Napoleon And America

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Napoleon in America

Author : Shannon Selin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780992127503
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (275 download)

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Book Synopsis Napoleon in America by : Shannon Selin

Download or read book Napoleon in America written by Shannon Selin and published by . This book was released on 2014-01 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What if Napoleon Bonaparte had escaped from St. Helena and wound up in the United States? The year is 1821. Former French Emperor Napoleon has been imprisoned on a dark wart in the Atlantic since his defeat at Waterloo in 1815. Rescued in a state of near-death by Gulf pirate Jean Laffite, Napoleon lands in New Orleans, where he struggles to regain his health aided by voodoo priestess Marie Laveau. Opponents of the Bourbon regime expect him to reconquer France. French Canadians beg him to seize Canada from Britain. American adventurers urge him to steal Texas from Mexico. His brother Joseph pleads with him to settle peacefully in New Jersey. As Napoleon restlessly explores his new land, he frets about his legacy. He fears for the future of his ten-year-old son, trapped in the velvet fetters of the Austrian court. While the British, French and American governments follow his activities with growing alarm, remnants of the Grande Armee flock to him with growing anticipation. Are Napoleon's intentions as peaceful as he says they are? If not, does he still have the qualities necessary to lead a winning campaign? If you enjoy alternate history or 19th century historical fiction, Napoleon in America is for you."

Napoleon and America

Author : Robert B. Holtman
Publisher : Perdido Bay Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Napoleon and America by : Robert B. Holtman

Download or read book Napoleon and America written by Robert B. Holtman and published by Perdido Bay Press. This book was released on 1988 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Emperor's Last Campaign

Author : Emilio Ocampo
Publisher : University of Alabama Press
ISBN 13 : 0817361251
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis The Emperor's Last Campaign by : Emilio Ocampo

Download or read book The Emperor's Last Campaign written by Emilio Ocampo and published by University of Alabama Press. This book was released on 2023-08 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2009 Literary Award, sponsored by the International Napoleonic Society/La Societe Napoleonienne Internationale of Montreal, Quebec's Literary Committee Napoleon's last campaign didn't end at Waterloo. After that fateful day on June 1815, hundreds if not thousands of veterans of Napoleon's army emigrated to America. Many went farther south and joined the rebels fighting for independence in the Spanish colonies, from Mexico to Buenos Aires. The Bonapartists roiled the Western World as they sought fortune, fame, and glory in the expanding United States and in the tumultuous Spanish Americas suffering from repression and civil disorder, and even in the states of Europe. They were joined by adventurers from other nations who shared their admiration for the fallen emperor. This is the first full-length examination of the Bonapartists who emigrated from France after Napoleon's defeat and exile, who formed a loose confederation with adventurers and romantics, and who contemplated a new empire in the Western Hemisphere. The scheme had the support and encouragement of the fallen emperor himself and his brother Joseph, former King of Spain, who lived in exile in the United States. Emilio Ocampo has examined archives on three continents and sources in several languages to ferret out the evidence--a monumental task considering that conspirators tried to leave no evidence of their plans, and that a failed plot, like failure in general, leaves few claimants. Ocampo reinterprets Latin American independence as an international event that drew in all the major powers. By illuminating the complex connections between the shattered France of the Bourbon restoration; an England threatened by radical politician inspired by the French Revolution; Napoleon in exile at St. Helena; the United States, where home-grown adventurers and French émigrés alike saw opportunity; and the collapsing Spanish colonial empire, where revolutionaries were allying themselves with the veterans of Napoleon's Grande Armée, Ocampo brings together two bodies of scholarship: Napoleonic history and Latin American independence. He does so by tracing the steps of four of the most fascinating characters of the era: two Britons disaffected with their own government--Lord Thomas Cochrane and Sir Robert Wilson--and two former generals of Napolean's army named Charles Lallemand and Michel Brayer. The Emperor's Last Campaign is a fascinating story, well told, and peopled with all sorts of improbable characters and schemes that perhaps just missed coming to full fruition but that in the process contributed to one of the most important events of the nineteenth century: the breakdown of the Spanish empire in America and the rise of the United States as a world power.

Napoleon and America

Author : Edward Lewis Andrews
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Napoleon and America by : Edward Lewis Andrews

Download or read book Napoleon and America written by Edward Lewis Andrews and published by . This book was released on 1908 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Napoleon's Troublesome Americans

Author : Peter P. Hill
Publisher : Potomac Books, Inc.
ISBN 13 : 1612343015
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (123 download)

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Book Synopsis Napoleon's Troublesome Americans by : Peter P. Hill

Download or read book Napoleon's Troublesome Americans written by Peter P. Hill and published by Potomac Books, Inc.. This book was released on 2011 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shortly before the United States declared war on Great Britain in June 1812, Congress came within two votes of declaring war on Napoleon Bonaparte's French empire. For six years, France and Britain had both seized American shipping. While common wisdom says that America was virtually an innocent in this matter, caught in the middle of the epic wars between France and Britain, Peter Hill has uncovered a far more complex and interesting history. French privateers and Napoleon's navy were seizing American merchant ships in a concerted attempt to disrupt Britain's commerce. American ships were the principal carriers of British goods to the continent, and Napoleon believed his best, and perhaps only, hope to defeat Britain was to cut off that market. While the French emperor sought an accommodation with America, the administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison continually frustrated him. American diplomatic fumbling sent mixed messages, and American neutrality policies, Hill finds, were more punishing to France than to Britain. Always interested in lucrative ventures, American merchant ships also became the main suppliers of food to British forces fighting Napoleon in Spain and Portugal. By 1812, the United States was on a collision course with both Britain and France over clashes on the high seas, and war with two major powers at once might have proven disastrous for the young United States. Hill's engaging narrative details the fascinating history of America's troubled relationship with Napoleon and how this crisis with France was finally averted.

The Napoleonic Wars

Author : Alexander Mikaberidze
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199394067
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

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Book Synopsis The Napoleonic Wars by : Alexander Mikaberidze

Download or read book The Napoleonic Wars written by Alexander Mikaberidze and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-13 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Austerlitz, Wagram, Borodino, Trafalgar, Leipzig, Waterloo: these are the places most closely associated with the era of the Napoleonic Wars. But how did this period of nearly continuous conflict affect the world beyond Europe? The immensity of the fighting waged by France against England, Prussia, Austria, and Russia, and the immediate consequences of the tremors that spread throughout the world. In this ambitious and far-ranging work, Alexander Mikaberidze argues that the Napoleonic Wars can only be fully understood in an international perspective. France struggled for dominance not only on the plains of Europe but also in the Americas, West and South Africa, Ottoman Empire, Iran, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Mediterranean Sea, and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Taking specific regions in turn, Mikaberidze discusses major political-military events around the world and situates geopolitical decision-making within its long- and short-term contexts. From the British expeditions to Argentina and South Africa to the Franco-Russian maneuvering in the Ottoman Empire, the effects of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars would shape international affairs well into the next century. In Egypt, the wars led to the rise of Mehmed Ali and the emergence of a powerful state; in North America, the period transformed and enlarged the newly established United States; and in South America, the Spanish colonial empire witnessed the start of national-liberation movements that ultimately ended imperial control. Skillfully narrated and deeply researched, here at last is the global history of the period, one that expands our view of the Napoleonic Wars and their role in laying the foundations of the modern world.

Napoleon and the American Dream

Author : Inès Murat
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 9780807124635
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (246 download)

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Book Synopsis Napoleon and the American Dream by : Inès Murat

Download or read book Napoleon and the American Dream written by Inès Murat and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 1999-03-01 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inès Murat’s readable and entertaining narrative introduces us to little-known facts about the adventures and misadventures of numerous French veterans of Waterloo who migrated to the United States. More often than not, their visions of life in this country conflicted with the original New World dream of the peaceful pioneer. For two centuries, the lure of what we now call the American Dream had beckoned rich and poor from the Old World. “In all respects,” said Napoleon, “America was our true refuge.” Reported by Las Cases in the Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, this statement signifies only one phase of the connections between the Emperor and the United States. Anecdotes and incisive portraits of numerous Bonapartists who came to America vividly portray the complex intermeshing between the Emperor and the United States. Anecdotes and incisive portraits of numerous Bonapartists who came to America vividly portray the complex intermeshing between the ideals of the French Revolution and the new forms of freedom that had been born in America. These dramatic accounts bring to the foreground of history the impact of two world views—that of the Old World, sheltered in the shadow of Napoleon’s belief in historical destiny, and that of the New World, more experimental and industrious. The clash produced a resounding din in the Napoleonic epoch, for which Napoleon and the American Dream traces new routes and relationships between two cultures.

Under the Shadow of Napoleon

Author : Michael Bonura
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 0814709435
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

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Book Synopsis Under the Shadow of Napoleon by : Michael Bonura

Download or read book Under the Shadow of Napoleon written by Michael Bonura and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2012-05-07 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The way an army thinks about and understands warfare has a tremendous impact on its organization, training, and operations. The central ideas of that understanding form a nation's way of warfare that influences decisions on and off the battlefield. From the disasters of the War of 1812, Winfield Scott ensured that America adopted a series of ideas formed in the crucible of the Wars of the French Revolution and epitomized by Napoleon. Reflecting American cultural changes, these French ideas dominated American warfare on the battlefields of the Mexican-American War, the American Civil War, the Spanish-American War, and World War I. America remained committed to these ideas until cultural pressures and the successes of German Blitzkrieg from 1939 - 1940 led George C. Marshall to orchestrate the adoption of a different understanding of warfare. Michael A. Bonura examines concrete battlefield tactics, army regulations, and theoretical works on war as they were presented in American army education manuals, professional journals, and the popular press, to demonstrate that as a cultural construction, warfare and ways of warfare can be transnational and influence other nations.

Napoleon and America

Author : Edward Lewis Andrews
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781330572771
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (727 download)

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Book Synopsis Napoleon and America by : Edward Lewis Andrews

Download or read book Napoleon and America written by Edward Lewis Andrews and published by . This book was released on 2015-07-02 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Napoleon and America: An Outline of the Relations of the United States to the Career and Downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte It requires some temerity to add to the volume of Napoleonic narrative. But palliation may be pleaded in recent discoveries of Napoleon's own writings. For the first time the world has been enabled to take a comprehensive survey of his mental development - from its initial stages to its stratified judgments. The psychology of the most practical of men may now be explored. It introduces us to the struggle of his idealities; to their dissolution before the realities of life, or their permeation of those realities. Historians must now realize that Napoleon was a reader, thinker, and writer, before he became a man of action. From this origin they may develop fresher and truer theories of his epoch. 'Athwart the multitudinous phases of his career, they may perceive when his conceptions dominated the situation, or were moulded by its exigencies. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

The Bonapartes in America

Author : Clarence Edward Macartney
Publisher : Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1789123712
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis The Bonapartes in America by : Clarence Edward Macartney

Download or read book The Bonapartes in America written by Clarence Edward Macartney and published by Pickle Partners Publishing. This book was released on 2019-01-13 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amazing and exciting, as romantic as it is realistic and historically authentic, THE BONAPARTES IN AMERICA was the first published work to contain in one volume all available material, much of it newly discovered by them, on every member of the Bonaparte family that lived in the United States or was connected in any way with the country. Dr. Macartney, distinguished historian, former head of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, and Major Dorrance, author and publisher, roamed afar in their quest of new and important material. Research in the British Museum, and special trips through France and to Corsica, to mention but a few, went into their book of old romance, which was first published on the 100th anniversary of the former King Joseph Bonaparte’s final return to Europe from the United States. This one famous and colorful family has placed a great if hitherto little known part in the building of America, our native land. THE BONAPARTES IN AMERICA contains fascinating chapters on Jerome Bonaparte and Elizabeth Patterson; Charles J. Bonaparte of Baltimore; Joseph Bonaparte at Philadelphia, Bordentown, New Jersey, and Lake Bonaparte New York; the Murats of Florida; Napoleon III in New York City; Napoleon III and Mexico; The Napoleonic Exiles in Alabama; Texas and the Champ d’Asile; Marshal Ney and North Carolina; Napoleon and the Louisiana Purchase; Napoleon’s American Son in California; and American Plots to Rescue Napoleon from St. Helena. THE. BONAPARTES IN AMERICA is beautifully illustrated with old portraits and engravings, including pictures of Napoleon, Jerome and Elizabeth. Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte. Charles J. Bonaparte, Joseph Bonaparte, Joseph’s I Philadelphia home, “Point Breeze” and Bonaparte I park at Bordentown, Lake Bonaparte, Prince and Princess Achille Murat, Napoleon III, Letizia Bonaparte, mother of Napoleon, John Gordon Bonaparte of San Francisco and the Napoleon House at New Orleans.

Napoleon and America

Author : Edward Lewis Andrews
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 89 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (735 download)

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Download or read book Napoleon and America written by Edward Lewis Andrews and published by . This book was released on 1908 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Napoleonic Wars: A Very Short Introduction

Author : Mike Rapport
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191642517
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis The Napoleonic Wars: A Very Short Introduction by : Mike Rapport

Download or read book The Napoleonic Wars: A Very Short Introduction written by Mike Rapport and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2013-01-31 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Napoleonic Wars have an important place in the history of Europe, leaving their mark on European and world societies in a variety of ways. In many European countries they provided the stimulus for radical social and political change - particularly in Spain, Germany, and Italy - and are frequently viewed in these places as the starting point of their modern histories. In this Very Short Introduction, Mike Rapport provides a brief outline of the wars, introducing the tactics, strategies, and weaponry of the time. Presented in three parts, he considers the origins and course of the wars, the ways and means in which it was fought, and the social and political legacy it has left to the world today. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Napoleon III and Mexico

Author : Alfred Jackson Hanna
Publisher : Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Napoleon III and Mexico by : Alfred Jackson Hanna

Download or read book Napoleon III and Mexico written by Alfred Jackson Hanna and published by Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 1971 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Empire of Liberty

Author : Gordon S. Wood
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199738335
Total Pages : 801 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis Empire of Liberty by : Gordon S. Wood

Download or read book Empire of Liberty written by Gordon S. Wood and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-10-28 with total page 801 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford History of the United States is by far the most respected multi-volume history of our nation. The series includes three Pulitzer Prize winners, two New York Times bestsellers, and winners of the Bancroft and Parkman Prizes. Now, in the newest volume in the series, one of America's most esteemed historians, Gordon S. Wood, offers a brilliant account of the early American Republic, ranging from 1789 and the beginning of the national government to the end of the War of 1812. As Wood reveals, the period was marked by tumultuous change in all aspects of American life--in politics, society, economy, and culture. The men who founded the new government had high hopes for the future, but few of their hopes and dreams worked out quite as they expected. They hated political parties but parties nonetheless emerged. Some wanted the United States to become a great fiscal-military state like those of Britain and France; others wanted the country to remain a rural agricultural state very different from the European states. Instead, by 1815 the United States became something neither group anticipated. Many leaders expected American culture to flourish and surpass that of Europe; instead it became popularized and vulgarized. The leaders also hope to see the end of slavery; instead, despite the release of many slaves and the end of slavery in the North, slavery was stronger in 1815 than it had been in 1789. Many wanted to avoid entanglements with Europe, but instead the country became involved in Europe's wars and ended up waging another war with the former mother country. Still, with a new generation emerging by 1815, most Americans were confident and optimistic about the future of their country. Named a New York Times Notable Book, Empire of Liberty offers a marvelous account of this pivotal era when America took its first unsteady steps as a new and rapidly expanding nation.

Britain, Portugal and South America in the Napoleonic Wars

Author : Martin Robson
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0857718843
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (577 download)

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Book Synopsis Britain, Portugal and South America in the Napoleonic Wars by : Martin Robson

Download or read book Britain, Portugal and South America in the Napoleonic Wars written by Martin Robson and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2010-12-14 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the maelstrom of Napoleonic Europe, Britain remained defiant, resisting French imperial ambitions. This Anglo-French rivalry was, essentially, a politico-economic conflict for pre-eminence fought on a global scale and it reached a zenith in 1806-1808 with France's apparent dominance of Continental Europe. Britain reacted swiftly and decisively to implement maritime-based strategies to limit French military and commercial gains in Europe, while protecting British overseas interests. The policy is particularly evident in relations with Britain's 'Ancient Ally': Portugal. That country and, by association her South American empire, became the front line in the battle between Napoleon's ambitions and British maritime security. Shedding new light on British war aims and maritime strategy, this is an essential work for scholars of the Napoleonic Wars and British political, diplomatic, economic and maritime/military history.

Britain Against Napoleon

Author : Roger Knight
Publisher : Penguin UK
ISBN 13 : 0141977027
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis Britain Against Napoleon by : Roger Knight

Download or read book Britain Against Napoleon written by Roger Knight and published by Penguin UK. This book was released on 2013-10-24 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Roger Knight, established by his multi-award winning book The Pursuit of Victory as 'an authority ... none of his rivals can match' (N.A.M. Rodger), Britain Against Napoleon is the first book to explain how the British state successfully organised itself to overcome Napoleon - and how very close it came to defeat. For more than twenty years after 1793, the French army was supreme in continental Europe, and the British population lived in fear of French invasion. How was it that despite multiple changes of government and the assassination of a Prime Minister, Britain survived and won a generation-long war against a regime which at its peak in 1807 commanded many times the resources and manpower? This book looks beyond the familiar exploits of the army and navy to the politicians and civil servants, and examines how they made it possible to continue the war at all. It shows the degree to which, as the demands of the war remorselessly grew, the whole British population had to play its part. The intelligence war was also central. Yet no participants were more important, Roger Knight argues, than the bankers and traders of the City of London, without whose financing the armies of Britain's allies could not have taken the field. The Duke of Wellington famously said that the battle which finally defeated Napoleon was 'the nearest run thing you ever saw in your life': this book shows how true that was for the Napoleonic War as a whole. Roger Knight was Deputy Director of the National Maritime Museum until 2000, and now teaches at the Greenwich Maritime Institute at the University of Greenwich. In 2005 he published, with Allen Lane/Penguin, The Pursuit of Victory: The Life and Achievement of Horatio Nelson, which won the Duke of Westminster's Medal for Military History, the Mountbatten Award and the Anderson Medal of the Society for Nautical Research. The present book is a culmination of his life-long interest in the workings of the late 18th-century British state.

Napoleon

Author : Steven Englund
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1439131074
Total Pages : 602 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Napoleon by : Steven Englund

Download or read book Napoleon written by Steven Englund and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2010-05-11 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This sophisticated and masterful biography, written by a respected French history scholar who has taught courses on Napoleon at the University of Paris, brings new and remarkable analysis to the study of modern history's most famous general and statesman. Since boyhood, Steven Englund has been fascinated by the unique force, personality, and political significance of Napoleon Bonaparte, who, in only a decade and a half, changed the face of Europe forever. In Napoleon: A Political Life, Englund harnesses his early passion and intellectual expertise to create a rich and full interpretation of a brilliant but flawed leader. Napoleon believed that war was a means to an end, not the end itself. With this in mind, Steven Englund focuses on the political, rather than the military or personal, aspects of Napoleon's notorious and celebrated life. Doing so permits him to arrive at some original conclusions. For example, where most biographers see this subject as a Corsican patriot who at first detested France, Englund sees a young officer deeply committed to a political event, idea, and opportunity (the French Revolution) -- not to any specific nationality. Indeed, Englund dissects carefully the political use Napoleon made, both as First Consul and as Emperor of the French, of patriotism, or "nation-talk." As Englund charts Napoleon's dramatic rise and fall -- from his Corsican boyhood, his French education, his astonishing military victories and no less astonishing acts of reform as First Consul (1799-1804) to his controversial record as Emperor and, finally, to his exile and death -- he is at particular pains to explore the unprecedented power Napoleon maintained over the popular imagination. Alone among recent biographers, Englund includes a chapter that analyzes the Napoleonic legend over the course of the past two centuries, down to the present-day French Republic, which has its own profound ambivalences toward this man whom it is afraid to recognize yet cannot avoid. Napoleon: A Political Life presents new consideration of Napoleon's adolescent and adult writings, as well as a convincing argument against the recent theory that the Emperor was poisoned at St. Helena. The book also offers an explanation of Napoleon's role as father of the "modern" in politics. What finally emerges from these pages is a vivid and sympathetic portrait that combines youthful enthusiasm and mature scholarly reflection. The result is already regarded by experts as the Napoleonic bicentennial's first major interpretation of this perennial subject.