Mood and Modality in Hurrian

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Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1575067145
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Mood and Modality in Hurrian by : Dennis Campbell

Download or read book Mood and Modality in Hurrian written by Dennis Campbell and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2015-04-03 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a long dead language isolate such as Hurrian, grammatical studies are replete with difficulties. The paucity of material and our inability to compare it to modern, well-documented languages typically results in more questions than answers. Many posited answers to these questions lead inevitably to dead ends. Studies in languages such as Hurrian run the risk of either stagnating due to an adherence to the status quo by scholars or fragmenting when no two scholars can (or will) agree on any point. In this book, Campbell has in many ways broken with tradition in an attempt to go beneath the surface and reveal further complexities in Hurrian grammar. This work, the first English-language monograph on Hurrian since 1941, is not a dogmatic treatise meant to counter the status quo but an exploration of the complexities of the Hurrian language from a new perspective. His conclusions may challenge present perceptions, but the hope is that they will in turn inspire challenges, for it is only in this way that our understanding of this wonderful language and the people who spoke it can be furthered. Mood and Modality in Hurrian provides a formal and functional analysis of the Hurrian modal morphemes. Unlike the better-known Semitic and Indo-European languages of the ancient Near East, Hurrian has a rich complement of modal endings. This at-times bewildering variety in form and function of modal morphemes in Hurrian has been a largely unstudied topic. Although it has been touched upon in a number of studies, it has not received a detailed treatment until now. Beyond a philological treatment of a dead language, Campbell also adds to the accumulated knowledge of ergativity. This book explores the interplay between ergativity and modality in Hurrian. Furthermore, Campbell explores the issue of voice in Hurrian and its relation to modality.

Modality and the Biblical Hebrew Infinitive Absolute

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Publisher : Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
ISBN 13 : 9783447061582
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Modality and the Biblical Hebrew Infinitive Absolute by : Scott N. Callaham

Download or read book Modality and the Biblical Hebrew Infinitive Absolute written by Scott N. Callaham and published by Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. This book was released on 2010 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alongside several related ancient languages, Biblical Hebrew possesses two infinitive forms. The rarer of the two is the infinitive absolute, for which no analogous structure exists in modern translation receptor languages such as English. In studying its use, Hebrew grammarians have long noted that the infinitive absolute often appears in modal contexts. However, until the present study this phenomenon has not received further scholarly attention. Employing contemporary cross-linguistic research on modality, Callaham's study presents a new and comprehensive analysis of the function of the infi nitive absolute in Biblical Hebrew. Collected data strongly imply that the combination of an infinitive absolute and a cognate verb is a construction expressing verb focus, which includes focus on any modality present in the cognate verb. Infinitives absolute can also function as full substitutes for finite verbs. Accordingly, these independent uses are also highly modal. Through wide-ranging interaction with previous research and exhaustive examination of textual data, this study advances new findings on the interplay of modality and infinitive absolute employment in the Hebrew Bible.

The Routledge Handbook of the Senses in the Ancient Near East

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 100043642X
Total Pages : 770 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of the Senses in the Ancient Near East by : Kiersten Neumann

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of the Senses in the Ancient Near East written by Kiersten Neumann and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-30 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook is a state-of-the-field volume containing diverse approaches to sensory experience, bringing to life in an innovative, remarkably vivid, and visceral way the lives of past humans through contributions that cover the chronological and geographical expanse of the ancient Near East. It comprises thirty-two chapters written by leading international contributors that look at the ways in which humans, through their senses, experienced their lives and the world around them in the ancient Near East, with coverage of Anatolia, Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Persia, from the Neolithic through the Roman period. It is organised into six parts related to sensory contexts: Practice, production, and taskscape; Dress and the body; Ritualised practice and ceremonial spaces; Death and burial; Science, medicine, and aesthetics; and Languages and semantic fields. In addition to exploring what makes each sensory context unique, this organisation facilitates cross-cultural and cross-chronological, as well as cross-sensory and multisensory comparisons and discussions of sensory experiences in the ancient world. In so doing, the volume also enables considerations of senses beyond the five-sense model of Western philosophy (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell), including proprioception and interoception, and the phenomena of synaesthesia and kinaesthesia. The Routledge Handbook of the Senses in the Ancient Near East provides scholars and students within the field of ancient Near Eastern studies new perspectives on and conceptions of familiar spaces, places, and practices, as well as material culture and texts. It also allows scholars and students from adjacent fields such as Classics and Biblical Studies to engage with this material, and is a must-read for any scholar or student interested in or already engaged with the field of sensory studies in any period.

Motion, Voice, and Mood in the Semitic Verb

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Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1646022521
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis Motion, Voice, and Mood in the Semitic Verb by : Henning Ambjörn Sjörs

Download or read book Motion, Voice, and Mood in the Semitic Verb written by Henning Ambjörn Sjörs and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2022-11-18 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the relationship between the so-called ventive morpheme in Akkadian (-am) and the related suffixes -n and -a in other Semitic languages, including Amarna Canaanite, Ugaritic, Hebrew, and Arabic. Using formal reconstructions of the various morphemes and a functional analysis of their different usages, Ambjörn Sjörs convincingly argues that these endings are cognate morphemes that were formally and functionally related to the ventive morpheme in Akkadian. Sjörs provides a systematic description of non-allative ventive verbs in Old Babylonian, the energic and volitive in Amarna Canaanite, the energic and lengthened prefix conjugation in Ugaritic, the lengthened imperfect consecutive in Biblical Hebrew, and the subjunctive and energic in Classical Arabic. Sjörs explains how these verb forms were used within the framework of grammaticalization theory and demonstrates how the suffixes are historically related. Clearly and persuasively argued, Motion, Voice, and Mood in the Semitic Verb sheds valuable light on the Akkadian ventive and its relationship to the other related morphemes. It will be welcomed by linguists specializing in Akkadian, Amarna Canaanite, Ugaritic, Hebrew, and Arabic.

Babel und Bibel 6

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Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1575066653
Total Pages : 629 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Babel und Bibel 6 by : Leonid E. Kogan

Download or read book Babel und Bibel 6 written by Leonid E. Kogan and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2011-12-25 with total page 629 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the sixth volume of Babel und Bibel, an annual of ancient Near Eastern, Old Testament, and Semitic studies. The principal goal of the annual is to reveal the inherent relationship between Assyriology, Semitics, and biblical studies—a relationship that our predecessors comprehended and fruitfully explored but that is often neglected today. The title Babel und Bibel is intended to point to the possibility of fruitful collaboration among the three disciplines, in an effort to explore the various civilizations of the ancient Near East. The tripartite division of Babel und Bibel corresponds to its three principal spheres of interest: ancient Near Eastern, Old Testament, and Semitic studies. Contributions are further subdivided into articles, short notes, and reviews. Highlights of this volume include several studies on Akkadian language, Mesopotamian literature, and publication of inscriptions in some Russian museums (in the ancient Near Eastern section); studies on negative markers in Semitic and on Aramaic language (in the Semitics section); and some significant review essays on important new publications, especially in Hebrew language, Aramaic, Hurrian, Lycian, Egyptian, and Syriac.

Audias fabulas veteres. Anatolian Studies in Honor of Jana Součková-Siegelová

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Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004312617
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Audias fabulas veteres. Anatolian Studies in Honor of Jana Součková-Siegelová by : Šárka Velhartická

Download or read book Audias fabulas veteres. Anatolian Studies in Honor of Jana Součková-Siegelová written by Šárka Velhartická and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2016-08-29 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The publication Audias fabulas veteres. Anatolian Studies in Honor of Jana Součková-Siegelová contains 31 contributions on current research topics in the fields of Ancient Anatolian and Near Eastern Languages, History, Religion, and Literature. The topics cover not only the main languages of this geographical area, such as Hittite, Luwian, Hattian, Hurrian, Akkadian, and Sumerian but also comparative linguistics and the latest methods of digitalising cuneiform texts, as well as religion, mythology and divinities, rituals, proverbs and analysis of geographical and historical documentation. Finally, it offers new analyses of some of the most remarkable texts and text passages of the ancient Anatolian literary tradition.

Kizzuwatna. History of Cilicia in the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1200 BC)

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Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004704310
Total Pages : 638 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Kizzuwatna. History of Cilicia in the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1200 BC) by : Andrea Trameri

Download or read book Kizzuwatna. History of Cilicia in the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1200 BC) written by Andrea Trameri and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2024-10-21 with total page 638 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Kizzuwatna, Andrea Trameri presents a history of the kingdom of Kizzuwatna, located in Cilicia (southern Anatolia), from its origins to the fall of the Hittite Empire. Encompassing both philological and archaeological evidence in the discussion, this book is the first comprehensive historical study of interdisciplinary scope dedicated to Kizzuwatna and the region of Cilicia in the second millennium BC. The book presents and re-analyses a diverse array of sources and data, providing an updated overview of various topics of interest beyond political history – including historical geography, culture and religion, population and language. Some new findings and proposals further contribute to an improved understanding of the history of the Hittite kingdom and other neighboring regions in the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1200 BC).

Proceedings of the 53th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale

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Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1575066394
Total Pages : 1252 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 53th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale by : Leonid E. Kogan

Download or read book Proceedings of the 53th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale written by Leonid E. Kogan and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2010-06-23 with total page 1252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second half of the proceedings, City Administration in the Ancient Near East, is available here. A workshop volume is available here. In July 2007, the 53rd Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (the annual meeting of the International Association of Assyriologists) was held in Moscow and St. Petersburg, Russia. In Moscow, several hundred Assyriologists enjoyed the hospitality of the Russian State University for the Humanities. Dozens of papers on the topic “Language in the Ancient Near East,” were delivered at the University. More than 50 of those papers are published in this 2-volume set.

Das Ritual der Aštu (CTH 490)

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Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004181180
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Das Ritual der Aštu (CTH 490) by : Susanne Görke

Download or read book Das Ritual der Aštu (CTH 490) written by Susanne Görke and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2009-11-23 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ritual of Aštu, a text found at the Hittite Capital of Hattuša, shows strong influence from southern Anatolia and describes a Hurrian-Hittite ritual against witchcraft and sorcery. The following study provides detailed philological treatment of the 13th-century fragments found at Hattuša, from which the ritual is known, including transcription, translation, and commentary of all manuscripts, as well as special emphasis on the Hurrian passages of the ritual. Reconstruction of the more fragmentary sections is undertaken through comparison to other rituals. The study concludes with an analysis of Anatolian, Luwian, and Kizzuwatnaian influences evident in the ritual, and affords, in sum, valuable additions to the study of the nature of Hittite archives, and the development of ritual texts. “I firmly believe that works like this are essential to creating the dialogue that is necessary for the progress of our understanding of Hurrian. Görke’s treatment of the various texts and her discussions of many aspects of the ritual will prove very useful to scholars working on Hurro-Hittite religion.” Dennis R.M. Campbell, San Francisco State University

Complicating the History of Western Translation

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317641078
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Complicating the History of Western Translation by : Siobhán McElduff

Download or read book Complicating the History of Western Translation written by Siobhán McElduff and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-08 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As long as there has been a need for language, there has been a need for translation; yet there is remarkably little scholarship available on pre-modern translation and translators. This exciting and innovative volume opens a window onto the complex world of translation in the multilingual and multicultural milieu of the ancient Mediterranean. From the biographies of emperors to Hittites scribes in the second millennium BCE to a Greek speaking Syrian slyly resisting translation under the Roman empire, the papers in this volume – fresh and innovative contributions by new and established scholars from a variety of disciplines including Classics, Near Eastern Studies, Biblical Studies, and Egyptology – show that translation has always been a phenomenon to be reckoned with. Accessible and of interest to scholars of translation studies and of the ancient Mediterranean, the contributions in Complicating the History of Western Translation argue that the ancient Mediterranean was a ‘translational’ society even when, paradoxically, cultures resisted or avoided translation. Indeed, this volume envisions an expansion of the understanding of what translation is, how it works, and how it should be seen as a major cultural force. Chronologically, the papers cover a period that ranges from around the third millennium BCE to the late second century CE; geographically they extend from Egypt to Rome to Britain and beyond. Each paper prompts us to reflect about the problematic nature of translation in the ancient world and challenges monolithic accounts of translation in the West.

Creation and Chaos

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Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1575068656
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Creation and Chaos by : JoAnn Scurlock

Download or read book Creation and Chaos written by JoAnn Scurlock and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2013-10-14 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hermann Gunkel was a scholar in the generation of the origins of Assyriology, the spectacular discovery by George Smith of fragments of the “Chaldean Genesis,” and the Babel-Bibel debate. Gunkel’s thesis, inspired by materials supplied to him by the Assyriologist Heinrich Zimmern, was to take the Chaoskampf motif of Revelation as an event that would not only occur at the end of the world but had already happened at the beginning, before Creation. In other words, in this theory, one imagines God in Genesis 1 as first having battled Rahab, Leviathan, and Yam (the forces of Chaos) in a grand battle, and only then beginning to create. The problem with Gunkel’s theory is that it did not simply identify common elements in the mythologies of the ancient Near East but imposed upon them a structure dictating the relationships between the elements, a structure that was based on inadequate knowledge and a forced interpretation of his sources. On the other hand, one is not entitled to insist that there was no cultural conversation among peoples who spent the better part of several millennia trading with, fighting, and conquering one another. Creation and Chaos attempts to address some of these issues. The contributions are organized into five sections that address various aspects of the issues raised by Gunekl’s theories.

A Grammar of the Hittite Language

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Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1646023048
Total Pages : 81 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis A Grammar of the Hittite Language by : Harry A. Hoffner Jr.

Download or read book A Grammar of the Hittite Language written by Harry A. Hoffner Jr. and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2024-09-04 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designed to accompany A Grammar of the Hittite Language, Part 1: Reference Grammar, this tutorial guides language learners through a series of graded lessons with illustrative sentences for translation drawn from actual Hittite texts. The tutorial is keyed to the reference grammar and provides extensive and updated notes, a vocabulary list for each lesson, and a comprehensive glossary.

A Grammar of the Hittite Language, Part 2: Tutorial, Second Edition

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Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1575065010
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis A Grammar of the Hittite Language, Part 2: Tutorial, Second Edition by : Harry A. Hoffner

Download or read book A Grammar of the Hittite Language, Part 2: Tutorial, Second Edition written by Harry A. Hoffner and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Glossary of Old Syrian

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Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1646022815
Total Pages : 495 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis A Glossary of Old Syrian by : Joaquin Sanmartín

Download or read book A Glossary of Old Syrian written by Joaquin Sanmartín and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2024-06-05 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Glossary of Old Syrian: l–z is the second of two volumes that aim to map the lexicon of Old Syrian as it can be extracted and reconstructed from the (Old Akkadian) Eblaite through the Old and Middle Babylonian corpora. Referring to a continuum of dialects spoken in the Syrian-Levantine and Syrian-Mesopotamian regions through the third and second millennia BCE, “Old Syrian” is a diachronically conservative, geographically pluricentric, and pragmatically multilayered linguistic cluster. As such, the Glossary pays special attention to the distribution of lexical data along diachronic, diatopic, and diastratic criteria. Given the extent and widely dispersed nature of this data, entries are supported by the most representative corpora of the Old Syrian linguistic landscape. Each entry is headed by an etymon, a kind of prelinguistic consonantal skeleton, and further information about different lexemes, their roots, and their derivations is provided in subentries. As the lexicography of Old Syrian remains uncertain, the Glossary includes leading interpretative opinions alongside the most relevant Semitic material to corroborate the lexical choices it adopts. Bibliographical references are succinct and restricted, as a rule, to texts easily found in any Assyriological or Semitic library. Intended as a reference work in support of future study, A Glossary of Old Syrian offers a clear view of the state of the field.

A Companion to the Ancient Near East

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119362466
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis A Companion to the Ancient Near East by : Daniel C. Snell

Download or read book A Companion to the Ancient Near East written by Daniel C. Snell and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-02-19 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new edition of the popular survey of Near Eastern civilization from the Bronze Age to the era of Alexander the Great A Companion to the Ancient Near East explores the history of the region from 4400 BCE to the Macedonian conquest of the Persian Empire in 330 BCE. Original and revised essays from a team of distinguished scholars from across disciplines address subjects including the politics, economics, architecture, and heritage of ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. Part of the Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World series, this acclaimed single-volume reference combines lively writing with engaging and relatable topics to immerse readers in this fascinating period of Near East history. The new second edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to include new developments in relevant fields, particularly archaeology, and expand on themes of interest to contemporary students. Clear, accessible chapters offer fresh discussions on the history of the family and gender roles, the literature, languages, and religions of the region, pastoralism, medicine and philosophy, and borders, states, and warfare. New essays highlight recent discoveries in cuneiform texts, investigate how modern Egyptians came to understand their ancient history, and examine the place of archaeology among the historical disciplines. This volume: Provides substantial new and revised content covering topics such as social conflict, kingship, cosmology, work, trade, and law Covers the civilizations of the Sumerians, Hittites, Babylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, Israelites, and Persians, emphasizing social and cultural history Examines the legacy of the Ancient Near East in the medieval and modern worlds Offers a uniquely broad geographical, chronological, and topical range Includes a comprehensive bibliographical guide to Ancient Near East studies as well as new and updated references and reading suggestions Suitable for use as both a primary reference or as a supplement to a chronologically arranged textbook, A Companion to the Ancient Near East, 2nd Edition is a valuable resource for advanced undergraduates, beginning graduate students, instructors in the field, and scholars from other disciplines.

A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119193893
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages by : Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee

Download or read book A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages written by Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-02-25 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers the major languages, language families, and writing systems attested in the Ancient Near East Filled with enlightening chapters by noted experts in the field, this book introduces Ancient Near Eastern (ANE) languages and language families used during the time period of roughly 3200 BCE to the second century CE in the areas of Egypt, the Levant, eastern Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Iran. In addition to providing grammatical sketches of the respective languages, the book focuses on socio-linguistic questions such as language contact, diglossia, the development of literary standard languages, and the development of diplomatic languages or “linguae francae.” It also addresses the interaction of Ancient Near Eastern languages with each other and their roles within the political and cultural systems of ANE societies. Presented in five parts, The Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages provides readers with in-depth chapter coverage of the writing systems of ANE, starting with their decipherment. It looks at the emergence of cuneiform writing; the development of Egyptian writing in the fourth and early third millennium BCI; and the emergence of alphabetic scripts. The book also covers many of the individual languages themselves, including Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Pre- and Post-Exilic Hebrew, Phoenician, Ancient South Arabian, and more. Provides an overview of all major language families and writing systems used in the Ancient Near East during the time period from the beginning of writing (approximately 3200 BCE) to the second century CE (end of cuneiform writing) Addresses how the individual languages interacted with each other and how they functioned in the societies that used them Written by leading experts on the languages and topics The Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages is an ideal book for undergraduate students and scholars interested in Ancient Near Eastern cultures and languages or certain aspects of these languages.

Classical Ethiopic

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Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 164602124X
Total Pages : 379 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis Classical Ethiopic by : Josef Tropper

Download or read book Classical Ethiopic written by Josef Tropper and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2021-03-26 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Upon its publication in 2002, Josef Tropper’s Altäthiopisch: Grammatik des Gəˁəz mit Übungstexten und Glossar was quickly recognized as the best modern grammar of Classical Ethiopic in any language. Now Eisenbrauns makes Tropper’s grammar available for the first time in English, in this revised and expanded edition by Josef Tropper and Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee. Gəˁəz literature is diverse and of major importance for the study of early Christianity, Judaism, and the history of eastern Africa. The language of this rich literature, however, has been difficult to access until now. Designed to help language learners acquire competency with the script from the start, Classical Ethiopic provides a comprehensive treatment of Gəˁəz grammar, with detailed chapters on the language’s writing system, phonology, morphology, morphosyntax, and syntax. Numerous example sentences illustrate the grammatical concepts discussed, and each example is presented in Ethiopic script, transliteration, and English translation. The grammar concludes with an appendix presenting sample texts to be used as exercises, an English-Gəˁəz glossary, and an updated bibliography that takes into account the developments that have occurred in the study of Gəˁəz in the nearly two decades since Tropper’s original publication. Appropriate for the classroom and for independent study, Classical Ethiopic is sure to become the standard reference in English for the study of the language.