Multidimensional Ultrafast Spectroscopy Of Photosynthetic Pigment Protein Complexes

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Multidimensional Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Photosynthetic Pigment-Protein Complexes

Author : Eleonora De Re
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 114 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Multidimensional Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Photosynthetic Pigment-Protein Complexes by : Eleonora De Re

Download or read book Multidimensional Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Photosynthetic Pigment-Protein Complexes written by Eleonora De Re and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation presents the application of ultrafast spectroscopy to the investigation of pigment-protein complexes (PPCs) involved in energy transfer and energy dissipation in photosynthetic organisms. PPCs are the building blocks of all photosynthetic organisms, and within individual pigment-protein complexes, energy transfer dynamics occur over fast timescales and broad spectral regions. Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the capability of photosynthetic organisms to absorb light energy, funnel this energy to a location for charge separation, and perform charge separation with subsequent conversion into chemical energy. All of these functions need to be performed efficiently under different light conditions. This chapter also includes a discussion of the different light harvesting strategies that various photosynthetic organisms have evolved. Lastly, this chapter discusses the application of ultrafast spectroscopy as an excellent tool to study the dynamics of PPCs. The three experimental techniques used in this dissertation are introduced in this chapter. Chapters 2 and 3 present the application of two ultrafast spectroscopic techniques, two dimensional electronic spectroscopy and transient absorption spectroscopy, to the investigation of the structure-function relationship of photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes. Chapter 2 is an investigation of the photophysics of the two forms of the Orange Carotenoid Protein, involved in excess energy dissipation in cyanobacteria. Ultrafast spectroscopy allows us to understand how a conformational change that modifies pigment-protein interactions is able to generate a different biological function. Chapter 3 presents degenerate and non-degenerate two dimensional electronic spectroscopy experiments to investigate the energy transfer dynamics and couplings in the bacterial reaction center, which is the location of charge separation. Chapter 4 investigates a PPC involved in excess energy dissipation in green algae, LhcSR. Fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy is used to investigate the excited state properties of LhcSR, which plays a role as light harvester, pH sensor and quencher in algae. The results allow us to identify two conformations, a light harvesting one and a quenching one. Transient absorption spectroscopy is used to investigate the energy transfer pathways involved in quenching in the two different conformations. Finally, Chapter 5 presents conclusions and extensions to future work, in order to improve our understanding of the energy transfer dynamics in natural photosynthetic systems.

Multidimensional Spectroscopy of Photosynthetic Complexes

Author : Gabriela Sadira Schlau-Cohen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Multidimensional Spectroscopy of Photosynthetic Complexes by : Gabriela Sadira Schlau-Cohen

Download or read book Multidimensional Spectroscopy of Photosynthetic Complexes written by Gabriela Sadira Schlau-Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experiments using two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectroscopy to investigate the structure-function relationships that give rise to photosynthetic energy transfer within pigment protein complexes are presented and discussed in this dissertation. 2D electronic spectroscopy using ultrafast laser pulses throughout the visible regime was applied to study excitation energy transfer in the major light harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCII) and the reaction center from purple bacteria. These experiments elucidated information about the excited state structure and the energy transfer timescales within these complexes. All-parallel 2D spectroscopy was used to monitor the energy transfer dynamics in LHCII and reveals previously unobserved sub-100 fs energy transfer between the chlorophyll-b (Chl-b) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) bands and within the Chl-a band. Reproducing these results with simulations led to improvements in the values of the uncoupled transition energies of the chlorophyll in the working Hamiltonian of LHCII. The delocalized excited states observed in the experimental and theoretical results were found to increase the range of optimal angles for energy transfer from LHCII to neighboring pigment-protein complexes, as opposed to the case of a single, isolated donor excited state. Polarized 2D spectroscopy experiments reported here identified previously unresolved excitation energy transfer steps in LHCII. These results were used to determine the angle between transition dipole moments of the donor and acceptor. A new method was developed to use the angle between transition dipole moments to find the uncoupled transition energies of the chlorophyll, previously the major unknown for an accurate electronic Hamiltonian. This method was applied to LHCII. Quantum coherence, or a long-lived superposition of excited states, was observed in LHCII using a second polarization sequence. The observable timescales of coherence was determined to be 700-900 fs, which illustrates that quantum coherence lasts longer than many energy transfer steps. The potential contribution of coherence to the robustness of photosynthetic energy transfer to the rugged energy landscape and to temperature variations is discussed. Experiments on the B band of the bacterial reaction center were able to isolate the previously inseparable two peaks and observe energy transfer between these two excited states. A new extension of 2D spectroscopy, two-color 2D spectroscopy, was demonstrated for examining the interactions between two spectrally separate chromophores. Using this approach, energy was found to transfer from the carotenoid to the bacteriochlorophyll both via S1 and via Qx in the bacterial reaction center in an approximately 2:1 ratio, and within about 750 fs.

Investigation of Light-harvesting Dynamics of Photosynthetic Pigment-protein Complexes Using Ultrafast Spectroscopy

Author : Scott McClure
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigation of Light-harvesting Dynamics of Photosynthetic Pigment-protein Complexes Using Ultrafast Spectroscopy by : Scott McClure

Download or read book Investigation of Light-harvesting Dynamics of Photosynthetic Pigment-protein Complexes Using Ultrafast Spectroscopy written by Scott McClure and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ultrafast Excitation Energy Transfer Dynamics in Photosynthetic Pigment-protein Complexes

Author : Thomas Renger
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (487 download)

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Book Synopsis Ultrafast Excitation Energy Transfer Dynamics in Photosynthetic Pigment-protein Complexes by : Thomas Renger

Download or read book Ultrafast Excitation Energy Transfer Dynamics in Photosynthetic Pigment-protein Complexes written by Thomas Renger and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Light Harvesting in Photosynthesis

Author : Roberta Croce
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351242873
Total Pages : 793 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (512 download)

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Book Synopsis Light Harvesting in Photosynthesis by : Roberta Croce

Download or read book Light Harvesting in Photosynthesis written by Roberta Croce and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-12 with total page 793 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This landmark collective work introduces the physical, chemical, and biological principles underlying photosynthesis: light absorption, excitation energy transfer, and charge separation. It begins with an introduction to properties of various pigments, and the pigment proteins in plant, algae, and bacterial systems. It addresses the underlying physics of light harvesting and key spectroscopic methods, including data analysis. It discusses assembly of the natural system, its energy transfer properties, and regulatory mechanisms. It also addresses light-harvesting in artificial systems and the impact of photosynthesis on our environment. The chapter authors are amongst the field’s world recognized experts. Chapters are divided into five main parts, the first focused on pigments, their properties and biosynthesis, and the second section looking at photosynthetic proteins, including light harvesting in higher plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and green bacteria. The third part turns to energy transfer and electron transport, discussing modeling approaches, quantum aspects, photoinduced electron transfer, and redox potential modulation, followed by a section on experimental spectroscopy in light harvesting research. The concluding final section includes chapters on artificial photosynthesis, with topics such as use of cyanobacteria and algae for sustainable energy production. Robert Croce is Head of the Biophysics Group and full professor in biophysics of photosynthesis/energy at Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. Rienk van Grondelle is full professor at Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. Herbert van Amerongen is full professor of biophysics in the Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences at Wageningen University, where he is also director of the MicroSpectroscopy Research Facility. Ivo van Stokkum is associate professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, at Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.

Biophysical Techniques in Photosynthesis

Author : Thijs Aartsma
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402082509
Total Pages : 538 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Biophysical Techniques in Photosynthesis by : Thijs Aartsma

Download or read book Biophysical Techniques in Photosynthesis written by Thijs Aartsma and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-01 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the first volume on Biophysical Techniques in Photosynthesis Research, published in 1996, new experimental techniques and methods have been devised at a rapid pace. The present book is a sequel which complements the publication of the first volume by providing a comprehensive overview of the most important new techniques developed over the past ten years, especially those that are relevant for research on the mechanism and fundamental aspects of photosynthesis.

Optical Spectroscopy of Photosynthetic Complexes

Author : Nicoleta Herascu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Optical Spectroscopy of Photosynthetic Complexes by : Nicoleta Herascu

Download or read book Optical Spectroscopy of Photosynthetic Complexes written by Nicoleta Herascu and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Vibrational Spectroscopy in Protein Research

Author : Yukihiro Ozaki
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128186119
Total Pages : 609 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Vibrational Spectroscopy in Protein Research by : Yukihiro Ozaki

Download or read book Vibrational Spectroscopy in Protein Research written by Yukihiro Ozaki and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-05-19 with total page 609 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vibrational Spectroscopy in Protein Research offers a thorough discussion of vibrational spectroscopy in protein research, providing researchers with clear, practical guidance on methods employed, areas of application, and modes of analysis. With chapter contributions from international leaders in the field, the book addresses basic principles of vibrational spectroscopy in protein research, instrumentation and technologies available, sampling methods, quantitative analysis, origin of group frequencies, and qualitative interpretation. In addition to discussing vibrational spectroscopy for the analysis of purified proteins, chapter authors also examine its use in studying complex protein systems, including protein aggregates, fibrous proteins, membrane proteins and protein assemblies. Emphasis throughout the book is placed on applications in human tissue, cell development, and disease analysis, with chapters dedicated to studies of molecular changes that occur during disease progression, as well as identifying changes in tissues and cells in disease studies. Provides thorough guidance in implementing cutting-edge vibrational spectroscopic methods from international leaders in the field Emphasizes in vivo, in situ and non-invasive analysis of proteins in biomedical and life science research more broadly Contains chapters that address vibrational spectroscopy for the study of simple purified proteins and protein aggregates, fibrous proteins, membrane proteins and protein assemblies

Ultrafast Phenomena XVI

Author : Paul Corkum
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540959467
Total Pages : 1031 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (49 download)

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Book Synopsis Ultrafast Phenomena XVI by : Paul Corkum

Download or read book Ultrafast Phenomena XVI written by Paul Corkum and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-23 with total page 1031 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ultrafast Phenomena XVI presents the latest advances in ultrafast science, including both ultrafast optical technology and the study of ultrafast phenomena. It covers picosecond, femtosecond and attosecond processes relevant to applications in physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. Ultrafast technology has a profound impact in a wide range of applications, amongst them biomedical imaging, chemical dynamics, frequency standards, material processing, and ultrahigh speed communications. This book summarizes the results presented at the 16th International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena and provides an up-to-date view of this important and rapidly advancing field.

Coherent Multidimensional Spectroscopy

Author : Minhaeng Cho
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811397538
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Coherent Multidimensional Spectroscopy by : Minhaeng Cho

Download or read book Coherent Multidimensional Spectroscopy written by Minhaeng Cho and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-06 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will fulfill the needs of time-domain spectroscopists who wish to deepen their understanding of both the theoretical and experimental features of this cutting-edge spectroscopy technique. Coherent Multidimensional Spectroscopy (CMDS) is a state-of-the-art technique with applications in a variety of subjects like chemistry, molecular physics, biochemistry, biophysics, and material science. Due to dramatic advancements of ultrafast laser technologies, diverse multidimensional spectroscopic methods utilizing combinations of THz, IR, visible, UV, and X-ray radiation sources have been developed and used to study real time dynamics of small molecules in solutions, proteins and nucleic acids in condensed phases and membranes, single and multiple excitons in functional materials like semiconductors, quantum dots, and solar cells, photo-excited states in light-harvesting complexes, ions in battery electrolytes, electronic and conformational changes in charge or proton transfer systems, and excess electrons and protons in water and biological systems.

Introduction to Modern Biophysics

Author : Mohammad Ashrafuzzaman
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1003821642
Total Pages : 603 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Modern Biophysics by : Mohammad Ashrafuzzaman

Download or read book Introduction to Modern Biophysics written by Mohammad Ashrafuzzaman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-12-15 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook provides an introduction to the fundamental and applied aspects of biophysics for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of physics, chemistry, and biology. The application of physics principles and techniques in exploring biological systems has long been a tradition in scientific research. Biological systems hold naturally inbuilt physical principles and processes which are popularly explored. Systematic discoveries help us understand the structures and functions of individual biomolecules, biomolecular systems, cells, organelles, tissues, and even the physiological systems of animals and plants. Utilizing a physics- based scientific understanding of biological systems to explore disease is at the forefront of applied scientific research. This textbook covers key breakthroughs in biophysics whilst looking ahead to future horizons and directions of research. It contains models based on both classical and quantum mechanical treatments of biological systems. It explores diseases related to physical alterations in biomolecular structures and organizations alongside drug discovery strategies. It also discusses the cutting- edge applications of nanotechnologies in manipulating nanoprocesses in biological systems. Key Features: • Presents an accessible introduction to how physics principles and techniques can be used to understand biological and biochemical systems. • Addresses natural processes, mutations, and their purposeful manipulation. • Lays the groundwork for vitally important natural scientific, technological, and medical advances. Mohammad Ashrafuzzaman, a biophysicist and condensed matter scientist, is passionate about investigating biological and biochemical processes utilizing physics principles and techniques. He is a professor of biophysics at King Saud University’s Biochemistry Department in the College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the co- founder of MDT Canada Inc., and the founder of Child Life Development Institute, Edmonton, Canada. He has authored Biophysics and Nanotechnology of Ion Channels, Nanoscale Biophysics of the Cell, and Membrane Biophysics. He has also published about 50 peer- reviewed articles and several patents, edited two books, and has been serving on the editorial boards of Elsevier and Bentham Science journals. Dr. Ashrafuzzaman has held research and academic ranks at Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology, University of Neuchatel (Switzerland), Helsinki University of Technology (Finland), Weill Medical College of Cornell University (USA), and University of Alberta (Canada). During 2013– 2018 he also served as a Visiting Professor at the Departments of Oncology, and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, of the University of Alberta. Dr. Ashrafuzzaman earned his highest academic degree, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in condensed matter physics from the University of Neuchatel, Switzerland in 2004.

Pigment pigment interactions and protein dynamics in light harvesting complexes: a single molecule study

Author : Clemens Hofmann
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3865371299
Total Pages : 183 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (653 download)

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Book Synopsis Pigment pigment interactions and protein dynamics in light harvesting complexes: a single molecule study by : Clemens Hofmann

Download or read book Pigment pigment interactions and protein dynamics in light harvesting complexes: a single molecule study written by Clemens Hofmann and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2004 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ultrafast Dynamics In Molecules, Nanostructures And Interfaces - Selected Lectures Presented At Symposium On Ultrafast Dynamics Of The 7th International Conference On Materials For Advanced Technologies

Download Ultrafast Dynamics In Molecules, Nanostructures And Interfaces - Selected Lectures Presented At Symposium On Ultrafast Dynamics Of The 7th International Conference On Materials For Advanced Technologies PDF Online Free

Author : Guglielmo Lanzani
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814556939
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (145 download)

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Book Synopsis Ultrafast Dynamics In Molecules, Nanostructures And Interfaces - Selected Lectures Presented At Symposium On Ultrafast Dynamics Of The 7th International Conference On Materials For Advanced Technologies by : Guglielmo Lanzani

Download or read book Ultrafast Dynamics In Molecules, Nanostructures And Interfaces - Selected Lectures Presented At Symposium On Ultrafast Dynamics Of The 7th International Conference On Materials For Advanced Technologies written by Guglielmo Lanzani and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2014-01-22 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Primary events in natural systems or devices occur on extremely short time scales, and yet determine in many cases the final performance or output. For this reason research in ultrafast science is of primary importance and impact in both fundamental research as well as its applications. This book reviews the advances in the field, addressing timely and open questions such as the role of quantum coherence in biology, the role of excess energy in electron injection at photovoltaic interfaces or the dynamics in quantum confined structures (e.g. multi carrier generation). The approach is that of a monograph, with a broad tutorial introduction and an overview of the recent results. This volume includes selected lectures presented at Symposium on Ultrafast Dynamics of the 7th International Conference on Materials for Advanced Technologies.

Investigations of Photosynthetic Light Harvesting by Two-dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy

Author : Elizabeth Louise Read
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigations of Photosynthetic Light Harvesting by Two-dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy by : Elizabeth Louise Read

Download or read book Investigations of Photosynthetic Light Harvesting by Two-dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy written by Elizabeth Louise Read and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ultrafast Quantum Effects and Vibrational Dynamics in Organic and Biological Systems

Author : Sarah Elizabeth Morgan
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319633996
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Ultrafast Quantum Effects and Vibrational Dynamics in Organic and Biological Systems by : Sarah Elizabeth Morgan

Download or read book Ultrafast Quantum Effects and Vibrational Dynamics in Organic and Biological Systems written by Sarah Elizabeth Morgan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-01 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis focuses on theoretical analysis of the sophisticated ultrafast optical experiments that probe the crucial first few picoseconds of quantum light harvesting, making an important contribution to quantum biology, an exciting new field at the intersection of condensed matter, physical chemistry and biology. It provides new insights into the role of vibrational dynamics during singlet fission of organic pentacene thin films, and targeting the importance of vibrational dynamics in the design of nanoscale organic light harvesting devices, it also develops a new wavelet analysis technique to probe vibronic dynamics in time-resolved nonlinear optical experiments. Lastly, the thesis explores the theory of how non-linear “breather” vibrations are excited and propagate in the disordered nanostructures of photosynthetic proteins.

Photosynthetic Excitons

Author : Herbert van Amerongen
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9789810232801
Total Pages : 612 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (328 download)

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Book Synopsis Photosynthetic Excitons by : Herbert van Amerongen

Download or read book Photosynthetic Excitons written by Herbert van Amerongen and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2000 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excitons are considered as the basic concept used by describing the spectral properties of photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes and excitation dynamics in photosynthetic light-harvesting antenna and reaction centers. Following the recently obtained structures of a variety of photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes from plants and bacteria our interest in understanding the relation between structure, function and spectroscopy has strongly increased. These data demonstrate a short interpigment distance (of the order of 1 nm or even smaller) and/or a highly symmetric (ring-like) arrangement of pigment molecules in peripheral light-harvesting complexes of photosynthetic bacteria. Books which were devoted to the exciton problem so far mainly considered the spectral properties of molecular crystals. However, the small size of these pigment aggregates in the pigment-protein complexes as well as the role of the protein, which is responsible for the structural arrangement of the complex, clearly will have a dramatic influence on the pigment spectra and exciton dynamics. All these aspects of the problem are considered in this book. Exciton theory is mainly considered for small molecular aggregates (dimers, ring-like structures etc.). Together with the theoretical description of the classical conceptual approach, which mainly deals with polarization properties of the absorption and fluorescence spectra, the nonlinear femtosecond spectroscopy which is widely used for investigations now is also discussed. A large part of the book demonstrates the excitonic effects in a multitude of photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes and how we can understand these properties on the basis of the exciton concept.

Harvesting Far-red Light

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789464231007
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Harvesting Far-red Light by :

Download or read book Harvesting Far-red Light written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxygenic photosynthesis is the fundamental process by which sunlight energy is stored as chemical energy in organic compounds and oxygen is released in the atmosphere. It starts with the capture of a photon by one of the pigments embedded within one of the two photosystems, Photosystem I (PSI) or II (PSII). These photosystems are large assemblies of many pigments held together by the protein scaffold. The absorption of the photon brings the pigment to an electronic excited state. The excitation energy is then transferred from pigment-to-pigment to the reaction center (RC) of the photosystem, where it is used to perform charge separation (CS). The pigment-to-pigment energy transfer within photosynthetic complexes occurs on a very fast, femtosecond (fs, 10^(-15) second) to picosecond (ps, 10^(-12) second) timescale, which ensures that the photosystems are extremely efficient in using the energy for charge separation. In this thesis, aspects of the light-harvesting of photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes were investigated. The spectroscopic properties (absorption, emission) and energy-transfer processes were studied with a variety of different techniques, including advanced ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopic methods (two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy). In these time-resolved experiments, the complexes are excited with ultrashort (fs temporal width) pulses of light, after which the optical response (photon-echo, fluorescence) is monitored in time. By measuring these signals, excitation energy transfer (EET) and energy trapping within these complexes can be determined. Oxygenic photosynthesis is mainly powered by visible light in the 400–700 nm range. Expanding the absorption range to 750 nm would result in 19% more photons available for photosynthesis [Chen, M. & Blankenship, R. E. (2011) Trends Plant Sci., 16, 427–431].