Nano Phytoremediation Technologies For Groundwater Contaminates Emerging Research And Opportunities

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Nano-Phytoremediation Technologies for Groundwater Contaminates: Emerging Research and Opportunities

Author : Chaudhary, Khushboo
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 152259017X
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

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Book Synopsis Nano-Phytoremediation Technologies for Groundwater Contaminates: Emerging Research and Opportunities by : Chaudhary, Khushboo

Download or read book Nano-Phytoremediation Technologies for Groundwater Contaminates: Emerging Research and Opportunities written by Chaudhary, Khushboo and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-10-04 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the modern world, industries and factories are rising exponentially. This has led to the mass cultivation of non-biodegradable products, like heavy metals, that have polluted the environment and become a major threat to plant growth, crop yield, and human health. Conventional remediation technologies are expensive and may not remove contaminates effectively. Therefore, it is important to develop economically practical and more effective methods to decontaminate soils. Nano-Phytoremediation Technologies for Groundwater Contaminates: Emerging Research and Opportunities is a collection of innovative research on the methods and applications of the use of plants for remediating metal-contaminated soil and water. While highlighting topics including molecular mechanisms, nutrient interference, and fluoride accumulation, this book is ideally designed for environmental scientists, environmental engineers, agriculturalists, farmers, policymakers, government officials, research scholars, professors, and students studying in the fields of environmental engineering, biotechnology, nano-technology, bioscience, and environmental science.

Nature-Based Wastewater Treatment Systems

Author : Adarsh Kumar
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040112447
Total Pages : 488 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Nature-Based Wastewater Treatment Systems by : Adarsh Kumar

Download or read book Nature-Based Wastewater Treatment Systems written by Adarsh Kumar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-12-06 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Giving an account of successfully applied and recently developed green remediation technologies for water pollution control, this book describes the scope and applications of nature-based wastewater treatment technologies for environmental sustainability. The major focus is on associated eco-environmental concerns, recent technological developments, field studies, lessons learned, sustainability concerns, and future challenges. It also deals with the development of valuable bioresources together with wastewater treatment for the circular economy. This book: Covers nature-based wastewater treatment systems for the efficient management of wastewater for the protection of precious water resources. Includes development and utilization of useful bioresources, bioenergy, and value-added products together with wastewater treatment for the circular economy. Discusses technological aspects such as design, operation, and maintenance, eco-friendliness, effectiveness, and sustainability concerns. Highlights technological advancements, field experiences, research gaps, recent developments, challenges, and future directions for further improvements. Reviews field studies and challenges between pollution sources, exposure pathways, and impacts on environmental quality and human health. This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in environmental engineering and sciences, environmental microbiology, and biotechnology.

Waste Management Techniques for Improved Environmental and Public Health: Emerging Research and Opportunities

Author : Tsai, Sang-Bing
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 179981968X
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis Waste Management Techniques for Improved Environmental and Public Health: Emerging Research and Opportunities by : Tsai, Sang-Bing

Download or read book Waste Management Techniques for Improved Environmental and Public Health: Emerging Research and Opportunities written by Tsai, Sang-Bing and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-12-27 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A central concern that has remained relevant in recent years has been the management of waste and pollution. Improper disposal methods such as open-air burning and unsafe recycling have led to significant public and environmental health issues including respiratory disorders, resource depletion, and infant mortality. Adopting new waste management techniques is a necessity in order to preserve the health of the global community and ecosystem. Waste Management Techniques for Improved Environmental and Public Health: Emerging Research and Opportunities provides innovative insights into the advancing methods and technologies of reducing pollution and promoting sustainable development. The content within this publication examines ecological technologies, risk assessment, and green operation. It is designed for ecologists, biologists, researchers, enterprises, academicians, policymakers, scientists, environmental engineers, and students seeking current research on developing theories and techniques within waste moderation and environmental protection.

Predicting, Monitoring, and Assessing Forest Fire Dangers and Risks

Author : Baranovskiy, Nikolay Viktorovich
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799818691
Total Pages : 417 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis Predicting, Monitoring, and Assessing Forest Fire Dangers and Risks by : Baranovskiy, Nikolay Viktorovich

Download or read book Predicting, Monitoring, and Assessing Forest Fire Dangers and Risks written by Baranovskiy, Nikolay Viktorovich and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-12-27 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To understand the catastrophic processes of forest fire danger, different deterministic, probabilistic, and empiric models must be used. Simulating various surface and crown forest fires using predictive information technology could lead to the improvement of existing systems and the examination of the ecological and economic effects of forest fires in other countries. Predicting, Monitoring, and Assessing Forest Fire Dangers and Risks provides innovative insights into forestry management and fire statistics. The content within this publication examines climate change, thermal radiation, and remote sensing. It is designed for fire investigators, forestry technicians, emergency managers, fire and rescue specialists, professionals, researchers, meteorologists, computer engineers, academicians, and students invested in topics centered around providing conjugate information on forest fire danger and risk.

Current State and Future Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity

Author : Rathoure, Ashok Kumar
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799812286
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis Current State and Future Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity by : Rathoure, Ashok Kumar

Download or read book Current State and Future Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity written by Rathoure, Ashok Kumar and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-11-29 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the balance of society and nature is imperative when researching ecosystems and their global influence. A method of studying the health of these ecosystems is biodiversity. The more diverse the species that live in an ecosystem, the healthier it is. As the climate continues to transform, small-scale ecosystems are affected, altering their diversity. Environmentalists need a book of research that studies the specific impacts of climate change and how it affects the future of the environment. Current State and Future Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity is a pivotal reference source that provides vital research on biological systems and how climate change influences their health. While highlighting topics such as genetic diversity, economic valuation, and climatic conditions, this publication explores the effects of climate change as well as the methods of sustainable management within ecosystems. This book is ideally designed for environmental scientists, environmental professionals, scientists, ecologists, conservationists, government officials, policymakers, agriculturalists, environmentalists, zoologists, botanists, entomologists, urban planners, researchers, scholars, and students seeking research on current and future developments of various ecosystems.

Technological Developments in Food Preservation, Processing, and Storage

Author : Y?km??, Seydi
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799819264
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis Technological Developments in Food Preservation, Processing, and Storage by : Y?km??, Seydi

Download or read book Technological Developments in Food Preservation, Processing, and Storage written by Y?km??, Seydi and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-11-22 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, professionals have combined nutrition, health, and engineering sciences to develop new technologies within the food industry. As we are beginning to shift focus on how we view the health benefits of various food products, perseveration and processing techniques have become much more vital. New developments regarding how we store and preserve food are emerging rapidly, making it necessary for research to be done that studies the latest scientific improvements and contemporary methods of food processing. Technological Developments in Food Preservation, Processing, and Storage is a collection of innovative research on the latest developments and advancements of preservation technologies and storage methods within the food processing industry. While highlighting topics including nutritional supplements, microfiltration, and thermal technology, this book is ideally designed for biologists, nutrition scientists, health professionals, engineers, government officials, policymakers, food service professionals, industry practitioners, researchers, academicians, and students.

Handbook of Research on Agricultural Policy, Rural Development, and Entrepreneurship in Contemporary Economies

Author : Jean Vasile, Andrei
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522598391
Total Pages : 573 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Agricultural Policy, Rural Development, and Entrepreneurship in Contemporary Economies by : Jean Vasile, Andrei

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Agricultural Policy, Rural Development, and Entrepreneurship in Contemporary Economies written by Jean Vasile, Andrei and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-11-29 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Promoting rural entrepreneurship is a necessary step to limit the negative effects of classical agricultural policy based on a linear process and attracting secondary resources to the economic process. The analysis of agricultural policy and rural development in conjunction to entrepreneurship in terms of production may represent a further step in understanding the role and importance of diversifying the rural potentials in contemporary economies. The Handbook of Research on Agricultural Policy, Rural Development, and Entrepreneurship in Contemporary Economies is an essential publication of academic research that examines agricultural policy and its impact on shaping future resilient economy in rural areas and identifies green business models and new business patterns in rural communities. Covering a range of topics such as entrepreneurship, product management, and marketing, this book is ideal for researchers, policymakers, academicians, economists, agriculture professionals, rural developers, business investors, and students.

Introduction to Phytoremediation

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Phytoremediation by :

Download or read book Introduction to Phytoremediation written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Phytoremediation

Author : Abid A. Ansari
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319996517
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Phytoremediation by : Abid A. Ansari

Download or read book Phytoremediation written by Abid A. Ansari and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-02 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text details the plant-assisted remediation method, “phytoremediation”, which involves the interaction of plant roots and associated rhizospheric microorganisms for the remediation of soil contaminated with high levels of metals, metalloids, fuel and oil hydrocarbons, nano particles, pesticides, solvents, organic compounds and various other contaminants. Many chapters highlight and compare the efficiency and economic advantages of phytoremediation and nano-phytoremediation to currently practiced soil and water treatment practices. Volume 6 of Phytoremediation: Management of Environmental Contaminants continues the series. Taken together, the six volumes provide a broad–based global synopsis of the current applications of phytoremediation using plants and the microbial communities associated with their roots to decontaminate terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Nano-Bioremediation: Fundamentals and Applications

Author : Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128241683
Total Pages : 620 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Nano-Bioremediation: Fundamentals and Applications by : Hafiz M. N. Iqbal

Download or read book Nano-Bioremediation: Fundamentals and Applications written by Hafiz M. N. Iqbal and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-10 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nano-Bioremediation: Fundamentals and Applications explores how nano-bioremediation is used to remedy environmental pollutants. The book's chapters focus on the design, fabrication and application of advanced nanomaterials and their integration with biotechnological processes for the monitoring and treatment of pollutants in environmental matrices. It is an important reference source for materials scientists, engineers and environmental scientists who are looking to increase their understanding of bioremediation at the nanoscale. The mitigation of environmental pollution is the biggest challenge to researchers and the scientific community, hence this book provides answers to some important questions. As an advanced hybrid technology, nano-bioremediation refers to the integration of nanomaterials and bioremediation for the remediation of pollutants. The rapid pace of urbanization, massive development of industrial sectors, and modern agricultural practices all cause a controlled or uncontrolled release of environmentally-related hazardous contaminants that are seriously threatening every key sphere, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and anthroposphere. Explores the current and potential applications of nano-bioremediation in the remediation of hazardous pollutants Outlines the major properties and classes of nanomaterials that make them efficient bioremediation agents Assesses the major challenges of effectively implementing bioremediation techniques at the nanoscale

Nano-phytoremediation and Environmental Pollution

Author : Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040118690
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Nano-phytoremediation and Environmental Pollution by : Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli

Download or read book Nano-phytoremediation and Environmental Pollution written by Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-09-12 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book discusses nano-phytoremediation: the use of nanotechnology in combination with phytoremediation to restore polluted environs. The potentiality of plants in association with nanomaterials to effectively remediate polluted areas is elaborated meritoriously in this book. New strategies are necessary because anthropogenic actions represent a serious threat to life on Earth. This book has given enough space for a discussion of innovative and efficient technologies to restore damaged environs primarily focused on nano-phytoremediation. The first part of the book is dedicated to exploring organic and inorganic pollution and the threats they pose to living forms. The second part explores the joint use of plants and nanomaterials and the nano-phytoremediation of water and soil ecosystems. The book offers readers extensive knowledge on nano-phytoremediation as a feasible strategy to clean environmental pollution. The key features of the book are as follows: Nano-phytoremediation strategies to remediate soil and water ecosystems. Special chapters dedicated to different kinds of pollutants and methods of phytoremediation. Strategies to evaluate the success of nano-phytoremediation strategies, cost-effectiveness, and nano informatics to safe nanotechnology. The book can be used as a primary or supplementary text in undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate courses such as biotechnology, biochemistry, and environmental engineering. It is an interesting edition for instructors, researchers, and scientists working on environmental management and pollution control.

Phytoremediation of Emerging Contaminants in Wetlands

Author : Prabhat Kumar Rai
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351067427
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Phytoremediation of Emerging Contaminants in Wetlands by : Prabhat Kumar Rai

Download or read book Phytoremediation of Emerging Contaminants in Wetlands written by Prabhat Kumar Rai and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-03-15 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phytoremediation with wetland plants is an eco-friendly, aesthetically pleasing, cost-effective, solar-driven, passive technique that is useful for cleaning up environmental pollutants with low to moderate levels of contamination.

Aquatic Contamination

Author : Rouf Ahmad Bhat
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119989302
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Aquatic Contamination by : Rouf Ahmad Bhat

Download or read book Aquatic Contamination written by Rouf Ahmad Bhat and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-09-26 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aquatic Contamination Authoritative resource presenting techniques and technologies to sustainably neutralize environmental contamination in aquatic plants, microorganisms, and more Two thirds of the Earth is covered with aquatic habitats that play a key role in stabilizing the global environment and providing a wide variety of services to increasing human needs. Nevertheless, anthropogenic activities are rapidly destroying the quality of both fresh and marine waters globally, due to excessive use of chemicals, fertilizers and pollution from suburban and industrial areas eventually making their way into the aquatic world. Aquatic Contamination: Tolerance and Bioremediation presents the broader spectrum of biological applicability of microbes with better understanding of cellular mechanisms for remediation of aquatic contaminants. The book also focuses on practices involved in molecular and genetic approaches, necessary to achieve targets of bioremediation and phytoremediation to solve global water contamination problems. Such approaches pave the way for the utilization of biological assets to design new, efficient, and environmentally sound remediation strategies by inculcating genomic techniques at cellular and molecular levels with model assessment. Aquatic Contamination provides a comprehensive background for readers interested in all perspectives of the contamination of aquatic environs. It covers various research aspects which are being carried out globally to understand simulation models in the assessment of xenobiotics, role of genomics, transgenic plants, and microbial enzymes for degradation and removal of toxic substances in aquatic environs. Key features include: Extensive coverage of interactions between plants, metals and microbes including the influence of biotic and abiotic factors Comprehensive discussion of the details of molecular mechanisms from assimilation to detoxification levels Exploration of the enzymatic approaches of potential plants acting as hyper-accumulators for contaminants in aquatic environs Details of sustainable tools such as transgenic plants for the manipulation of important functional microbial genes to achieve higher certainty of bioremediation Details of advances in tools and models like micro-arrays and simulation models for the complete assessment of xenobiotic compounds from cellular to degradation hierarchies Aquatic Contamination: Tolerance and Bioremediation will be substantially helpful to environmentalists, microbiologists, biotechnologists and scientists, providing essential information on various modern technologies for the remediation of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.

Green Nanoremediation

Author : Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031305582
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (313 download)

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Book Synopsis Green Nanoremediation by : Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli

Download or read book Green Nanoremediation written by Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-06-22 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on green nanoremediation addressing aspects related to the use of nanomaterials generated through green synthesis protocols to efficiently restore polluted environs. Nanomaterials’ characteristics such as large surface area, capacity to easily reach into contaminated sites, good reactivity, and possibility of being developed to present photocatalytic activity and/or to deal with targeted substances by chemical surface modification are useful specially to perform remediation. As an alternative to conventional physicochemical methods, the green-based synthesis protocols reject the use of harmful reagents, prevent waste production, apply renewable energy source and/or materials, and consider in first place offering the smallest negative impact possible to living beings and to the ecosystem. Green synthesis in nanotechnology field involves the use of seaweeds, bacteria, cyanobacteria, yeasts, fungi, plants (living ones, biomass, extracts) and/or bio-derived products to generate the nanomaterials. The introductory chapter will be dedicated to nanomaterials’ characteristics that enable them to be used in environmental remediation. The first part of the book will be dedicated to organic and inorganic pollution and the threats they pose to living forms; advantages, disadvantages and mechanisms of nanoremediation; comparison between conventional strategies of environmental pollution remediation and the green nanoremediation; carbon-based and non-carbon-based green nanomaterials capable of promoting environs’ remediation; cost/benefits of using nanomaterials and nanoinformatics to a safe nanotechnology. The second part will be dedicated to green nanoremediation of water and soil, microbe-based, algae-based and plant-based synthesis of nanomaterials to nanoremediation. This part will also contain chapters dedicated to relevant nanomaterials for green nanoremediation protocols, nano-phytoremediation strategies, strategies to evaluate the efficiency of protocols related to this kind of remediation, main interactions of green nanomaterials and microbes during nanoremediation and, as a consequence of it, biocompatibility of green nanomaterials. This book’s main purpose is to offer readers extensive knowledge on green nanoremediation as a feasible strategy to fight pollution's harmful consequences and clean environmental pollution, but also present the challenges that should be surpassed.

Advanced Nanotechnology in Plants

Author : Jen-Tsung Chen
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1003826709
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Nanotechnology in Plants by : Jen-Tsung Chen

Download or read book Advanced Nanotechnology in Plants written by Jen-Tsung Chen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-02-22 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology uses nanomaterials/nanoparticles that can penetrate plant cells and interact with intracellular organelles and metabolites impacting plant growth, development, physiology, and biochemistry. Advanced Nanotechnology in Plants: Methods and Applications explores emerging plant nanotechnology, covering advanced methods and applications with an emphasis on the mitigation of plant diseases and environmental stressors. This technology can lead to the improvement of crop quality and yield to face the challenge of global climate change with an expanding global population. Features: Summarizes advanced methods and current applications of nanotechnology to mitigate plant stress Supports the Paris Agreement, which tackles three main objectives for sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes, adapting and building resilience to climate change, and reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas emissions Discusses potential uses and future directions in green nanotechnology for smart and sustainable agriculture The content fits the goals of the UN SDGs contributing to goals 12 and 15 for responsible consumption and production and sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems Provides current research findings of engineered nanoparticles for phytoremediation This book is a reference for students, researchers, and scientists in the field of plant sciences and nanotechnology. It is also useful for those in green chemistry, and environmental sciences, and can be a practical handbook for academics, including teachers, students, and agricultural experts.

Nanotechnology for Sustainable Water Resources

Author : Ajay Kumar Mishra
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119323843
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanotechnology for Sustainable Water Resources by : Ajay Kumar Mishra

Download or read book Nanotechnology for Sustainable Water Resources written by Ajay Kumar Mishra and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-05 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, we have summarized recent progresses due to novel nanomaterials for sustainable water resources. Book provides a summary of the state of the art knowledge to scientists, engineers and policy makers, about recent developments due to nanotechnology for sustainable water resources arena. The advances in sustainable water resources technologies in the context of modern society’s interests will be considered preferably which allow to identify grand challenges and directions for future research. The book contributors have been selected from all over the world and the essential functions of the nanotechnologies have presented rather than their anticipated applications. Moreover, up to date knowledge on economy, toxicity and regulation related to nanotechnology are presented in detail. In the end, role of nanotechnology for green and sustainable future has also been briefly debated.

Application of Nanotechnology in Membranes for Water Treatment

Author : Alberto Figoli
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351715267
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis Application of Nanotechnology in Membranes for Water Treatment by : Alberto Figoli

Download or read book Application of Nanotechnology in Membranes for Water Treatment written by Alberto Figoli and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-07-14 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book focuses on Application of Nanotechnology in Membranes for Water Treatment but not only provides a series of innovative solutions for water reclamation through advanced membrane technology but also serves as a medium to promote international cooperation and networking for the development of advanced membrane technology for Universal well-being and to achieve the common goal of supplying economically, environmentally and societally sustainable freshwater and better sanitation systems. This book is unique because the chapters were authored by established researchers all around the globe based on their recent research findings. In addition, this book provides a holistic coverage of membrane development for water treatment, from the membrane preparation and characterizations to the performance for specific processes and applications. Since that water scarcity has become a global risk and one of the most serious challenges for the scientific community in this century, the publication of this book is therefore significant as it will serve as a medium for a good reference of an alternative solution in water reclamation. This book will provide the readers with a thorough understanding of the different available approaches for manufacturing membranes both with innovative polymeric systems and inorganic nano-materials which could give enhanced functionalities, catalytic and antimicrobial activities to improve the performance of the existing membranes. It will be useful for leading decision and policy makers, water sector representatives and administrators, policy makers from the governments, business leaders, business houses in water treatment, and engineers/ scientists from both industrialized and developing countries as well.