Molotov Ribbentroppact

Download Molotov Ribbentroppact full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Molotov Ribbentroppact ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

The Devils' Alliance

Author : Roger Moorhouse
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 0465054927
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Devils' Alliance by : Roger Moorhouse

Download or read book The Devils' Alliance written by Roger Moorhouse and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2014-10-14 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: History remembers the Soviets and the Nazis as bitter enemies and ideological rivals, the two mammoth and opposing totalitarian regimes of World War II whose conflict would be the defining and deciding clash of the war. Yet for nearly a third of the conflict's entire timespan, Hitler and Stalin stood side by side as partners. The Pact that they agreed had a profound -- and bloody -- impact on Europe, and is fundamental to understanding the development and denouement of the war. In The Devils' Alliance, acclaimed historian Roger Moorhouse explores the causes and implications of the Nazi-Soviet Pact, an unholy covenant whose creation and dissolution were crucial turning points in World War II. Forged by the German foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and his Soviet counterpart, Vyacheslav Molotov, the nonaggression treaty briefly united the two powers in a brutally efficient collaboration. Together, the Germans and Soviets quickly conquered and divided central and eastern Europe -- Poland, the Baltic States, Finland, and Bessarabia -- and the human cost was staggering: during the two years of the pact hundreds of thousands of people in central and eastern Europe caught between Hitler and Stalin were expropriated, deported, or killed. Fortunately for the Allies, the partnership ultimately soured, resulting in the surprise June 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union. Ironically, however, the powers' exchange of materiel, blueprints, and technological expertise during the period of the Pact made possible a far more bloody and protracted war than would have otherwise been conceivable. Combining comprehensive research with a gripping narrative, The Devils' Alliance is the authoritative history of the Nazi-Soviet Pact -- and a portrait of the people whose lives were irrevocably altered by Hitler and Stalin's nefarious collaboration.

Faustian Bargain

Author : Ian Ona Johnson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190675144
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Faustian Bargain by : Ian Ona Johnson

Download or read book Faustian Bargain written by Ian Ona Johnson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pre-publication subtitle: Soviet-German military cooperation in the interwar period.

Soviet Judgment at Nuremberg

Author : Francine Hirsch
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0199377936
Total Pages : 561 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Soviet Judgment at Nuremberg by : Francine Hirsch

Download or read book Soviet Judgment at Nuremberg written by Francine Hirsch and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Nuremberg Trials (IMT), most notable for their aim to bring perpetrators of Nazi war crimes to justice in the wake of World War II, paved the way for global conversations about genocide, justice, and human rights that continue to this day. As Francine Hirsch reveals in this new history of the trials, a central part of the story has been ignored or forgotten: the critical role the Soviet Union played in making them happen in the first place. While there were practical reasons for this omission--until recently, critical Soviet documents about Nuremberg were buried in the former Soviet archives, and even Russian researchers had limited access--Hirsch shows that there were political reasons as well. The Soviet Union was regarded by its wartime Allies not just as a fellow victor but a rival, and it was not in the interests of the Western powers to highlight the Soviet contribution to postwar justice. Stalin's Show Trials of the 1930s had both provided a model for Nuremberg and made a mockery of it, undermining any pretense of fairness and justice. Further complicating matters was the fact that the Soviets had allied with the Nazis before being invaded by them. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 hung over the courtroom, as did the fact that the everyone knew that the Soviet prosecution had presented the court with falsified evidence about the Katyn massacre of Polish officers, attempting to pin one of their own major war crimes on the Nazis. For lead American prosecutor Robert Jackson and his colleagues, focusing too much on the Soviet role in the trials threatened the overall credibility of the IMT and possibly even the collective memory of the war. Soviet Justice at Nuremberg illuminates the ironies of Stalin's henchmen presiding in moral judgment over the Nazis. In effect, the Nazis had learned mass-suppression and mass-murder techniques from the Soviets, their former allies, and now the latter were judging them for crimes they had themselves committed. Yet the Soviets had borne the brunt of the fighting--and the losses--in World War II, and this gave them undeniable authority. Moreover, Soviet jurists were the first to conceive of a legal framework for viewing war as a crime, and without that framework the IMT would have had no basis. In short, there would be no denying their place at the tribunal, nor their determination to make the most of it. Illuminating the shifting relationships between the four countries involved (the U.S., Great Britain, France, and the U.S.S.R.) Hirsch's book shows how each was not just facing off against the Nazi defendants, but against each other and offers a new history of Nuremberg.

Survival on the Margins

Author : Eliyana R. Adler
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674988027
Total Pages : 457 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Survival on the Margins by : Eliyana R. Adler

Download or read book Survival on the Margins written by Eliyana R. Adler and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2020-11-17 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The forgotten story of 200,000 Polish Jews who escaped the Holocaust as refugees stranded in remote corners of the USSR. Between 1940 and 1946, about 200,000 Jewish refugees from Poland lived and toiled in the harsh Soviet interior. They endured hard labor, bitter cold, and extreme deprivation. But out of reach of the Nazis, they escaped the fate of millions of their coreligionists in the Holocaust. Survival on the Margins is the first comprehensive account in English of their experiences. The refugees fled Poland after the German invasion in 1939 and settled in the Soviet territories newly annexed under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Facing hardship, and trusting little in Stalin, most spurned the offer of Soviet citizenship and were deported to labor camps in unoccupied areas of the east. They were on their own, in a forbidding wilderness thousands of miles from home. But they inadvertently escaped Hitler’s 1941 advance into the Soviet Union. While war raged and Europe’s Jews faced genocide, the refugees were permitted to leave their settlements after the Soviet government agreed to an amnesty. Most spent the remainder of the war coping with hunger and disease in Soviet Central Asia. When they were finally allowed to return to Poland in 1946, they encountered the devastation of the Holocaust, and many stopped talking about their own ordeals, their stories eventually subsumed within the central Holocaust narrative. Drawing on untapped memoirs and testimonies of the survivors, Eliyana Adler rescues these important stories of determination and suffering on behalf of new generations.

The Maisky Diaries

Author : Gabriel Gorodetsky
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300217331
Total Pages : 633 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Maisky Diaries by : Gabriel Gorodetsky

Download or read book The Maisky Diaries written by Gabriel Gorodetsky and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2015-09-24 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The terror and purges of Stalin’s Russia in the 1930s discouraged Soviet officials from leaving documentary records let alone keeping personal diaries. A remarkable exception is the unique diary assiduously kept by Ivan Maisky, the Soviet ambassador to London between 1932 and 1943. This selection from Maisky's diary, never before published in English, grippingly documents Britain’s drift to war during the 1930s, appeasement in the Munich era, negotiations leading to the signature of the Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact, Churchill’s rise to power, the German invasion of Russia, and the intense debate over the opening of the second front. Maisky was distinguished by his great sociability and access to the key players in British public life. Among his range of regular contacts were politicians (including Churchill, Chamberlain, Eden, and Halifax), press barons (Beaverbrook), ambassadors (Joseph Kennedy), intellectuals (Keynes, Sidney and Beatrice Webb), writers (George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells), and indeed royalty. His diary further reveals the role personal rivalries within the Kremlin played in the formulation of Soviet policy at the time. Scrupulously edited and checked against a vast range of Russian and Western archival evidence, this extraordinary narrative diary offers a fascinating revision of the events surrounding the Second World War.

Lithuania 1940

Author : Alfred Erich Senn
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 940120456X
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (12 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Lithuania 1940 by : Alfred Erich Senn

Download or read book Lithuania 1940 written by Alfred Erich Senn and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In June 1940, as Nazi troops marched into Paris, the Soviet Red Army marched into Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia; seven weeks later, the USSR Supreme Soviet ratified the Soviet takeover of these states. For half a century, Soviet historians insisted that the three republics had voluntarily requested incorporation into the Soviet Union. Now it has become possible to examine the events of that tumultuous time more carefully. Alfred Erich Senn, the author of books on the formation of the Lithuanian state in 1918-1920 and on the reestablishment of that independence in 1988-1991, has produced a fascinating account of the Soviet takeover, juxtaposing a picture of the disintegration and collapse of the old regime with the Soviets’ imposition of a new order. Discussing the historiography and the living memory of the events, he uses the image of a “shell game” that focused attention on the work of a supposedly “non-communist” government while in the hothouse conditions of military occupation Moscow undermined the state’s independent institutions and introduced a revolution from above.

A Specter Haunting Europe

Author : Paul Hanebrink
Publisher : Belknap Press
ISBN 13 : 0674047680
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis A Specter Haunting Europe by : Paul Hanebrink

Download or read book A Specter Haunting Europe written by Paul Hanebrink and published by Belknap Press. This book was released on 2018-11-05 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Masterful...An indispensable warning for our own time.” —Samuel Moyn “Magisterial...Covers this dark history with insight and skill...A major intervention into our understanding of 20th-century Europe and the lessons we ought to take away from its history.” —The Nation For much of the last century, Europe was haunted by a threat of its own imagining: Judeo-Bolshevism. The belief that Communism was a Jewish plot to destroy the nations of Europe took hold during the Russian Revolution and quickly spread. During World War II, fears of a Judeo-Bolshevik conspiracy were fanned by the fascists and sparked a genocide. But the myth did not die with the end of Nazi Germany. A Specter Haunting Europe shows that this paranoid fantasy persists today in the toxic politics of revitalized right-wing nationalism. “It is both salutary and depressing to be reminded of how enduring the trope of an exploitative global Jewish conspiracy against pure, humble, and selfless nationalists really is...A century after the end of the first world war, we have, it seems, learned very little.” —Mark Mazower, Financial Times “From the start, the fantasy held that an alien element—the Jews—aimed to subvert the cultural values and national identities of Western societies...The writers, politicians, and shills whose poisonous ideas he exhumes have many contemporary admirers.” —Robert Legvold, Foreign Affairs

Bloodlands

Author : Timothy Snyder
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 0465032974
Total Pages : 546 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Bloodlands by : Timothy Snyder

Download or read book Bloodlands written by Timothy Snyder and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2012-10-02 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the author of the international bestseller On Tyranny, the definitive history of Hitler’s and Stalin’s politics of mass killing, explaining why Ukraine has been at the center of Western history for the last century. Americans call the Second World War “the Good War.” But before it even began, America’s ally Stalin had killed millions of his own citizens—and kept killing them during and after the war. Before Hitler was defeated, he had murdered six million Jews and nearly as many other Europeans. At war’s end, German and Soviet killing sites fell behind the Iron Curtain, leaving the history of mass killing in darkness. Assiduously researched, deeply humane, and utterly definitive, Bloodlands is a new kind of European history, presenting the mass murders committed by the Nazi and Stalinist regimes as two aspects of a single story. With a new afterword addressing the relevance of these events to the contemporary decline of democracy, Bloodlands is required reading for anyone seeking to understand the central tragedy of modern history and its meaning today.

Molotov's Magic Lantern

Author : Rachel Polonsky
Publisher : Farrar, Straus and Giroux
ISBN 13 : 1429974907
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Molotov's Magic Lantern by : Rachel Polonsky

Download or read book Molotov's Magic Lantern written by Rachel Polonsky and published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. This book was released on 2011-01-11 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the British journalist Rachel Polonsky moves to Moscow, she discovers an apartment on Romanov Street that was once home to the Soviet elite. One of the most infamous neighbors was the ruthless apparatchik Vyacheslav Molotov, a henchman for Stalin who was a participant in the collectivizations and the Great Purge—and also an ardent bibliophile. In what was formerly Molotov's apartment, Polonsky uncovers an extensive library and an old magic lantern—two things that lead her on an extraordinary journey throughout Russia and ultimately renew her vision of the country and its people. In Molotov's Magic Lantern, Polonsky visits the haunted cities and vivid landscapes of the books from Molotov's library: works by Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Pushkin, Akhmatova, and others, some of whom were sent to the Gulag by the very man who collected their books. With exceptional insight and beautiful prose, Polonsky writes about the longings and aspirations of these Russian writers and others in the course of her travels from the Arctic to Siberia and from the forests around Moscow to the vast steppes. A singular homage to Russian history and culture, Molotov's Magic Lantern evokes the spirit of the great artists and the haunted past of a country ravaged by war, famine, and totalitarianism.

Grand Delusion

Author : Gabriel Gorodetsky
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780300084597
Total Pages : 446 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (845 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Grand Delusion by : Gabriel Gorodetsky

Download or read book Grand Delusion written by Gabriel Gorodetsky and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 1999-01-01 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A history of the German invasion of Russia in 1941, in the light of archival material. It challenges the view that Stalin was about to invade Germany when Hitler made a pre-emptive strike, arguing that Stalin was actually negotiating for peace in order to redress the European balance of power.

Life and Times of Andrei Zhdanov, 1896-1948

Author : Kees Boterbloem
Publisher : McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP
ISBN 13 : 9780773526662
Total Pages : 642 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (266 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Life and Times of Andrei Zhdanov, 1896-1948 by : Kees Boterbloem

Download or read book Life and Times of Andrei Zhdanov, 1896-1948 written by Kees Boterbloem and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 2004 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Life and Times of Andrei Zhdanov, 1896-1948 Kees Boterbloem offers the first full-length biography of the man once believed to be a likely candidate to succeed Josef Stalin. In so doing he provides new insights into the Soviet political system and the question of how much power was wielded by Stalin's lieutenants. In 1934 Andrei Zhdanov was promoted to the post of secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee in Moscow and entered the inner circle of Stalin's partners. Notable for his involvement in implementing the artificial crisis of the Great Terror in Moscow and Leningrad, Zhdanov was later involved in the preparation and signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and acted as Stalin's Party emissary in the Winter War and the sovietization of Estonia. Boterbloem details how Zhdanov's career was put in jeopardy in the summer of 1941 when German troops almost captured Leningrad. Stalin kept Zhdanov at the Leningrad front for much of the Second World War because of his alleged failure to halt the initial German advance, where he presided over the terrible suffering of the besieged city's population. In 1945, Zhdanov's ideological commitment led to his recall to the centre of Soviet power where, more publicly visible than ever before, he berated Soviet artists, scientists, philosophers, composers, and foreign Communist Parties for failing to adhere to the Party line. Never in good health, the stress of being Stalin's main assistant in both the massive bureaucracy of the Communist Party and the attempt to restore ideological orthodoxy, combined with anxiety about his son Iurii, led to his death in 1948.

1939

Author : Michael Jabara Carley
Publisher : Ivan R. Dee
ISBN 13 : 146169938X
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (616 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis 1939 by : Michael Jabara Carley

Download or read book 1939 written by Michael Jabara Carley and published by Ivan R. Dee. This book was released on 2009-02-16 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At a crucial point in the twentieth century, as Nazi Germany prepared for war, negotiations between Britain, France, and the Soviet Union became the last chance to halt Hitler’s aggression. Incredibly, the French and British governments dallied, talks failed, and in August 1939 the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact with Germany. Michael Carley’s gripping account of these negotiations is not a pretty story. It is about the failures of appeasement and collective security in Europe. It is about moral depravity and blindness, about villains and cowards, and about heroes who stood against the intellectual and popular tides of their time. Some died for their beliefs, others labored in obscurity and have been nearly forgotten. In 1939 they sought to make the Grand Alliance that never was between France, Britain, and the Soviet Union. This story of their efforts is background to the wartime alliance created in 1941 without France but with the United States in order to defeat a demonic enemy. 1939 is based upon Mr. Carley’s longtime research on the period, including work in French, British, and newly opened Soviet archives. He challenges prevailing interpretations of the origins of World War II by situating 1939 at the end of the early cold war between the Soviet Union, France, and Britain, and by showing how anti-communism was the major cause of the failure to form an alliance against Hitler. 1939 was published on September 1, the sixtieth anniversary of the Nazi invasion of Poland and the start of the war.

Vodka Politics

Author : Mark Lawrence Schrad
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199389470
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Vodka Politics by : Mark Lawrence Schrad

Download or read book Vodka Politics written by Mark Lawrence Schrad and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014-02-05 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Russia is famous for its vodka, and its culture of extreme intoxication. But just as vodka is central to the lives of many Russians, it is also central to understanding Russian history and politics. In Vodka Politics, Mark Lawrence Schrad argues that debilitating societal alcoholism is not hard-wired into Russians' genetic code, but rather their autocratic political system, which has long wielded vodka as a tool of statecraft. Through a series of historical investigations stretching from Ivan the Terrible through Vladimir Putin, Vodka Politics presents the secret history of the Russian state itself-a history that is drenched in liquor. Scrutinizing (rather than dismissing) the role of alcohol in Russian politics yields a more nuanced understanding of Russian history itself: from palace intrigues under the tsars to the drunken antics of Soviet and post-Soviet leadership, vodka is there in abundance. Beyond vivid anecdotes, Schrad scours original documents and archival evidence to answer provocative historical questions. How have Russia's rulers used alcohol to solidify their autocratic rule? What role did alcohol play in tsarist coups? Was Nicholas II's ill-fated prohibition a catalyst for the Bolshevik Revolution? Could the Soviet Union have become a world power without liquor? How did vodka politics contribute to the collapse of both communism and public health in the 1990s? How can the Kremlin overcome vodka's hurdles to produce greater social well-being, prosperity, and democracy into the future? Viewing Russian history through the bottom of the vodka bottle helps us to understand why the "liquor question" remains important to Russian high politics even today-almost a century after the issue had been put to bed in most every other modern state. Indeed, recognizing and confronting vodka's devastating political legacies may be the greatest political challenge for this generation of Russia's leadership, as well as the next.

The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered

Author : Gordon Martel
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 9780415163248
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (632 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered by : Gordon Martel

Download or read book The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered written by Gordon Martel and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Iași Pogrom, June-July 1941

Author : Radu Ioanid
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780253025838
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (258 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Iași Pogrom, June-July 1941 by : Radu Ioanid

Download or read book The Iași Pogrom, June-July 1941 written by Radu Ioanid and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Published in Association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Elie Wiesel National Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania."--Cover.

Kremlin Winter

Author : Robert Service
Publisher : Pan Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 1509883029
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Kremlin Winter by : Robert Service

Download or read book Kremlin Winter written by Robert Service and published by Pan Macmillan. This book was released on 2019-10-03 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Kremlin Winter, Robert Service, acclaimed biographer of Lenin, Stalin and Trotsky and one of the finest historians of modern Russia, brings his deep understanding of that country to bear on the man who leads it. 'One of our most accomplished, erudite and prolific historians of modern Russia.' – Rodric Braithwaite, New Statesman Vladimir Putin has dominated Russian politics since Boris Yeltsin relinquished the presidency in his favour in May 2000. He served two terms as president, before himself relinquishing the post to his prime minister, Dimitri Medvedev, only to return to presidential power for a third time in 2012. Putin’s rule, whether as president or prime minister, has been marked by a steady increase in domestic repression and international assertiveness. Despite this, there have been signs of liberal growth and Putin – and Russia – now faces a far from certain future. Robert Service reveals a premier who cannot take his supremacy for granted, yet is determined to impose his will not only on his closest associates but on society at large. Kremlin Winter is a riveting insight into power politics as Russia faces a blizzard of difficulties both at home and abroad. 'A masterful portrait of Putin and Russia' – Jack Coleman, Daily Telegraph

Polish Jews in the Soviet Union (1939–1959)

Author : Katharina Friedla
Publisher : Academic Studies PRess
ISBN 13 : 1644697513
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (446 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Polish Jews in the Soviet Union (1939–1959) by : Katharina Friedla

Download or read book Polish Jews in the Soviet Union (1939–1959) written by Katharina Friedla and published by Academic Studies PRess. This book was released on 2021-12-14 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2022 PIASA Anna M. Cienciala Award for the Best Edited Book in Polish StudiesThe majority of Poland’s prewar Jewish population who fled to the interior of the Soviet Union managed to survive World War II and the Holocaust. This collection of original essays tells the story of more than 200,000 Polish Jews who came to a foreign country as war refugees, forced laborers, or political prisoners. This diverse set of experiences is covered by historians, literary and memory scholars, and sociologists who specialize in the field of East European Jewish history and culture.