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Neural Mechanisms Underlying Spatial Navigation And Memory
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Book Synopsis Neural Mechanisms Underlying Spatial Navigation and Memory by : Caitlin Sierra Mallory
Download or read book Neural Mechanisms Underlying Spatial Navigation and Memory written by Caitlin Sierra Mallory and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An animal's survival depends intimately on its ability to navigate the environment. While the neural processes underlying spatial navigation have long intrigued scientists, only recently have we begun to understand how external sensory inputs are integrated into a mental representation of space. In the first of three sections in this thesis, I introduce two of the main classes of cells fundamental to generating this internal map: 'place cells' in the hippocampus and 'grid cells' in the medial entorhinal cortex. The discoveries of each cell type brought about experimental and computational efforts to uncover the mechanisms underlying their precise spatial coding. In the first section of Chapter 1, I review recent discoveries into the mechanisms governing the formation of place cells, while focusing in particular on the role of input from grid cells to provide background for my main experimental project, detailed in Chapter 2. Additionally, I hope to bring a new perspective into discussions of place cell formation by highlighting how newly discovered heterogeneity in the genetic profiles, biophysical properties and connectivity of hippocampal pyramidal neurons supports place cells' diverse functional coding properties. I then describe the prevailing model of grid cell formation and recent experimental manipulations probing the role of grid cells in behavior to provide context for the insights into these topics uncovered by my own experimental findings. Chapter 2 contains the primary research project that I conducted during my Doctoral training. This work involves several components, each of which make new contributions to the topics outlined above. First, using a combination of electrophysiological recordings and a viral-mediated knockout strategy, I determined that the scale of grid cell representations is modulated by HCN1 channels in the entorhinal cortex. This discovery has key implications for models of grid cell formation. Moreover, it afforded me the unique opportunity to investigate the roles of grid scale in downstream hippocampal place coding and spatial memory. I found that specifically increasing grid scale leads to parallel increase in the scale of place cell representations. While prominent models of place cell formation had long predicted this result, demonstrating it conclusively was only made possible by the discovery of a means to alter grid scale without impacting other types of spatially modulated cells. Surprisingly, increasing grid scale also reduced the long-term stability of place maps. In this chapter I describe the results from a computational model that we developed to help explain mechanistically how grid scale may play this unexpected role. I also describe the impact of increasing grid and place representations on a behavioral task requiring the formation of new place memories across days. Lastly, in a final section (Chapter 3), I discuss insights gained from my experimental findings and future directions that arise from the work presented in this dissertation.
Book Synopsis Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Navigation and Memory by : Jonathan F. Miller
Download or read book Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Navigation and Memory written by Jonathan F. Miller and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability to navigate our environment is a vital skill for numerous species, including humans. How does the brain encode external space to allow for accurate navigation? Moreover, as we move through the world, how do we keep track of where specific events occur? Based on decades of research in rodents, we know that the hippocampus contains place cells that code for particular locations in the environment, and based on decades of work in humans, we know that the hippocampus is crucial for episodic memory function. The goal of this thesis is to study how the human brain simultaneously supports spatial navigation and episodic memory by analyzing intracranially recorded neural activity from participants performing virtual spatial memory tasks. In my first study, I investigated whether the neural representation of space formed by the place cell population code in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) becomes integrated with a broader memory signal. I found that place cells in human MTL act as a mechanism for memories to become linked to the location where they occurred, suggesting that the neural system underlying spatial navigation and the neural system underlying memory function are not as distinct as once thought. In my next study, I investigated whether anatomical subregions of the human MTL, specifically the entorhinal cortex (EC) and the hippocampus, differ in the type of spatial information that they are selective to, which has been shown to be true in rodents. I discovered a new type of cell in the human EC called path equivalent cells that provides a metric of distance relative to an environment's geometry, unlike hippocampal place cells that only fire at specific locations. This finding helps to bring our understanding of how space is represented in the human brain closer to our more in depth understanding of spatial representations in the rodent brain. In my final study, I investigated how oscillatory activity in the human hippocampus is modulated by movement through the environment. In rodents, the theta oscillation (4--8 Hz) is closely linked to voluntary movement through space and is an integral component for many rodent derived theories of MTL function. I found that functionally analogous signals in human hippocampus appeared at lower frequencies than in rodents, suggesting that these theories may require modification before they can be broadly applied to other species. Taken together, my work helps to reconcile how the MTL supports both spatial navigation and episodic memory function, as well as bridging the gap between the large literature describing the neural representation of space in the rodent brain and the comparatively less well understood mechanisms in the human brain.
Book Synopsis Human Spatial Navigation by : Arne D. Ekstrom
Download or read book Human Spatial Navigation written by Arne D. Ekstrom and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018-08-07 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book to comprehensively explore the cognitive foundations of human spatial navigation Humans possess a range of navigation and orientation abilities, from the ordinary to the extraordinary. All of us must move from one location to the next, following habitual routes and avoiding getting lost. While there is more to learn about how the brain underlies our ability to navigate, neuroscience and psychology have begun to converge on some important answers. In Human Spatial Navigation, four leading experts tackle fundamental and unique issues to produce the first book-length investigation into this subject. Opening with the vivid story of Puluwat sailors who navigate in the open ocean with no mechanical aids, the authors begin by dissecting the behavioral basis of human spatial navigation. They then focus on its neural basis, describing neural recordings, brain imaging experiments, and patient studies. Recent advances give unprecedented insights into what is known about the cognitive map and the neural systems that facilitate navigation. The authors discuss how aging and diseases can impede navigation, and they introduce cutting-edge network models that show how the brain can act as a highly integrated system underlying spatial navigation. Throughout, the authors touch on fascinating examples of able navigators, from the Inuit of northern Canada to London taxi drivers, and they provide a critical lens into previous navigation research, which has primarily focused on other species, such as rodents. An ideal book for students and researchers seeking an accessible introduction to this important topic, Human Spatial Navigation offers a rich look into spatial memory and the neuroscientific foundations for how we make our way in the world.
Book Synopsis Spatial Navigation: Memory Mechanisms and Executive Function Interactions by : Thackery I. Brown
Download or read book Spatial Navigation: Memory Mechanisms and Executive Function Interactions written by Thackery I. Brown and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-10-09 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Animal Spatial Cognition by : Catherine Thinus-Blanc
Download or read book Animal Spatial Cognition written by Catherine Thinus-Blanc and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1996 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ?Cognitive Map? (Tolman, 1948) is a key notion in spatial processing studies. It refers to high level spatial representations. Although widely used, this term remains ambiguous. The aim of this book is two-fold: (1) to examine the most noteworthy studies (in laboratory settings) which have contributed during the last five decades to a better understanding of animal spatial representations; (2) to provide some hints for future research.Spatial tests designed by psychologists are useful tools for understanding the brain substrates of spatial memory. Conversely, brain treatments allow us to analyse the complex psychological mechanisms underlying spatial orientation. Within this interdisciplinary context, it is extremely important to take stock of a notion used (and sometimes misused) in cognitive neurosciences.
Book Synopsis Neural Mechanisms Underlying Spatial Navigation in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe by : Lukas Kunz
Download or read book Neural Mechanisms Underlying Spatial Navigation in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe written by Lukas Kunz and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Mechanisms of Memory by : J. David Sweatt
Download or read book Mechanisms of Memory written by J. David Sweatt and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-09-28 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fully revised second edition provides the only unified synthesis of available information concerning the mechanisms of higher-order memory formation. It spans the range from learning theory, to human and animal behavioral learning models, to cellular physiology and biochemistry. It is unique in its incorporation of chapters on memory disorders, tying in these clinically important syndromes with the basic science of synaptic plasticity and memory mechanisms. It also covers cutting-edge approaches such as the use of genetically engineered animals in studies of memory and memory diseases. Written in an engaging and easily readable style and extensively illustrated with many new, full-color figures to help explain key concepts, this book demystifies the complexities of memory and deepens the reader’s understanding. More than 25% new content, particularly expanding the scope to include new findings in translational research. Unique in its depth of coverage of molecular and cellular mechanisms Extensive cross-referencing to Comprehensive Learning and Memory Discusses clinically relevant memory disorders in the context of modern molecular research and includes numerous practical examples
Book Synopsis Head Direction Cells and the Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Orientation by : Sidney I. Wiener
Download or read book Head Direction Cells and the Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Orientation written by Sidney I. Wiener and published by A Bradford Book. This book was released on 2005-07-29 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive examination of head-direction signals and their importance in explaining orienting and navigation behaviors. Head direction cells—neurons that fire only when an animal orients its head in a certain direction—are found in several different brain areas, with different neurons selective for different head orientations; they are influenced by landmarks as well as motor and vestibular information concerning how the head moves through space. These properties suggest that head direction cells play an important role in determining orientation in space and in navigation. Moreover, the prominence, strength, and clarity of head direction signals indicate their importance over the course of evolution and suggest that they can serve as a vital key for understanding brain function. This book presents the latest findings on head direction cells in a comprehensive treatment that will be a valuable reference for students and researchers in the cognitive sciences, neuroscience, computational science, and robotics. The book begins by presenting head direction cell properties and an anatomical framework of the head direction system. It then looks at the types of sensory and motor information that control head direction cell firing, covering topics including the integration of diverse signals; the relationship between head direction cell activity and an animal's spatial behavior; and spatial and directional orientation in nonhuman primates and humans. The book concludes with a tutorial demonstrating the implementation of the continuous attractor network, a computational model of head direction cells, and an application of this approach for a navigational system for mobile robots.
Book Synopsis Understanding Intelligence by : Rolf Pfeifer
Download or read book Understanding Intelligence written by Rolf Pfeifer and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2001-07-27 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book includes all the background material required to understand the principles underlying intelligence, as well as enough detailed information on intelligent robotics and simulated agents so readers can begin experiments and projects on their own. By the mid-1980s researchers from artificial intelligence, computer science, brain and cognitive science, and psychology realized that the idea of computers as intelligent machines was inappropriate. The brain does not run "programs"; it does something entirely different. But what? Evolutionary theory says that the brain has evolved not to do mathematical proofs but to control our behavior, to ensure our survival. Researchers now agree that intelligence always manifests itself in behavior—thus it is behavior that we must understand. An exciting new field has grown around the study of behavior-based intelligence, also known as embodied cognitive science, "new AI," and "behavior-based AI." This book provides a systematic introduction to this new way of thinking. After discussing concepts and approaches such as subsumption architecture, Braitenberg vehicles, evolutionary robotics, artificial life, self-organization, and learning, the authors derive a set of principles and a coherent framework for the study of naturally and artificially intelligent systems, or autonomous agents. This framework is based on a synthetic methodology whose goal is understanding by designing and building. The book includes all the background material required to understand the principles underlying intelligence, as well as enough detailed information on intelligent robotics and simulated agents so readers can begin experiments and projects on their own. The reader is guided through a series of case studies that illustrate the design principles of embodied cognitive science.
Book Synopsis Development of Spatial Memory in the Entorhinal Cortex Through Neural Mechanisms of Self-organization by : Himanshu K. Mhatre
Download or read book Development of Spatial Memory in the Entorhinal Cortex Through Neural Mechanisms of Self-organization written by Himanshu K. Mhatre and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: How does the brain learn to navigate in the world? How do maps develop that can represent the large spaces in which animals navigate? Grid cells in the dorsal segment of the medial entorhinal cortex (dMEC) show remarkable hexagonal activity patterns as a rat navigates an open field. Furthermore, there exists a gradient of spatial scales along the dorsoventral axis of the dMEC, with neighboring cells sharing the same spatial scale but having offset spatial phases while maintaining the same orientation. Past studies have suggested multiple mechanisms explaining how grid cells firing fields can develop hexagonal structure. The GRIDSmap model that is introduced in this thesis contributes to an understanding of how such hexagonal structures may be learned as an animal navigates through the world. In particular, the GRIDSmap model shows how hexagonal firing fields may be learned by a self-organizing map whose inputs come from multiple one-dimensional small-scale stripe cells that integrate linear velocity signals in different directions, and whose learned categories are grid cells in layer II of dMEC. GRIDSmap cells learn this hexagonal structure from a simple trigonometric property of space that is manifested in the most frequent co-occurrences of stripe cell firing. The GRIDSmap habituative dynamics that control map learning also generate membrane potential oscillations. Faster (slower) oscillations lead to learning of smaller (larger) grid scales, consistent with experimentally observed oscillations in dMEC layer II stellate cells. Such multiple scales of grid cells can induce learning of hippocampal place cell firing fields that represent much larger scales; namely, the least common multiple of the grid cell scales. This hierarchy of entorhinal and hippocampal maps clarifies how path integration signals may give rise to place fields capable of representing the large spaces that animals can successfully navigate.
Book Synopsis Behavioural Neuroscience by : Seán Commins
Download or read book Behavioural Neuroscience written by Seán Commins and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-12 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A visually engaging explanation of the neural process underlying various behaviours in species ranging from the simplest organisms to humans.
Book Synopsis The Neural Circuit for Spatial Representation by : Yasser Roudi
Download or read book The Neural Circuit for Spatial Representation written by Yasser Roudi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do we find our way? The discovery of medial entorhinal cortex grid cells in 2005 stimulated a wide variety of experimental, theoretical and computational work aimed at elucidating the neural circuit underlying spatial representations in the entorhinal cortex. However, grid cells act in concert with place cells, head direction cells and border cells, each playing a part in the spatial navigation circuit. The aim of this Research Topics is to solicit contributions from leading researchers in the field of spatial navigation and spatial memory to present new experimental data, computational modeling or discussion on mechanisms underlying the neural encoding of space in the parahippocampal cortices.
Book Synopsis Computational Principles of Mobile Robotics by : Gregory Dudek
Download or read book Computational Principles of Mobile Robotics written by Gregory Dudek and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2024-01-31 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its third edition, this textbook is a comprehensive introduction to the multidisciplinary field of mobile robotics, which lies at the intersection of artificial intelligence, computational vision, and traditional robotics. Written for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in computer science and engineering, the book covers algorithms for a range of strategies for locomotion, sensing, and reasoning. The new edition includes recent advances in robotics and intelligent machines, including coverage of human-robot interaction, robot ethics, and the application of advanced AI techniques to end-to-end robot control and specific computational tasks. This book also provides support for a number of algorithms using ROS 2, and includes a review of critical mathematical material and an extensive list of sample problems. Researchers as well as students in the field of mobile robotics will appreciate this comprehensive treatment of state-of-the-art methods and key technologies.
Book Synopsis Hippocampal Place Fields by : Sheri J.Y. Mizumori
Download or read book Hippocampal Place Fields written by Sheri J.Y. Mizumori and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-02-26 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data from neuropsychological and animal research suggest that the hippocampus plays a pivotal role in two relatively different areas: active navigation, as well as episodic learning and memory. Recent studies have attempted to bridge these disparate accounts of hippocampal function by emphasizing the role that hippocampal place cells may play in processing the spatial contextual information that defines situations in which learned behaviors occur. A number of established laboratories are currently offering complementary interpretations of place fields, and this book will present the first common platform for them. Bringing together research from behavioral, genetic, physiological, computational, and neural-systems perspectives will provide a thorough understanding of the extent to which studying place-field properties has informed our understanding of the neural mechanisms of hippocampus-dependent memory. Hippocampal Place Fields: Relevance to Learning and Memory will serve as a valuable reference for everyone interested in hippocampal function.
Book Synopsis Imagery and Spatial Cognition by : Tomaso Vecchi
Download or read book Imagery and Spatial Cognition written by Tomaso Vecchi and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationships between perception and imagery, imagery and spatial processes, memory and action: These are the main themes of this text The interest of experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience on imagery and spatial cognition is remarkably increased in the last decades. Different areas of research contribute to the clarification of the multiple cognitive processes subserving spatial perception and exploration, and to the definition of the neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning these cognitive functions. The aim of this book is to provide the reader (post-graduate students as well as experts) with a complete overview of this field of research. It illustrates the way how brain, behaviour and cognition interact in normal and pathological subjects in perceiving, representing and exploring space. (Series B).
Book Synopsis Neural Circuits of Innate Behaviors by : Hao Wang
Download or read book Neural Circuits of Innate Behaviors written by Hao Wang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-27 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes the latest research findings in the neurocircuitry of innate behaviors, covering major topics such as innate fear, aggression, feeding, reward, social interaction, parental care, spatial navigation, and sleep-wake regulation. For decades, humans have been fascinated by wild animals’ instincts, like the annual two-thousand-mile migration of the monarch butterfly in North American, and the “imprint” behavior of newborn birds. Since these instincts are always displayed in stereotypical patterns in most individuals of a given species, the neural circuits processing such behaviors must be genetically hard-wired in the brain. Recently, with the development of modern techniques, including optogenetics, retrograde and anterograde virus tracing, and in vivo calcium imaging, researchers have been able to determine and dissect the specific neural circuits for many innate behaviors by selectively manipulating well-defined cell types in the brain. This book discusses recent advances in the investigation of the neural-circuit mechanisms underlying innate behaviors.
Book Synopsis Analysis and Modeling of Coordinated Multi-neuronal Activity by : Masami Tatsuno
Download or read book Analysis and Modeling of Coordinated Multi-neuronal Activity written by Masami Tatsuno and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-13 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since information in the brain is processed by the exchange of spikes among neurons, a study of such group dynamics is extremely important in understanding hippocampus dependent memory. These spike patterns and local field potentials (LFPs) have been analyzed by various statistical methods. These studies have led to important findings of memory information processing. For example, memory-trace replay, a reactivation of behaviorally induced neural patterns during subsequent sleep, has been suggested to play an important role in memory consolidation. It has also been suggested that a ripple/sharp wave event (one of the characteristics of LFPs in the hippocampus) and spiking activity in the cortex have a specific relationship that may facilitate the consolidation of hippocampal dependent memory from the hippocampus to the cortex. The book will provide a state-of-the-art finding of memory information processing through the analysis of multi-neuronal data. The first half of the book is devoted to this analysis aspect. Understanding memory information representation and its consolidation, however, cannot be achieved only by analyzing the data. It is extremely important to construct a computational model to seek an underlying mathematical principle. In other words, an entire picture of hippocampus dependent memory system would be elucidated through close collaboration among experiments, data analysis, and computational modeling. Not only does computational modeling benefit the data analysis of multi-electrode recordings, but it also provides useful insight for future experiments and analyses. The second half of the book will be devoted to the computational modeling of hippocampus-dependent memory.
