Neuroimmune Interactions in Pain

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031292316
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuroimmune Interactions in Pain by : Ru-Rong Ji

Download or read book Neuroimmune Interactions in Pain written by Ru-Rong Ji and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-05-05 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As lifespans increase, more people around the world find themselves victims of chronic pain. In spite of this, treatment options continue to be severely limited. Anti-inflammatory drugs can only do so much, while painkillers like opioids have led to crippling addictions and fatal overdoses. The subject of the book is the role of immune cells, including glial cells, and neuroimmune interactions in chronic pain. The book begins by examining the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the involvement of non-neuronal cells in chronic pain. It discusses the interactions between non-neuronal cells and neurons in the regulation of chronic pain. It then presents the implications of these findings, including promising and emerging treatments such as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs, such as resolvins and protectins), immune cell therapy, and complementary and alternative medicine, as well as neuromodulation and regenerative medicine, which may prove to be the turning point for hundreds of millions of patients world-wide who struggle to escape from the shadow of chronic pain. The book presents ground-breaking research that will alter current perspectives on chronic pain.

Pain and Neuroimmune Interactions

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461542251
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Pain and Neuroimmune Interactions by : Nayef E. Saadé

Download or read book Pain and Neuroimmune Interactions written by Nayef E. Saadé and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For those of us involved in research on the neural mechanisms that relate tissue damage to pain. it is becoming more evident that the sensation of pain and suffering could be considered as part of a mechanism that involves not only sizeable areas in the brain but also simultaneous activations of the immune and the endocrine systems as well. A consensus is growing among specialists in the field that pain involves the sharing of molecular mechanisms between the nervous, immune and endocrine systems that can interact at peripheral and, ultimately, central levels. Furthermore, chronic pain could then be looked upon as a corollary of the imbalance in the cross talk between these systems, which could lead to new treatment strategies. The aim of this book is not to deal with acute pain that serves as an alarm signal, but to attempt to explain the molecular mechanisms of chronic pains considered as a multifactorial syndrome or disease.

Distinct Neuroimmune Interactions in Acute Inflammatory Pain and Persistent Neuropathic Pain

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 572 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (827 download)

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Book Synopsis Distinct Neuroimmune Interactions in Acute Inflammatory Pain and Persistent Neuropathic Pain by : Sarah Marie Sweitzer

Download or read book Distinct Neuroimmune Interactions in Acute Inflammatory Pain and Persistent Neuropathic Pain written by Sarah Marie Sweitzer and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Novel Neuroimmune Interactions in the Context of Neuropathic Pain and Anti-inflammatory Modulation with Transforming Growth Factor-[beta]1

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (922 download)

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Book Synopsis Novel Neuroimmune Interactions in the Context of Neuropathic Pain and Anti-inflammatory Modulation with Transforming Growth Factor-[beta]1 by : Estefania Echeverry Castano

Download or read book Novel Neuroimmune Interactions in the Context of Neuropathic Pain and Anti-inflammatory Modulation with Transforming Growth Factor-[beta]1 written by Estefania Echeverry Castano and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Neuropathic pain is a debilitating problem affecting millions of people worldwide. This condition affects the quality of life and bears a substantial economic burden on society. Current drug treatments are often inadequate to treat this type of chronic pain, as they provide limited relief and are often accompanied with many undesired and difficult to manage side effects. It is imperative thus, to find new treatments that target alternative mechanisms from the currently approved drugs.The pathogenesis of neuropathic pain is very complex and involves structural, physiological and pharmacological changes throughout the neural axis (from the site of peripheral nerve injury to the spinal cord/brain). While a neuron-centric view has dominated the literature for decades and the way we approach neuropathic pain treatment, recent work has uncovered extensive neuroimmune interactions as substrates of this condition. Interactions between the immune and nervous systems occur at multiple levels, where different types of immune/glial cells and immune-derived substances are implicated in various stages of the pathogenesis. The four experimental chapters contained in this dissertation are in line with this recent recognition of the importance of neuroimmune mechanisms in neuropathic pain. In the work presented here, we sought to unravel novel neuroinflammatory mechanisms driving the aberrant pain condition in both the spinal cord and the peripheral nerve as well as to investigate the role of a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, TGF-[beta]1, as a potential modulator of these mechanisms. Several important mechanisms have been observed: A) Modulation of the central and peripheral inflammatory reaction with TGF-[beta]1 significantly delays and attenuates mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia via immunosuppressive actions on glial cells (Chapter 2) and macrophages (Chapter 3). In the spinal cord TGF-[beta]1 inhibits microglial proliferation, astrocytic activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and exerts neuroprotective effects resulting in a decrease in the production of MCP-1. At the site of the injury, exposure to TGF-[beta]1 reduces the number of macrophages, which release pro-inflammatory mediators, and modulates different populations of T-cells. B) In chapter 4 we demonstrate that sciatic nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain is associated with an increased permeability of the blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB). We observed that the spinal inflammatory reaction triggered by nerve injury is a key player in modulating this BSCB impairment. We identified MCP-1 as an endogenous trigger of BSCB leakage, which could be reversed using anti-inflammatory molecules TGF-[beta]1 and IL-10. C) Selective depletion of microglia with MAC-1-saporin results in impairment of mechanical and thermal hypersensitivities at both acute and chronic stages following nerve injury suggesting an important and persistent contribution of microglia in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. These results expand our understanding of the neuro-inflammatory mechanisms of neuropathic pain as well as propose that immunosuppression or blockade of the reciprocal signalling pathways between neuronal and non-neuronal cells offer new opportunities for disease modification and more successful management of pain. " --

Neuroimmune Interface in Health and Diseases

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Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889453782
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuroimmune Interface in Health and Diseases by : Ihssane Zouikr

Download or read book Neuroimmune Interface in Health and Diseases written by Ihssane Zouikr and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-12-06 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is now well appreciated that the immune system, in addition to its traditional role in defending the organism against pathogens, communicate in a well-organized fashion with the brain to maintain homeostasis and regulate a set of neural functions. Perturbation in this brain-immune interactions due to inflammatory responses may lead to psychiatric and neurological disorders. Microglia are one of the essential cells involved in the brain-immune interactions. Microglial cells are now not simply regarded as resident tissue macrophages in the brain. These cells are derived from myeloid progenitor cells in the yolk sac in early gestation, travel to the brain parenchyma and interact actively with neurons during the critical period of neurogenesis. Microglia provide a trophic support to developing neurons and take part in the neural wiring through the activity-dependent synapse elimination via direct neuron-microglia interactions. Altered microglial functions including changes in the gene expression due to early life inflammatory events or psychological and environmental stressors can be causally related to neurodevelopmental diseases and mental health disorders. This type of alterations in the neural functions can occur in the absence of infiltration of inflammatory cells in the brain parenchyma or leptomeninges. In this sense, the pathogenetic state underlying a significant part of psychiatric and neurological diseases may be similar to “para-inflammation”, an intermediate state between homeostatic and classical inflammatory states as defined by Ruslan Medzhitov (Nature 454:428-35, 2008). Therefore, it is important to study how systemic inflammation affects brain health and how local peripheral inflammation induces changes in the brain microenvironment. Chronic pain is also induced by disturbance in otherwise well-organized multisystem interplay comprising of reciprocal neural, endocrine and immune interactions. Especially, early-life insults including exposure to immune challenges can alter the neuroanatomical components of nociception, which induces altered pain response later in life. Recently the discrete roles of microglia and blood monocyte-derived macrophages are being defined. The distinction may be further highlighted by disorders in which the brain parenchymal tissue is damaged. Therefore, studies investigating the dynamics of immune cells in traumatic brain injury and neurotropic viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus, etc. as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are promising to clarify the interplay between the central nervous and immune systems. The understanding of the histological architecture providing the infrastructure of such neuro-immune interplay is also essential. This Frontiers research topic brings together fourteen articles and aims to create a platform for researchers in the field of psychoneuroimmunology to share the recent theories, hypotheses and future perspectives regarding open questions on the mechanisms of cell-cell interactions with chemical mediators among the nervous, immune and endocrine systems. We hope that this platform would reveal the relevance of the studies on multisystem interactions to enhance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Neuroimmune Interactions in Neuropathic Pain

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuroimmune Interactions in Neuropathic Pain by : Laura Casals Díaz

Download or read book Neuroimmune Interactions in Neuropathic Pain written by Laura Casals Díaz and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cytokines and Pain

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3034887493
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

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Book Synopsis Cytokines and Pain by : L.R. Watkins

Download or read book Cytokines and Pain written by L.R. Watkins and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-03-08 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the past few years, it has become recognized that the immune system communicates to the brain. Substances released from activated immune cells (cytokines) stimulate peripheral nerves, thereby signaling the brain and spinal cord that infection/inflammation has occurred. Additionally, peripheral infection/inflammation leads to de novo synthesis and release of cytokines within the brain and spinal cord. Thus, cytokines effect neural activation both peripherally and centrally. Through this communication pathway, cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor markedly alter brain function, physiology and behavior. One important but underrecognized aspect of this communication is the dramatic impact that immune activation has on pain modulation. The purpose of this book is to examine, for the first time, immune-to-brain communication from the viewpoint of its effect on pain processing. It is aimed both at the basic scientist and health care providers, in order to clarify the major role that substances released by immune cells play in pain modulation. This book contains chapters contributed by all of the major laboratories focused on understanding how cytokines modulate pain. These chapters provide a unique vantage point from which to examine this question, as the summarized work ranges from evolutionary approaches across diverse species, to the basics of the immune response, to the effect of cytokines on peripheral and central nervous system sites, to therapeutic potential in humans.

Neuro-Immune Interactions in Inflammation and Autoimmunity

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Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889455335
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuro-Immune Interactions in Inflammation and Autoimmunity by : Valentin A. Pavlov

Download or read book Neuro-Immune Interactions in Inflammation and Autoimmunity written by Valentin A. Pavlov and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-07-24 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of immunity and inflammation. On the other hand unbalanced immune responses in inflammatory and autoimmune conditions may have a deleterious impact on neuronal integrity and brain function. Recent studies have characterized neural pathways communicating peripheral inflammatory signals to the CNS, and brain- and spinal cord-derived circuitries controlling various innate and adaptive immune responses and inflammation. A prototypical neural reflex circuit that regulates immunity and inflammation is the vagus nerve-based “inflammatory reflex”. Ongoing research has revealed cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these neural circuits and indicated new therapeutic approaches in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Pharmacological and bioelectronic modulation of neural circuitry has been successfully explored in preclinical settings of sepsis, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity-driven disorders, diabetes and other diseases. These studies paved the way to successful clinical trials with bioelectronic neuronal modulation in rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Dysregulated release of cytokines and other inflammatory molecules may have a severe impact on brain function. Brain inflammation (neuroinflammation), imbalances in brain neuronal integrity and neurotransmitter systems, and cognitive impairment are characteristic features of post-operative conditions, sepsis, liver diseases, diabetes and other disorders characterized by immune and metabolic dysregulation. Derangements in cytokine release also play a pivotal role in depression. Characteristic brain reactive antibodies in autoimmune conditions, including systemic lupus erythematosus and neuromyelitis optica, significantly contribute to brain pathology and cognitive impairment. These studies, and the simultaneous characterization of neuro-protective cytokines, identified new therapeutic approaches for treating neurological complications in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. This Frontiers Research Topic is a forum for publishing research findings and methodological and conceptual advances at the intersection of immunology and neuroscience. We hope that presenting new insight into bi-directional neuro-immune communication in inflammation and autoimmunity will foster further collaborations and facilitate the development of new efficient therapeutic strategies.

An Introduction to Pain and its relation to Nervous System Disorders

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118455975
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to Pain and its relation to Nervous System Disorders by : Anna A. Battaglia

Download or read book An Introduction to Pain and its relation to Nervous System Disorders written by Anna A. Battaglia and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-05-02 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Pain and its relation to Nervous System Disorders provides an accessible overview of the latest developments in the science underpinning pain research, including, but not limited to, the physiological, pathological and psychological aspects. This unique book fills a gap in current literature by focussing on the intricate relationship between pain and human nervous system disorders such as Autism, Alzheimer Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Depression and Multiple Sclerosis. This fully illustrated, colour handbook will help non-experts, including advanced undergraduate and new postgraduate students, become familiar with the current, wide-ranging areas of research that cover every aspect of the field from chronic and inflammatory pain to neuropathic pain and biopsychosocial models of pain, functional imaging and genetics. Contributions from leading experts in neuroscience and psychiatry provide both factual information and critical points of view on their approach and the theoretical framework behind their choices. An appreciation of the strengths and weaknesses of brain imaging technology applied to pain research in humans provides the tools required to understand current cutting edge literature on the topic. Chapters covering placebo effects in analgesia and the psychology of pain give a thorough overview of cognitive, psychological and social influences on pain perception. Sections exploring pain in the lifecycle and in relation to nervous system disorders take particular relevance from a clinical point of view. Furthermore, an intellectually stimulating chapter analysing the co-morbidity of pain and depression provides a philosophical angle rarely presented in related handbooks. The references to external research databases and relevant websites aim to prompt readers to become critical and independent thinkers, and motivate them to carry out further reading on these topics. Introduction to Pain and its relation to Nervous System Disorders is essential reading for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in neuroscience, medical and biomedical sciences, as well as for clinical and medical healthcare professionals involved in pain management.

Comorbidity of Mental and Physical Disorders

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Author :
Publisher : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN 13 : 3318026042
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Comorbidity of Mental and Physical Disorders by : N. Sartorius

Download or read book Comorbidity of Mental and Physical Disorders written by N. Sartorius and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2014-11-26 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication presents evidence about the magnitude and severe consequences of comorbidity of mental and physical illnesses from a personal and societal perspective. Leading experts address the huge burden of co-morbidity to the affected individual as well as the public health aspects, the costs to society and interaction with factors stemming from the context of socioeconomic developments. The authors discuss the clinical challenge of managing cardiovascular illnesses, cancer, infectious diseases and other physical illness when they occur with a range of mental and behavioral disorders, including substance abuse, eating disorders and anxiety. Also covered are the organization of health services, the training of different categories of health personnel and the multidisciplinary engagement necessary to prevent and manage comorbidity effectively. The book is essential reading for general practitioners, internists, public health specialists, psychiatrists, cardiologists, oncologists, medical educationalists and other health care professionals.

Investigation of Peripheral and Central Neuro-immune Interactions in the Pharmacological Intervention of Chronic Pain Treatment

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (785 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigation of Peripheral and Central Neuro-immune Interactions in the Pharmacological Intervention of Chronic Pain Treatment by : Thao Nguyen

Download or read book Investigation of Peripheral and Central Neuro-immune Interactions in the Pharmacological Intervention of Chronic Pain Treatment written by Thao Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Neuroimmune Contributions to Pain Development After Spinal Cord Injury

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuroimmune Contributions to Pain Development After Spinal Cord Injury by : Soha J. Chhaya

Download or read book Neuroimmune Contributions to Pain Development After Spinal Cord Injury written by Soha J. Chhaya and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spinal cord injury (SCI) damages sensory systems and causes chronic, intractable neuropathic pain. Inflammation in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in response to SCI may contribute to nociceptor dysfunction and pain development. Little is known of the immune signaling events that transpire in the DRG after SCI that could induce pathological changes in the nociceptor and drive pain. This body of work examined the role of macrophages in the DRG in the development of neuropathic pain after SCI. Macrophages were found to infiltrate the DRG early after SCI, in response to the rapid but transient elevation of a chemokine and macrophage chemoattractant, CCL2. The magnitude of increase in CCL2 differed in rats with similar injuries, and affected the inflammatory nature of the macrophage response. After pain establishment, macrophage presence was exacerbated in rats with SCI that develop pain, and DRG immune environment was found to be pro-inflammatory. Inhibiting the CCL2-mediated macrophage response prior to pain development induced pain rather than preventing it, and this was found to be due to a decrease in pro- as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines and macrophages. These studies serve as a basis for ongoing work exploring the effect of macrophage phenotype and secretome on pathological nociceptor dysfunction. Understanding the neuroimmune interactions between macrophages and nociceptors in the DRG may lead to the development of pain preventative and pain modulatory therapies.

Itch and Pain

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Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1975153057
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (751 download)

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Book Synopsis Itch and Pain by : Gil Yosipovitch

Download or read book Itch and Pain written by Gil Yosipovitch and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2020-03-20 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing for the first time a comprehensive overview of the common and different pathways and mechanisms of itch and pain, this unique title explores these two distinct and still somehow similar sensory experiences and utilize the cross-fertilization between the two fields to develop better treatments for patients. Itch and Pain: Similarities, Interactions and Differences is the only available, up-to-date guide to current information in this important area, ideal for basic scientists as well as clinicians in dermatology, pain, neurology, medicine, psychology, or other specialties.

Acute Pain Management

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521874912
Total Pages : 729 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (218 download)

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Book Synopsis Acute Pain Management by : Raymond S. Sinatra

Download or read book Acute Pain Management written by Raymond S. Sinatra and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-04-27 with total page 729 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook provides an overview of pain management useful to specialists as well as non-specialists, surgeons, and nursing staff.

The Oxford Handbook of the Neurobiology of Pain

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190860502
Total Pages : 939 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of the Neurobiology of Pain by : John N. Wood

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of the Neurobiology of Pain written by John N. Wood and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020 with total page 939 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online.

Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic

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Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309459575
Total Pages : 483 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-09-28 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drug overdose, driven largely by overdose related to the use of opioids, is now the leading cause of unintentional injury death in the United States. The ongoing opioid crisis lies at the intersection of two public health challenges: reducing the burden of suffering from pain and containing the rising toll of the harms that can arise from the use of opioid medications. Chronic pain and opioid use disorder both represent complex human conditions affecting millions of Americans and causing untold disability and loss of function. In the context of the growing opioid problem, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched an Opioids Action Plan in early 2016. As part of this plan, the FDA asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to update the state of the science on pain research, care, and education and to identify actions the FDA and others can take to respond to the opioid epidemic, with a particular focus on informing FDA's development of a formal method for incorporating individual and societal considerations into its risk-benefit framework for opioid approval and monitoring.

Neuroimmune Interface in Health and Diseases

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (136 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuroimmune Interface in Health and Diseases by :

Download or read book Neuroimmune Interface in Health and Diseases written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is now well appreciated that the immune system, in addition to its traditional role in defending the organism against pathogens, communicate in a well-organized fashion with the brain to maintain homeostasis and regulate a set of neural functions. Perturbation in this brain-immune interactions due to inflammatory responses may lead to psychiatric and neurological disorders. Microglia are one of the essential cells involved in the brain-immune interactions. Microglial cells are now not simply regarded as resident tissue macrophages in the brain. These cells are derived from myeloid progenitor cells in the yolk sac in early gestation, travel to the brain parenchyma and interact actively with neurons during the critical period of neurogenesis. Microglia provide a trophic support to developing neurons and take part in the neural wiring through the activity-dependent synapse elimination via direct neuron-microglia interactions. Altered microglial functions including changes in the gene expression due to early life inflammatory events or psychological and environmental stressors can be causally related to neurodevelopmental diseases and mental health disorders. This type of alterations in the neural functions can occur in the absence of infiltration of inflammatory cells in the brain parenchyma or leptomeninges. In this sense, the pathogenetic state underlying a significant part of psychiatric and neurological diseases may be similar to "para-inflammation", an intermediate state between homeostatic and classical inflammatory states as defined by Ruslan Medzhitov (Nature 454:428-35, 2008). Therefore, it is important to study how systemic inflammation affects brain health and how local peripheral inflammation induces changes in the brain microenvironment. Chronic pain is also induced by disturbance in otherwise well-organized multisystem interplay comprising of reciprocal neural, endocrine and immune interactions. Especially, early-life insults including exposure to immune challenges can alter the neuroanatomical components of nociception, which induces altered pain response later in life. Recently the discrete roles of microglia and blood monocyte-derived macrophages are being defined. The distinction may be further highlighted by disorders in which the brain parenchymal tissue is damaged. Therefore, studies investigating the dynamics of immune cells in traumatic brain injury and neurotropic viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus, etc. as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are promising to clarify the interplay between the central nervous and immune systems. The understanding of the histological architecture providing the infrastructure of such neuro-immune interplay is also essential. This Frontiers research topic brings together fourteen articles and aims to create a platform for researchers in the field of psychoneuroimmunology to share the recent theories, hypotheses and future perspectives regarding open questions on the mechanisms of cell-cell interactions with chemical mediators among the nervous, immune and endocrine systems. We hope that this platform would reveal the relevance of the studies on multisystem interactions to enhance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.