Nanoscience: Volume 6

Download Nanoscience: Volume 6 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1788016939
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanoscience: Volume 6 by : Neerish Revaprasadu

Download or read book Nanoscience: Volume 6 written by Neerish Revaprasadu and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2020-05-21 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of nanoscience continues to grow and, with such a vast landscape of material, careful distillation of the most important discoveries will help researchers find the key information they require. Nanoscience provides a critical and comprehensive assessment of the most recent research and opinion from across the globe. Topics covered in this volume include metal halide perovskite nanomaterials, properties and applications, nanoparticles and nanocomposites for new permanent magnets and graphene-based materials for energy conversion applications. Anyone practising in any nano-allied field, or wishing to enter the nano-world will benefit from this resource, presenting the current thought and applications of nanoscience.

Nanoscale Electrochemistry

Download Nanoscale Electrochemistry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128200561
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanoscale Electrochemistry by : Andrew J. Wain

Download or read book Nanoscale Electrochemistry written by Andrew J. Wain and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-09-14 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanoscale Electrochemistry focuses on challenges and advances in electrochemical nanoscience at solid–liquid interfaces, highlighting the most prominent developments of the last decade. Nanotechnology has had a tremendous effect on the multidisciplinary field of electrochemistry, yielding new fundamental insights that have broadened our understanding of interfacial processes and stimulating new and diverse applications. The book begins with a tutorial chapter to introduce the principles of nanoscale electrochemical systems and emphasize their unique behavior compared with their macro/microscopic counterparts. Building on this, the following three chapters present analytical applications, such as sensing and electrochemical imaging, that are familiar to the traditional electrochemist but whose extension to the nanoscale is nontrivial and reveals new chemical information. The subsequent three chapters present exciting new electrochemical methodologies that are specific to the nanoscale, including "single entity"-based methods and surface-enhanced electrochemical spectroscopy. These techniques, now sufficiently mature for exposition, have paved the way for major developments in our understanding of solid–liquid interfaces and continue to push electrochemical analysis toward atomic-length scales. The final three chapters address the rich overlap between electrochemistry and nanomaterials science, highlighting notable applications in energy conversion and storage. This is an important reference for both academic and industrial researchers who are seeking to learn more about how nanoscale electrochemistry has developed in recent years. Outlines the major applications of nanoscale electrochemistry in energy storage, spectroscopy and biology Summarizes the major principles of nanoscale electrochemical systems, exploring how they differ from similar system types Discusses the major challenges of electrochemical analysis at the nanoscale

Materials and Processes for Next Generation Lithography

Download Materials and Processes for Next Generation Lithography PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0081003587
Total Pages : 636 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Materials and Processes for Next Generation Lithography by :

Download or read book Materials and Processes for Next Generation Lithography written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-11-08 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the requirements of the semiconductor industry have become more demanding in terms of resolution and speed it has been necessary to push photoresist materials far beyond the capabilities previously envisioned. Currently there is significant worldwide research effort in to so called Next Generation Lithography techniques such as EUV lithography and multibeam electron beam lithography. These developments in both the industrial and the academic lithography arenas have led to the proliferation of numerous novel approaches to resist chemistry and ingenious extensions of traditional photopolymers. Currently most texts in this area focus on either lithography with perhaps one or two chapters on resists, or on traditional resist materials with relatively little consideration of new approaches. This book therefore aims to bring together the worlds foremost resist development scientists from the various community to produce in one place a definitive description of the many approaches to lithography fabrication. Assembles up-to-date information from the world’s premier resist chemists and technique development lithographers on the properties and capabilities of the wide range of resist materials currently under investigation Includes information on processing and metrology techniques Brings together multiple approaches to litho pattern recording from academia and industry in one place

Metal Nanoparticles and Nanoalloys

Download Metal Nanoparticles and Nanoalloys PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080963579
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Metal Nanoparticles and Nanoalloys by : Roy L. Johnston

Download or read book Metal Nanoparticles and Nanoalloys written by Roy L. Johnston and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-05 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of nanoscience has undergone tremendous growth in the past decade as the number of applications of nanoparticles and nanostructured materials have proliferated. Metal nanoparticles have attracted particular interest due to their potential for applications in areas as diverse as catalysis, medicine and opto-electronics. The chemical and physical properties of metal nanoparticles can vary smoothly or discontinuously with nanoparticle size, depending on the size regime and the property. In the case of bi- or multimetallic nanoparticles ("nanoalloys"), these properties also depend on the elemental composition and the chemical ordering - how the metals are distributed in the nanoparticles.It is this tunability of behavior that makes metal nanoparticles and nanoalloys so versatile and appealing. This book begins with a tutorial introducing the theoretical ideas and models that have been developed to understand metal nanoparticles. It gives an overview of experimental methods for generating and characterizing metal nanoparticles and nanoalloys and of their properties and applications, providing an introduction to material covered in more depth in subsequent chapters. A major theme of all the chapters is the effect of nanoparticle size, shape and surface chemistry on their properties - especially optical and catalytic properties. A unified discussion of the inter-relations between modelling, synthesis and physical properties of nanoparticles and nanoalloys A discussion of the most promising new catalytic and photocatalytic applications of nanoparticles and the approaches used to achieve these goals A tutorial introduction which provides a basis for understanding the subsequent specialized chapters

Textbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Download Textbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642280307
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Textbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology by : B.S. Murty

Download or read book Textbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology written by B.S. Murty and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-06 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is meant to serve as a textbook for beginners in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. It can also be used as additional reading in this multifaceted area. It covers the entire spectrum of nanoscience and technology: introduction, terminology, historical perspectives of this domain of science, unique and widely differing properties, advances in the various synthesis, consolidation and characterization techniques, applications of nanoscience and technology and emerging materials and technologies.

Nanobiotechnology

Download Nanobiotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0123983045
Total Pages : 541 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanobiotechnology by :

Download or read book Nanobiotechnology written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-06-28 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology is considered the next big revolution in medicine and biology. For the past 20 years, research groups have been involved in the development of new applications of novel nanomaterials for biotechnological applications. Nanomaterials are also becoming increasingly important in medical applications, with new drugs and diagnostic tools based on nanotechnology. Every year, hundreds of new ideas using nanomaterials are applied in the development of biosensors. An increasing number of new enterprises are also searching for market opportunities using these technologies.Nanomaterials for biotechnological applications is a very complex field. Thousands of different nanoparticles could potentially be used for these purposes. Some of them are very different; their synthesis, characterization and potentiality are very diverse. This book aims to establish a route guide for non-erudite researchers in the field, showing the advantages and disadvantages of the different kind of nanomaterials. Particular attention is given to the differences, advantages and disadvantages of inorganic nanoparticles versus organic nanoparticles when used for biotechnological applications. A tutorial introduction provides the basis for understanding the subsequent specialized chapters. Provides an overview of the main advantages and disadvantages of the use of organic and inorganic nanoparticles for use in biotechnology and nanomedicine Provides an excellent starting point for research groups looking for solutions in nanotechnology who do not know which kind of materials will best suit their needs Includes a tutorial introduction that provides a basis for understanding the subsequent specialized chapters

Computational Modelling of Nanomaterials

Download Computational Modelling of Nanomaterials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128214988
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Computational Modelling of Nanomaterials by : Panagiotis Grammatikopoulos

Download or read book Computational Modelling of Nanomaterials written by Panagiotis Grammatikopoulos and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-09-30 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to their small size and their dependence on very fast phenomena, nanomaterials are ideal systems for computational modelling. This book provides an overview of various nanosystems classified by their dimensions: 0D (nanoparticles, QDs, etc.), 1D (nanowires, nanotubes), 2D (thin films, graphene, etc.), 3D (nanostructured bulk materials, devices). Fractal dimensions, such as nanoparticle agglomerates, percolating films and combinations of materials of different dimensionalities are also covered (e.g. epitaxial decoration of nanowires by nanoparticles, i.e. 0D+1D nanomaterials). For each class, the focus will be on growth, structure, and physical/chemical properties. The book presents a broad range of techniques, including density functional theory, molecular dynamics, non-equilibrium molecular dynamics, finite element modelling (FEM), numerical modelling and meso-scale modelling. The focus is on each method’s relevance and suitability for the study of materials and phenomena in the nanoscale. This book is an important resource for understanding the mechanisms behind basic properties of nanomaterials, and the major techniques for computational modelling of nanomaterials. Explores the major modelling techniques used for different classes of nanomaterial Assesses the best modelling technique to use for each different type of nanomaterials Discusses the challenges of using certain modelling techniques with specific nanomaterials

Introduction to Nanoscience

Download Introduction to Nanoscience PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191609277
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Nanoscience by : Stuart Lindsay

Download or read book Introduction to Nanoscience written by Stuart Lindsay and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2009-10-22 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanoscience is not physics, chemistry, engineering or biology. It is all of them, and it is time for a text that integrates the disciplines. This is such a text, aimed at advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students in the sciences. The consequences of smallness and quantum behaviour are well known and described Richard Feynman's visionary essay 'There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom' (which is reproduced in this book). Another, critical, but thus far neglected, aspect of nanoscience is the complexity of nanostructures. Hundreds, thousands or hundreds of thousands of atoms make up systems that are complex enough to show what is fashionably called 'emergent behaviour'. Quite new phenomena arise from rare configurations of the system. Examples are the Kramer's theory of reactions (Chapter 3), the Marcus theory of electron transfer (Chapter 8), and enzyme catalysis, molecular motors, and fluctuations in gene expression and splicing, all covered in the final Chapter on Nanobiology. The book is divided into three parts. Part I (The Basics) is a self-contained introduction to quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics and chemical kinetics, calling on no more than basic college calculus. A conceptual approach and an array of examples and conceptual problems will allow even those without the mathematical tools to grasp much of what is important. Part II (The Tools) covers microscopy, single molecule manipulation and measurement, nanofabrication and self-assembly. Part III (Applications) covers electrons in nanostructures, molecular electronics, nano-materials and nanobiology. Each chapter starts with a survey of the required basics, but ends by making contact with current research literature.

21st Century Nanoscience

Download 21st Century Nanoscience PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780815357070
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (57 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 21st Century Nanoscience by : Klaus D. Sattler

Download or read book 21st Century Nanoscience written by Klaus D. Sattler and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 21st Century Nanoscience Handbook will be the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field of nanoscience. Handbook of Nanophysics by the same editor published in the fall of 2010 and was embraced as the first comprehensive reference to consider both fundamental and applied aspects of nanophysics. This follow-up project has been conceived as a necessary expansion and full update that considers the significant advances made in the field since 2010. It goes well beyond the physics as warranted by recent developments in the field. This eighth volume in a ten-volume set covers nanopharmaceuticals, nanomedicine, and food nanoscience. Key Features: Provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field. Chapters written by international experts in the field. Emphasises presentation and real results and applications. This handbook distinguishes itself from other works by its breadth of coverage, readability and timely topics. The intended readership is very broad, from students and instructors to engineers, physicists, chemists, biologists, biomedical researchers, industry professionals, governmental scientists, and others whose work is impacted by nanotechnology. It will be an indispensable resource in academic, government, and industry libraries worldwide. The fields impacted by nanophysics extend from materials science and engineering to biotechnology, biomedical engineering, medicine, electrical engineering, pharmaceutical science, computer technology, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, food science, and beyond.

Atomic and Molecular Manipulation

Download Atomic and Molecular Manipulation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080963560
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Atomic and Molecular Manipulation by :

Download or read book Atomic and Molecular Manipulation written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-07-13 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Work with individual atoms and molecules aims to demonstrate that miniaturized electronic, optical, magnetic, and mechanical devices can operate ultimately even at the level of a single atom or molecule. As such, atomic and molecular manipulation has played an emblematic role in the development of the field of nanoscience. New methods based on the use of the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) have been developed to characterize and manipulate all the degrees of freedom of individual atoms and molecules with an unprecedented precision. In the meantime, new concepts have emerged to design molecules and substrates having specific optical, mechanical and electronic functions, thus opening the way to the fabrication of real nano-machines. Manipulation of individual atoms and molecules has also opened up completely new areas of research and knowledge, raising fundamental questions of "Optics at the atomic scale", "Mechanics at the atomic scale", Electronics at the atomic scale", "Quantum physics at the atomic scale", and "Chemistry at the atomic scale". This book aims to illustrate the main aspects of this ongoing scientific adventure and to anticipate the major challenges for the future in "Atomic and molecular manipulation" from fundamental knowledge to the fabrication of atomic-scale devices. Provides a broad overview of the field to aid those new and entering into this research area Presents a review of the historical development and evolution of the field Offers a clear personalized view of current scanning probe microscopy research from world experts

Nanoscience in Medicine Vol. 1

Download Nanoscience in Medicine Vol. 1 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303029207X
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanoscience in Medicine Vol. 1 by : Hemant Kumar Daima

Download or read book Nanoscience in Medicine Vol. 1 written by Hemant Kumar Daima and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-10 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes a systematic approach to address the gaps relating to nanomedicine and bring together fragmented knowledge on the advances on nanomaterials and their biomedical applicability. In particular, it demonstrates an exclusive compilation of state of the art research with a focus on fundamental concepts, current trends, limitations, and future directions of nanomedicine.

Colloidal Foundations of Nanoscience

Download Colloidal Foundations of Nanoscience PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128220899
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Colloidal Foundations of Nanoscience by : Debora Berti

Download or read book Colloidal Foundations of Nanoscience written by Debora Berti and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-10-27 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Colloidal Foundations of Nanoscience, Second Edition explores the theory and concepts of colloid chemistry and its applications to nanoscience and nanotechnology. The book provides the essential conceptual and methodological tools to approach nano-research issues. The authors' expertise in colloid science will contribute to the understanding of basic issues involved in research. Each chapter covers a classical subject of colloid science in simple and straightforward terms, addressing its relevance to nanoscience before introducing case studies. Sections cover colloids rheology, electrokinetics, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), bio-layer interferometry, and the treatment of inter-particle interactions and colloidal stability. Gathers, in a single volume, information currently scattered across various sources Provides a straightforward introduction on theoretical concepts and in-depth case studies to help readers understand molecular mechanisms and master advanced techniques Includes examples showing the applications of classical concepts to real-world cutting-edge research Edited and written by highly respected quality scientists

Introduction to Nano

Download Introduction to Nano PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662473143
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (624 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Nano by : Amretashis Sengupta

Download or read book Introduction to Nano written by Amretashis Sengupta and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-01 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the basics of nanotechnology and provides a solid understanding of the subject. Starting from a brush-up of the basic quantum mechanics and materials science, the book helps to gradually build up understanding of the various effects of quantum confinement, optical-electronic properties of nanoparticles and major nanomaterials. The book covers the various physical, chemical and hybrid methods of nanomaterial synthesis and nanofabrication as well as advanced characterization techniques. It includes chapters on the various applications of nanoscience and nanotechnology. It is written in a simple form, making it useful for students of physical and material sciences.

Introduction to Nanoscience

Download Introduction to Nanoscience PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420048066
Total Pages : 852 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Nanoscience by : Gabor L. Hornyak

Download or read book Introduction to Nanoscience written by Gabor L. Hornyak and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-05-15 with total page 852 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tomorrow's nanoscientist will have a truly interdisciplinary and nano-centric education, rather than, for example, a degree in chemistry with a specialization in nanoscience. For this to happen, the field needs a truly focused and dedicated textbook. This full-color masterwork is such a textbook. It introduces the nanoscale along with the societal

Nanoparticles

Download Nanoparticles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662448238
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (624 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanoparticles by : Celso de Mello Donegá

Download or read book Nanoparticles written by Celso de Mello Donegá and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-21 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book can be roughly divided into three parts: fundamental physico-chemical and physical principles of Nanoscience, chemistry and synthesis of nanoparticles, and techniques to study nanoparticles. The first chapter is concerned with the origin of the size dependence of the properties of nanomaterials, explaining it in terms of two fundamental nanoscale effects. This chapter also serves as a general introduction to the book, briefly addressing the definition and classification of nanomaterials and the techniques used to fabricate and study them. Chapter 2 lays out the theoretical framework within which to understand size effects on the properties of semiconductor nanocrystals, with particular emphasis on the quantum confinement effect. The optical properties of metal nanoparticles and metal nanostructures (periodic lattices) are discussed in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 is devoted to nanoporous materials, treating in detail their synthesis, structure and functional properties, as well as the physical properties of liquids confined in nanopores. The preparation methods, characterization techniques, and applications of supported nanoparticles are covered in Chapter 5. The sixth Chapter presents the essential physical-chemical concepts needed to understand the preparation of colloidal inorganic nanoparticles, and the remarkable degree of control that has been achieved over their composition, size, shape and surface. The last four Chapters are dedicated to a few selected characterization techniques that are very valuable tools to study nanoparticles. Chapter 7 concentrates on electron microscopy techniques, while Chapter 8 focuses on scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) based spectroscopic techniques and their application to nanoparticles are explored in Chapter 9. Finally, Chapter 10 shows how solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques can be used to unravel the surface chemistry of colloidal nanoparticles.

Nanotechnology in a Nutshell

Download Nanotechnology in a Nutshell PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9462390126
Total Pages : 526 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (623 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanotechnology in a Nutshell by : Christian Ngô

Download or read book Nanotechnology in a Nutshell written by Christian Ngô and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-01-04 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new high-level book for professionals from Atlantis Press providing an overview of nanotechnologies now and their applications in a broad variety of fields, including information and communication technologies, environmental sciences and engineering, societal life, and medicine, with provision of customized treatments. The book shows where nanotechnology is now - a fascinating time when the science is transitioning into complex systems with impact on new products. Present and future developments are addressed, as well as a larger number of new industrial and research opportunities deriving from this domain. An overview for professionals, researchers and policy-makers of this very rapidly expanding field. Brief chapters and colour figures with a contained overall length make the book attractive at an attractive price - a must for every professional’s shelf. Mihail C. Roco, National Science Foundation and National Nanotechnology Initiative, wrote the preface underlying the importance and weight of the present book to this exciting and epoch-awakening field of research and applications: “Nanotechnology is well recognized as a science and technology megatrend for the beginning of the 21st century. This book aims to show where nanotechnology is now - transitioning to complex systems and fundamentally new products - and communicates the societal promise of nanotechnology to specialists and the public. Most of what has already made it into the marketplace is in the form of “First Generation” products, passive nanostructures with steady behaviour. Many companies have “Second Generation” products, active nanostructures with changing behaviour during use, and embryonic “Third Generation” products, including 3-dimensional nanosystems. Concepts for “Fourth Generation” products, including heterogeneous molecular nanosystems, are only in research.”

Oxford Handbook of Nanoscience and Technology

Download Oxford Handbook of Nanoscience and Technology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199533059
Total Pages : 957 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (995 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oxford Handbook of Nanoscience and Technology by : A.V. Narlikar

Download or read book Oxford Handbook of Nanoscience and Technology written by A.V. Narlikar and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-02-11 with total page 957 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These three volumes are intended to shape the field of nanoscience and technology and will serve as an essential point of reference for cutting-edge research in the field.