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Modern Steel Making Handbook
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Book Synopsis Modern Steel Making Handbook by : R. H. Tupkary
Download or read book Modern Steel Making Handbook written by R. H. Tupkary and published by . This book was released on 2017-11-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively deals with all of the key topics of steel making including blast furnace plants, operations and processes, raw materials, preparation, chemical processes, and more. The book is full of illustrative examples and diagrams, charts, and figures to make complex concepts easy to understa>nd. FEATURES: * Includes latest USGS information, tables, and statistics for US and global production * Deals with all of the key topics of steel making including blast furnace plants, operations and processes, raw materials, preparation, chemical processes, and more
Download or read book STEEL MAKING written by A. K. CHAKRABARTI and published by PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. This book was released on 2006-12-19 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Steel Making is designed to give students a strong grounding in the theory and state-of-the-art practice of production of steels. The book is primarily focused to meet the needs of undergraduate metallurgical students and candidates for associate membership examinations of professional bodies (AMIIM, AMIE). Besides, for all engineering professionals working in steel plants who need to understand the basic principles of steel making, the text provides a sound introduction to the subject. Beginning with a brief introduction to the historical perspective and current status of steel making together with the reasons for obsolescence of Bessemer converter and open hearth processes, the book moves on to : • elaborate the physicochemical principles involved in steel making • explain the operational principles and practices of the modern processes of primary steel making (LD converter, Q-BOP process, and electric furnace process) • provide a summary of the developments in secondary refining of steels • discuss principles and practices of ingot casting and continuous casting of steels • emphasize an increasing need to protect our environment and utilize waste energy • explain transport processes, simulation, and modelling relevant to the developments in steel technology. The book provides considerable information in an easily assimilable form and makes an ideal introduction to the complex subject of steel technology.
Book Synopsis Modern Iron Making Handbook by : R. H. Tupkary
Download or read book Modern Iron Making Handbook written by R. H. Tupkary and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively deals with all of the key topics of iron making including blast furnace plants, operations and processes, raw materials, preparation, chemical processes, and more.
Book Synopsis A Nation of Steel by : Thomas J. Misa
Download or read book A Nation of Steel written by Thomas J. Misa and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 1998-09-04 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the age of railroads through the building of the first battleships, from the first skyscrapers to the dawning of the age of the automobile, steelmakers proved central to American industry, building, and transportation. In A Nation of Steel Thomas Misa explores the complex interactions between steelmaking and the rise of the industries that have characterized modern America. A Nation of Steel offers a detailed and fascinating look at an industry that has had a profound impact on American life.
Book Synopsis Modern Iron Making Handbook by : R. H. Tupkary
Download or read book Modern Iron Making Handbook written by R. H. Tupkary and published by . This book was released on 2017-09-26 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively deals with all of the key topics of iron making including blast furnace plants, operations and processes, raw materials, preparation, chemical processes, and more. It includes the latest information on US and global iron making statistics, published by the USGS. The book is full of illustrative examples and diagrams, charts, and figures to make complex concepts easy to understand. FEATURES: * Includes latest USGS information, tables, and statistics for US and global production * Deals with all of the key topics of iron making including blast furnace plants, operations and processes, raw materials, preparation, chemical processes, and more
Book Synopsis Steel and Iron Handbook by : B.P. Bhardwaj
Download or read book Steel and Iron Handbook written by B.P. Bhardwaj and published by NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES. This book was released on 2014-01-01 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern civilization as people know it would not be possible without Iron and Steel. Iron has been a vital material in technology for well over three thousand years. However, since ancient times, steel is made by alloying iron with carbon to produce a harder, stronger metal that will take a much keener edge. Owing to its intense connections with core infrastructural segments of the economy, steel industry is of high priority and importance. Steel has probably the widest range of applications of any material. The wide range of alloy compositions, mechanical properties and product forms available make it a versatile material that is used in components and products that may be small or large, high-tech or low-tech, everyday or specialist. In an introduction to modern steel making, an attempt has been made to cover, as the space would permit, the entire field of steel making with equal emphasis on the general practices and the underlying principles. This book is intended as a resource and as an introduction to the layman about our most important metal system. This book provides basic information covering every aspect of iron and steel production as well as a practical aid for workers engaged in the field. After an introduction that deals with the history and production of iron and steel, the rest of the book examines their physical properties and metallurgy. Beginning with a brief introduction to the ferrous alloys and metals, types and production of cast iron, production of compacted Graphite Irons, Ductile Iron, Malleable Cast Iron and current status of steel making together with the reasons for obsolescence of Bessemer converter and open hearth processes, the book moves on to: elaborate the physiochemical principles involved in steel making; explain the operational principles and practices of the modern processes of primary steel making (LD converter, Q-BOP process, and electric arc furnace process); provide a summary of the developments in secondary refining of steels; discuss principles and practices of ingot casting and continuous casting of steels; discusses the defects in the steel produced and also the remedies for their removal. This book provides considerable information in an easily assimilable form and makes an ideal introduction to the complex subject of steel technology.
Author :NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers Publisher :ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc. ISBN 13 :8178331691 Total Pages :576 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (783 download)
Book Synopsis Steel Rolling Technology Handbook (2nd Revised Edition) by : NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers
Download or read book Steel Rolling Technology Handbook (2nd Revised Edition) written by NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers and published by ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc.. This book was released on 2018-02-04 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The steel industry has had a long history of development, yet, despite all the time that has passed, it still demonstrates all the signs of longevity. The steel industry is expanding worldwide. The economic modernization processes in these countries are driving the sharp rise in demand for steel. Rolling is a metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through a pair of rolls. Rolling is classified according to the temperature of the metal rolled. Being a core sector, steel industry reflects the overall economic growth of an economy in the long term. Also, steel demand, being derived from other sectors like automobiles, consumer durables and infrastructure, its fortune is dependent on the growth of these user industries. Steel consumption is forecast to grow annually by about 5%–6%. This handbook describes different classes of steel making processes, welding processes and plant & machinery suppliers with their photographs. Techniques of steelmaking have undergone vast changes in scale and new processes have been developed to meet the demands of speed, quantity and quality. There are various hot mills involved in the production of steel plate mill, hot strip mill, bar and rod mills etc. This handbook deliberated on the fundamental of mechanical working and its theory in a very simpler way. In addition it describes statistical methods of quality control, total quality management, quality assurance & raw material which are used in making of steel. The major contents of the handbook are fusion welding processes, grinding and abrasive processes, width change by rolling and pressing, metallurgical defects in cast slabs and hot rolled products, primary steel-making processes, optimization and control of width change process, fundamentals of metal casting, steel making technology, basic principles of width change, plate mills, hot strip mills, quality assurance, testing and inspection, bar and rod mills. It will be a standard reference book for professionals, entrepreneurs, those studying and researching in this important area and others interested in the field of steel rolling.
Book Synopsis A Profile of the Steel Industry by : Peter Warrian
Download or read book A Profile of the Steel Industry written by Peter Warrian and published by Business Expert Press. This book was released on 2012-11-02 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Steel companies were at the birth of the modern business corporation. The first billion dollar corporation ever formed was U.S. Steel in 1901. By the mid-twentieth century the steel mill and the automobile plant were the two pillars upon which the twentieth century industrial economy rested. Given the scale of capital and operations, vertical integration was seen to be pivotal, from the raw materials of iron ore and coal on one end of the supply chain to the myriad of finished products on the other. By the end of the twentieth century, however, things had dramatically changed. Take a look inside for a brilliant and concise history of the steel industry. The author has put together a true presentation of the economics of the industry, with an overview of how the industry operates and the environment in which it operates. This book includes a detailed discussion of the regulation of the industry; a documentation of the reasons why a rejuvenated steel industry will be critical to the economic health of the United States and Canada; and a rationale for the reemergence of the steel industry in particular, and manufacturing in general, as a vital force in the North American economy of the new millennium. It was widely perceived that the United States was moving from an industrial age into an information age, driven by high technology. That process is now being reversed. The steel industry has continuously been forced to remake itself, and this book describes those developments and dynamics.
Book Synopsis Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking by : Miroslaw Karbowniczek
Download or read book Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking written by Miroslaw Karbowniczek and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-09-19 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of electric arc furnace steelmaking is evident from the escalated world production seen in steel industry. This book presents systematic and complete details on the current state of knowledge about metallurgical processes carried out in the electric arc furnace. It includes principles of construction of electric arc furnaces, applied construction solutions, and their operations (together with auxiliary/supportive devices). Modern technologies of melting of various grades steel are detailed, considering the participation of secondary metallurgy including theoretical backgrounds of chemical processes and reactions. It contains theoretical analysis and results of laboratory, model, and industrial tests. Features: Covers the practical aspects of electric arc furnace steelmaking including technological process. Discusses the operation issues of an electric arc furnace in a technical and technological context. Presents a systematic and complete knowledge about relevant construction solutions and metallurgical processes. Includes practical industrial benchmark indicators in the scope of equipment and technology. Analyses practical case studies from industry. This book aims at researchers, professionals and graduate students in Metallurgical Engineering, Materials Science, Electric Power Supply, Environmental Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering.
Author :NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers Publisher :ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc. ISBN 13 :8178330180 Total Pages :274 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (783 download)
Book Synopsis The Complete Technology Book on Steel and Steel Products (Fasteners, Seamless Tubes, Casting, Rolling of Flat Products & others) by : NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers
Download or read book The Complete Technology Book on Steel and Steel Products (Fasteners, Seamless Tubes, Casting, Rolling of Flat Products & others) written by NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers and published by ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc.. This book was released on 2008-10-01 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Iron and steel have played a leading role in the development of human civilization and their techniques. Together with its derivative, steel, iron has no real rival in its particular fields of application and has become a synonym of progress, being an essential element in mankind greatest technological achievements. It was at the origin of the industrial and scientific revolutions and at the heart of all the great discoveries which have marked the history of humanity from the manufacture of high quality swords in ancient times to today architectural wonders. Steel is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and has carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is the most common alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used, such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten. Rolling is a metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through a pair of rolls. Rolling is classified according to the temperature of the metal rolled. Steelmaking is the second step in producing steel from iron ore. Processing of steel results in special steel product with required properties, for example; vacuum treated steel for forging ingots; pre strengthened stress relieved elongated steel, metallurgical addition product, forging powder alloy steels, etc. Fasteners are used to join and hold two or more pieces of metal either temporarily or more pieces of metal either temporarily or permanently. Some of the most common are bolts, screws, nuts, rivets and pins. Packaging steels differ from other sheet products particularly in terms of their thickness, mechanical properties and coatings, together with their aptitude to satisfy specific industrial and marketing requirements related to high production rates, design factors etc. Small gage welded tubes have an extremely wide range of applications, including metallic roof frames, mechanical construction in public work and industrial engineering sector, agricultural machinery, fluid distribution circuits, piston, etc. India is among the top producers of all forms of steel in the world. Easy availability of low cost manpower and presence of abundant reserves make India competitive in the global setup. The steel industry in India has witnessed an increase in demand due to expanding oil and gas sector, huge spending on infrastructural facilities coupled with growth in housing, consumer durables and auto sectors. This book basically deals with structural changes in steel during hot rolling, structural changes during reheating, kinds of grain restoration process, dynamic restoration process, static restoration process, effect of initial grain, size of static re crystallization, effects of temperature and micro alloying, fundamental principles of the metal rolling process, preparing and heating the initial materials, preparations for rolling heating before rolling operations, bolt and nut manufacturing technology, casting of steel for flat products etc. The present book covers different important aspects of steel processing with the casting method of steel for flat products, rolling of rails, wheels and rings, rolling of different steel products, production of fasteners, welded pipes, steel products for the building trade and many more. The book is very useful for everybody who wants the thorough study on steel and steel products or wants to diversify in to this field. TAGS Best small and cottage scale industries, Bolt and Nut Manufacturing Technology, Business guidance for steel production industry, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business plan for steel rolling mill, Business start-up, Casting, Fusion welding processes, Great Opportunity for Startup, Hot rolled steel properties, Hot Rolling Mill, Hot rolling mill process, Hot Rolling mill, Hot Rolling of Plate, Sheet and Strip, Hot Seamless Tube Rolling Processes, Hot Strip Mill, How is Steel Produced?, How to Start a Steel Production Business, How to start a successful steel rolling business, How to start steel mill industry, How to Start Steel rolling Industry in India, How to start steel rolling mill, Iron and Steel making by-Products, Manufacturing of Steel, Manufacturing Process for Steel products, Metal Fasteners Manufacturing, Mill Automation for Pipe and Tubing Production, Modern Rolling Plant, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Steel Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Steel rolling industry, Opportunity Steel Rolling Mill, Plate Mill, Production of Welded Pipe, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Progress and Prospect of Rolling Technology, Rod and Bar Rolling, Rolling Metalworking, Rolling Mill for Steel Bars, Rolling of Flat Products & others, Rolling of Steel, Bars and Rods, Rolling process, Seamless Tubes manufacturing, Setting up and opening your steel rolling Business, Small scale Commercial steel rolling business, Small Scale Steel rolling Projects, Small Start-up Business Project, Start a Rolling Mill Industry, Start steel rolling mill in India, Start up India, Stand up India, Starting a Steel production Business, Starting Steel Mini Mill, Start-up Business Plan for steel products manufacturing, Startup ideas, Startup Project for steel making business, Startup project plan, Steel and hot rolling Business, Steel and Steel Products, Steel Based Profitable Projects, Steel Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Steel business opportunities, Steel Making, Steel making and Refining, Steel Making Products and Processes, Steel making Projects, Steel making technology, Steel manufacture, Steel mill process, Steel Production, Steel Production Process and Products, Steel Products Business, Steel Products for the Building Trade, Steel products manufacturing process, Steel rerolling mill feasibility start up, Steel rolling Industry in India, Steel rolling machine factory, Steel Rolling Technology, Steelmaking Processes, Steelmaking, Shaping, Treating and Processing, Types of rolling mills, Varnishing and Printing of Packaging Steels
Book Synopsis Iron and Steel Production by : K. Bugayev
Download or read book Iron and Steel Production written by K. Bugayev and published by The Minerva Group, Inc.. This book was released on 2001 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides basic information covering every aspect of iron and steel production and was originally a textbook for Soviet vocational schools, as well as a practical aid for workers engaged in the field.
Book Synopsis Basic Concepts of Iron and Steel Making by : Sujay Kumar Dutta
Download or read book Basic Concepts of Iron and Steel Making written by Sujay Kumar Dutta and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-02 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the fundamentals of iron and steel making, including the physical chemistry, thermodynamics and key concepts, while also discussing associated problems and solutions. It guides the reader through the production process from start to finish, covers the raw materials, and addresses the types of processes and reactions involved in both conventional and alternative methods. Though primarily intended as a textbook for students of metallurgical engineering, the book will also prove a useful reference for professionals and researchers working in this area.
Book Synopsis Modern Blast Furnace Ironmaking by : M. Geerdes
Download or read book Modern Blast Furnace Ironmaking written by M. Geerdes and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2020-11-04 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern Blast Furnace Ironmaking – An Introduction (Fourth Edition, 2020) describes the principles of the blast furnace process. As a starting point, the blast furnace is seen as a simple iron ore melter, while gradually the physical, chemical and metallurgical background of the blast furnace process is clarified. The book focuses on the control of the process with respect to thermal control, gas flow control and casthouse operation. In this book, all essential process details are described and a special focus is on cost optimization by low coke rates and on management of the process in case of disturbances and upsets. The optimization of the blast furnace is not only based on “best practice transfer”, but also requires conceptual understanding why a measure works in some cases and not in other cases. In other words, operational improvement is not only based on know–how, but as well on know–why. This publication can be used as an introductory text for students of metallurgy as well as for blast furnace operators and management.
Book Synopsis The Complete Technology Book on Hot Rolling of Steel by : NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers
Download or read book The Complete Technology Book on Hot Rolling of Steel written by NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers and published by NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hot rolling technology is the most widely used method of shaping metals and is particularly important in the manufacture of steel for use in construction and other industries. In metalworking, rolling is a metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through a pair of rolls. Rolling is classified according to the temperature of the metal rolled. If the temperature of the metal is above its re crystallization temperature, then the process is termed as hot rolling. The hot mills using plain rolls were already being employed by the end of the seventeenth century. But the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century saw a new horizon in steel making process, with the considerably expanded markets for rods, rails and structural section, provided further impetus to the development of hot rolling. The basic use of hot rolling mills is to shape up the larger pieces of billets and slabs into narrow and desired forms. These metal pieces are heated over their re crystallization temperature and are then moved between the rollers so as to form thinner cross sections. Hot rolling mill thus helps in reducing the size of a metal thereby molding it into the desired form and shape. Rolling mills perform the function to reform the metal pieces such as billet and ingot whilst maintaining its well equipped micro structure into bar, wire, sheet, strip, and plate. Hot rolled products are frequently categorized into plain carbon, alloy, high strength alloy, dual phase, electrical and stainless steels. This book provides a descriptive illustration of pre treatment of hot metal, the basic principles of heat treatment, types of hot rolled products, principles of measurement of rolling parameters, steel making refractories, performance characteristics of transducers, causes of gauge variation , main factors affecting gauge performance, gauge control sensors and actuators, automatic gauge control systems, strip tension control system in cold mills, flat rolling practice cold rolling, pack rolling, steelmaking refractories, refining of stainless steels, special considerations in refining stainless steels etc. This book is a unique compilation and it draws together in a single source technical principles of steel making by hot rolling process up to the finished product. This handbook will be very helpful to its readers who are just beginners in this field and will also find useful for upcoming entrepreneurs, engineers, personnel responsible for the operation of hot rolling mills, existing industries, technologist, technical institution etc. TAGS Steel Hot Rolling, Hot Rolling of Steel, Metal Rolling, Metal Forming Process, Steel Rolling Process, Metalworking, Flat Rolling Fundamentals, Physical Metallurgy, Hot Rolled Steel, Rolling Mills, Pre-Treatment of Hot Metal, Heat Treatments for Hot-Rolled Products, Steelmaking Refractories, Refining of Stainless Steels, Steel Heating for Hot Rolling, Oxygen Steelmaking Processes, Best small and cottage scale industries, Business guidance for steel rolling industry, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business plan for steel rolling mill, Business start-up, Fusion welding processes, Great Opportunity for Startup, Hot rolled steel properties, Hot rolling mill process, Hot Rolling Mill, Hot Rolling mill, Hot Strip Mill, How is Steel Produced, How to Start a Steel Production Business, How to start a successful steel rolling business, How to start steel mill industry, How to Start Steel rolling Industry in India, How to start steel rolling mill, Indian Steel Industry, Industrial steel rolling mill, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Modern steel making technology, Most Profitable Steel Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Steel rolling industry, Opportunity Steel Rolling Mill, Plate Mill, Process & Applications, Process of steelmaking, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Progress and Prospect of Rolling Technology, Project for startups, Rod and Bar Rolling, Rod and bar rolling, Rolling Metalworking, Rolling Mill for Steel Bars, Rolling process, Setting up and opening your steel rolling Business, Small scale Commercial steel rolling business, Small Scale Steel rolling Projects, Small Start-up Business Project, Start a Rolling Mill Industry, Start steel rolling mill in India, Start up India, Stand up India, Starting a Steel Business, Starting a Steel rolling Business, Starting Steel Mini Mill, Start-up Business Plan for steel rolling, Startup Project for steel rolling business, Startup project plan, Startup Project, Steel and hot rolling Business, Steel Based Profitable Projects, Steel Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Steel business plan, Steel hot rolling process, Steel Industry in India, Steel making and rolling, Steel making Projects, Steel making technology, Steel Making, Steel manufacturing process, Steel mill process, Steel mill, Steel production process, Steel rerolling mill feasibility start up, Steel rolling Industry in India, Steel rolling machine factory, Steel rolling mill industry demand, Steel rolling mill industry overview, Steel rolling mill industry, Steel rolling mill market forecast, Steel rolling mill market growth, Steel rolling mill market, Steel rolling mill size, Steel rolling mill starts production, Steel rolling mill, Steel Rolling Technology, Steelmaking, Steelmaking Processes, Types of rolling mills
Book Synopsis Knife Engineering by : Larrin Thomas
Download or read book Knife Engineering written by Larrin Thomas and published by . This book was released on 2020-07-16 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth exploration of the effects of different steels, heat treatments, and edge geometries on knife performance. This book provides ratings for toughness, edge retention, and corrosion resistance for all of the popular knife steels. Micrographs of over 50 steels. Specific recommended heat treatments for each steel. And answers to questions like: 1) Does a thinner or thicker edge last longer? 2) What heat treatment leads to the best performance? 3) Are there performance benefits to forging blades? 4) Should I use stainless or carbon steel? All of these questions and more are answered by a metallurgist who grew up around the knife industry.
Book Synopsis Iron and Steel by : William F. Hosford
Download or read book Iron and Steel written by William F. Hosford and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-04-23 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended both as a resource for engineers and as an introduction to the layman about our most important metal system. After an introduction that deals with the history and refining of iron and steel, the rest of the book examines their physical properties and metallurgy. To elaborate on the importance of iron and steel, we can refer to the fact that modern civilization as we know it would not be possible without it. Steel is essential in the machinery necessary for manufacturing that meets our needs. Even the words themselves have come to suggest strength. Phrases such as 'iron willed', 'iron fisted', 'iron clad', 'iron curtain' and 'pumping iron' imply strength. A 'steely glance' is a stern look. 'A heart of steel' refers to a very hard demeanor. The Russian dictator, Stalin (which means steel in Russian), chose the name to invoke fear in those under him.
Download or read book Steel written by Brooke C. Stoddard and published by Zenith Press. This book was released on 2015-07-07 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Steel provides the backbone for modern civilization - read all about its history, journey, and place in the world. What is steel? How does it work? Why has it been so important? Who are the people who make it? How do they make it? Steel: From Mine to Mill, the Metal that Made America answers these questions. Improperly understood until about 150 years ago and available until then only in small quantities, the metal itself is a delicate dance of iron crystals interspersed with carbon and - depending on intended service - other elements such as nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. Once deciphered, steel began to flow from hearths in increasing amounts for the building of railroads, steel ships, skyscrapers, and bridges, in the process raising to world economic dominance Great Britain, Germany, the United States, Japan, and the Soviet Union. The world's current largest producer is China. While researching this book, author Brooke C. Stoddard descended into Mesabi Iron Range open-pit iron mines, rode with 58,000 tons of iron ore on a 1,000-foot ore boat from Duluth to Cleveland, climbed to the top of the hemisphere's largest blast furnace, interviewed men as they toiled next to their furnaces of liquid steel, and walked the immense rolling mills where steel is pressed into finished products. Along the way, he wrote a narrative of iron and steel from pre-history through the Industrial Revolution and into the present age. Steel is the sinew of modern civilization.
