end) are highly enriched in neurons, which provided an opportunity to identify neurons based on the expression of these long genes. We therefore worked to develop an R package, LONGO, to analyze gene expression based on gene length. We developed a systematic analysis of long gene expression (LGE) in RNA-seq or microarray data to enable validation of neuronal identity at the single-cell and population levels. By combining this conceptual advancement and statistical tool in a user-friendly and interactive software package, we intended to encourage and simplify further investigation into LGE, particularly as it applies to validating and improving neuronal differentiation and reprogramming methodologies. Using this tool, I found by single-cell RNA sequencing that microRNA-mediated neuronal reprogramming of human adult fibroblasts yields a homogenous population of mature neurons, and that LGE distinguishes mature from immature neurons. I found that LGE correlates with expression of neuronal subunits of the Swi/Snf-like (BAF) chromatin remodeling complex, such as ACTL6B/BAF53b. Finally, I found that the loss of a functional neuronal BAF complex, as well as chemical inhibition of topoisomerase I, decreases LGE and reduces spontaneous electrical activity. Together, these results provide mechanistic insights into microRNA-mediated neuronal reprogramming, and demonstrate a transcriptomic feature of functionally mature neurons.
Book Synopsis Development of Neural Circuitry by :
Download or read book Development of Neural Circuitry written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-05-07 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nervous system is highly complex both in its structural order and in its ability to perform the many functions required for survival and interaction with the environment; understanding how it develops has proven to be one of the greatest challenges in biology. Such precision demands that key events at every developmental stage are executed properly and are coordinated to produce the circuitry underlying each of the adult nervous system's functions. This volume describes the latest research on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neural circuitry development, while providing researchers with a one-stop overview and synthesis of contemporary thought in the area. Reviews current research findings on the development of neural circuitry, providing researchers with an overview and synthesis of the latest contemporary thought in the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of neural circuitry Includes chapters discussing topics such as the guidance of nerve growth and the formation of plasticity of synapses, helping researchers better understand underlying mechanisms of neural circuit development and maintenance that may play a role in such human diseases/conditions as depression, anxiety, and pain Chapters make use of a variety of human and animal models, allowing researchers to compare and contrast neural circuitry development across a wide spectrum of models
Download or read book Developmental Timing written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-09-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new volume of Current Topics in Developmental Biology covers developmental timing, with contributions from an international board of authors. The chapters provide a comprehensive set of reviews covering such topics as the timing of developmental programs in Drosophila, temporal patterning of neural progenitors, and environmental modulation of developmental timing.
Download or read book Motor Neurons written by Natalia Szejko and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2024-06-19 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders associated with the degradation of the upper (UMN) or lower motor neurons (LMN) or both. They encompass amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), spinobulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP), and others. MND patients present with a wide variety of clinical symptoms, including muscular weakness, atrophy, and corticospinal tract signs in diverse combinations. Over recent years, considerable collaborative efforts have been made to unravel the underlying pathophysiology of MNDs and find novel therapeutic interventions. With this book, we aim to provide both professionals and the general public with an outline of the latest scientific advances regarding the genetics, pathophysiology, diagnostics, and treatment options for MNDs. Researchers from different parts of the world have contributed to this volume in order to create a comprehensive multidisciplinary overview of the topics.
Book Synopsis Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Neural Development by : W. Maxwell Cowan
Download or read book Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Neural Development written by W. Maxwell Cowan and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1997 with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text provides a broad but authoritative view of the cellular and molecular aspects of developmental neurobiology written by leaders in the field.
Book Synopsis Principles of Developmental Genetics by : Sally A. Moody
Download or read book Principles of Developmental Genetics written by Sally A. Moody and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-09-02 with total page 773 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing expert coverage of all major events in early embryogenesis and the organogenesis of specific systems, and supplemented with representative clinical syndromes, Principles of Developmental Genetics, Second Edition discusses the processes of normal development in embryonic and prenatal animals, including humans. The new edition of this classic work supports clinical researchers developing future therapies with its all-new coverage of systems biology, stem cell biology, new technologies, and clinical disorders. A crystal-clear layout, exceptional full-color design, and bulleted summaries of major takeaways and clinical pathways assist comprehension and readability of the highly complex content. All-new coverage of systems biology and stem cell biology in context of evolving technologies places the work squarely on the modern sciences Chapters are complemented with a bulleted summary for easy digestion of the major points, with a clinical summary for therapeutic application Clinical highlights provides a bridge between basic developmental biology and clinical sciences in embryonic and prenatal syndromes
Book Synopsis Handbook of Stem Cells by : Robert Paul Lanza
Download or read book Handbook of Stem Cells written by Robert Paul Lanza and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2004 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accompanying CD-ROM (in v. 2) has image collections which can be saved in PowerPoint or HTML.
Book Synopsis Nature and Nurture by : Julia Cronin
Download or read book Nature and Nurture written by Julia Cronin and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cell Type Diversity in the Nervous System: From Genes to Function by : Miao He
Download or read book Cell Type Diversity in the Nervous System: From Genes to Function written by Miao He and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-04 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Zebrafish: Cellular and Developmental Biology by :
Download or read book The Zebrafish: Cellular and Developmental Biology written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-12-07 with total page 655 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of Methods in Cell Biology, the first of two parts on the subject of zebrafish, provides a comprehensive compendia of laboratory protocols and reviews covering all the new methods developed since 1999. This first volume provides state-of-the-art descriptions of novel cellular imaging technologies and methods for culture of zebrafish stem cells, summarizes protocols for analyzingthe development of major organ systems including the central nervous system (CNS), and introduces the use of the zebrafish as a model system for human diseases. - Details state-of-the art zebrafish protocols, delineating critical steps in the procedures as well as potential pitfalls - Illustrates many techiques in full-color - Summarizes the Zebrafish Genome Project
Book Synopsis Stem Cells in the Nervous System: Functional and Clinical Implications by : Fred H. Gage
Download or read book Stem Cells in the Nervous System: Functional and Clinical Implications written by Fred H. Gage and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After 40 years of research, scientists have confirmed that persistent neurogenesis occurs in the adult mammalian brain. The obvious next question is: "Are the newly generated neurons functional?" If so, "What are the functions of these new neurons?" This volume intends to clarify both questions by providing the latest data available.
Book Synopsis Transcription Factors in the Nervous System by : Gerald Thiel
Download or read book Transcription Factors in the Nervous System written by Gerald Thiel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-05-12 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first book to cover neural development, neuronal survival and function on the genetic level outlines promising approaches for novel therapeutic strategies in fighting neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Focusing on transcription factors, the text is clearly divided into three sections devoted to transcriptional control of neural development, brain function and transcriptional dysregulation induced neurological diseases. With a chapter written by Nobel laureate Eric Kandel, this is essential reading for neurobiologists, geneticists, biochemists, cell biologists, neurochemists and molecular biologists.
