Models And Algorithms To Determine Cerebral Activation Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

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In Vivo Optical Imaging of Brain Function, Second Edition

Author : Ron D. Frostig
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781420076844
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (768 download)

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Book Synopsis In Vivo Optical Imaging of Brain Function, Second Edition by : Ron D. Frostig

Download or read book In Vivo Optical Imaging of Brain Function, Second Edition written by Ron D. Frostig and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-05-06 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These are exciting times for the field of optical imaging of brain function. Rapid developments in theory and technology continue to considerably advance understanding of brain function. Reflecting changes in the field during the past five years, the second edition of In Vivo Optical Imaging of Brain Function describes state-of-the-art techniques and their applications for the growing field of functional imaging in the live brain using optical imaging techniques. New in the Second Edition: Voltage-sensitive dyes imaging in awake behaving animals Imaging based on genetically encoded probes Imaging of mitochondrial auto-fluorescence as a tool for cortical mapping Using pH-sensitive dyes for functional mapping Modulated imaging Calcium imaging of neuronal activity using 2-photon microscopy Fourier approach to optical imaging Fully updated chapters from the first edition Leading Authorities Explore the Latest Techniques Updated to reflect continuous development in this emerging research area, this new edition, as with the original, reaches across disciplines to review a variety of non-invasive optical techniques used to study activity in the living brain. Leading authorities from such diverse areas as biophysics, neuroscience, and cognitive science present a host of perspectives that range from a single neuron to large assemblies of millions of neurons, captured at various temporal and spatial resolutions. Introducing techniques that were not available just a few years ago, the authors describe the theory, setup, analytical methods, and examples that highlight the advantages of each particular method.

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Functional Research of Prefrontal Cortex

Author : Nobuo Masataka
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889199444
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Functional Research of Prefrontal Cortex by : Nobuo Masataka

Download or read book Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Functional Research of Prefrontal Cortex written by Nobuo Masataka and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-08-16 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This e-book includes the latest outcomes produced by a broad range of fNIRS research with activation of prefrontal cortex, from methodological one to clinical one, providing a forum for scientists planning functional studies of prefrontal brain activation. Reading this book, one will find the possibility that fNIRS could replace fMRI in the near future, and realize that even our aesthetic feeling is measurable. This will serve as a reference repository of knowledge from these fields as well as a conduit of information from leading researchers. In addition it offers an extensive cross-referencing system that will facilitate search and retrieval of information about NIRS measurements in activation studies. Researchers interested in fNIRS would benefit from an overview about its potential utilities for future research directions.

Cottrell and Patel's Neuroanesthesia E-Book

Author : James E. Cottrell
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323461123
Total Pages : 523 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (234 download)

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Book Synopsis Cottrell and Patel's Neuroanesthesia E-Book by : James E. Cottrell

Download or read book Cottrell and Patel's Neuroanesthesia E-Book written by James E. Cottrell and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2016-08-24 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Featuring new co-editor Piyush Patel, MD, the updated edition of Cottrell and Patel's Neuroanesthesia continues to serve as the definitive reference on this important field of medicine. Clinically oriented chapters are clearly organized and cover key clinical points, case presentations, and discussions, delivering the complete and authoritative guidance you need to ensure optimal perioperative safety for neurosurgical patients. - Integrates current scientific principles with the newest clinical applications. - Explains what to do under any set of circumstances, the logic behind why it should be done, and how to avoid complications. - Clear conceptual illustrations make complex concepts easier to understand at a glance. - Comprehensive and broad coverage of all important aspects of neuroanesthesia enables you to find reliable answers to any clinical question. - Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, images, and references from the book on a variety of devices. - Access brand-new information to keep you current! All chapters have been thoroughly updated to reflect the latest developments in neurosurgical anesthesia. - A completely reorganized TOC offers easier access to information. - Covers the latest advances in neuromodality monitoring — brain tissue oxygenation oximetry; microdialysis; and depth of anesthesia. - Includes a brand-new chapter on end-of-life care and the diagnosis and management of brain death, as well as a new chapter on minimally invasive techniques. - New information on Parkinson's disease has been added to the chapter on Awake Craniotomy.

Advances in Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Related Computational Methods

Author : Christian Huck
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 303928052X
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Related Computational Methods by : Christian Huck

Download or read book Advances in Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Related Computational Methods written by Christian Huck and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-01-03 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last few decades, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has distinguished itself as one of the most rapidly advancing spectroscopic techniques. Mainly known as an analytical tool useful for sample characterization and content quantification, NIR spectroscopy is essential in various other fields, e.g. NIR imaging techniques in biophotonics, medical applications or used for characterization of food products. Its contribution in basic science and physical chemistry should be noted as well, e.g. in exploration of the nature of molecular vibrations or intermolecular interactions. One of the current development trends involves the miniaturization and simplification of instrumentation, creating prospects for the spread of NIR spectrometers at a consumer level in the form of smartphone attachments—a breakthrough not yet accomplished by any other analytical technique. A growing diversity in the related methods and applications has led to a dispersion of these contributions among disparate scientific communities. The aim of this Special Issue was to bring together the communities that may perceive NIR spectroscopy from different perspectives. It resulted in 30 contributions presenting the latest advances in the methodologies essential in near-infrared spectroscopy in a variety of applications.

Biosignal Processing and Classification Using Computational Learning and Intelligence

Author : Alejandro A. Torres-García
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128204281
Total Pages : 538 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Biosignal Processing and Classification Using Computational Learning and Intelligence by : Alejandro A. Torres-García

Download or read book Biosignal Processing and Classification Using Computational Learning and Intelligence written by Alejandro A. Torres-García and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-09-18 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biosignal Processing and Classification Using Computational Learning and Intelligence: Principles, Algorithms and Applications posits an approach for biosignal processing and classification using computational learning and intelligence, highlighting that the term biosignal refers to all kinds of signals that can be continuously measured and monitored in living beings. The book is composed of five relevant parts. Part One is an introduction to biosignals and Part Two describes the relevant techniques for biosignal processing, feature extraction and feature selection/dimensionality reduction. Part Three presents the fundamentals of computational learning (machine learning). Then, the main techniques of computational intelligence are described in Part Four. The authors focus primarily on the explanation of the most used methods in the last part of this book, which is the most extensive portion of the book. This part consists of a recapitulation of the newest applications and reviews in which these techniques have been successfully applied to the biosignals' domain, including EEG-based Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) focused on P300 and Imagined Speech, emotion recognition from voice and video, leukemia recognition, infant cry recognition, EEGbased ADHD identification among others. - Provides coverage of the fundamentals of signal processing, including sensing the heart, sending the brain, sensing human acoustic, and sensing other organs - Includes coverage biosignal pre-processing techniques such as filtering, artifiact removal, and feature extraction techniques such as Fourier transform, wavelet transform, and MFCC - Covers the latest techniques in machine learning and computational intelligence, including Supervised Learning, common classifiers, feature selection, dimensionality reduction, fuzzy logic, neural networks, Deep Learning, bio-inspired algorithms, and Hybrid Systems - Written by engineers to help engineers, computer scientists, researchers, and clinicians understand the technology and applications of computational learning to biosignal processing

The Textbook of Nanoneuroscience and Nanoneurosurgery

Author : Babak Kateb
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030806626
Total Pages : 846 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis The Textbook of Nanoneuroscience and Nanoneurosurgery by : Babak Kateb

Download or read book The Textbook of Nanoneuroscience and Nanoneurosurgery written by Babak Kateb and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 846 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering May 26-31, 2012, Beijing, China

Author : Mian Long
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642293050
Total Pages : 2385 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering May 26-31, 2012, Beijing, China by : Mian Long

Download or read book World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering May 26-31, 2012, Beijing, China written by Mian Long and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-02-11 with total page 2385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The congress’s unique structure represents the two dimensions of technology and medicine: 13 themes on science and medical technologies intersect with five challenging main topics of medicine to create a maximum of synergy and integration of aspects on research, development and application. Each of the congress themes was chaired by two leading experts. The themes address specific topics of medicine and technology that provide multiple and excellent opportunities for exchanges.

Biological and Biomedical Infrared Spectroscopy

Author : A. Barth
Publisher : IOS Press
ISBN 13 : 160750457X
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Biological and Biomedical Infrared Spectroscopy by : A. Barth

Download or read book Biological and Biomedical Infrared Spectroscopy written by A. Barth and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2009-09-02 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although infrared spectroscopy has been applied with success to the study of important biological and biomedical processes for many years, key advances in this vibrant technique have led to its increasing use, ranging from characterisation of individual macromolecules (DNA, RNA, lipids, proteins) to human tissues, cells and their components. Infrared spectroscopy thus has a significant role to play in the analysis of the vast number of genes and proteins being identified by the various genomic sequencing projects. Whilst this book gives an overview of the field it highlights more recent developments, such as the use of bright synchrotron radiation for recording infrared spectra, the development of two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy and the ability to record infrared spectra at ultrafast speeds. The main focus is on the mid-infrared region, since the great majority of studies are carried out in this region but there is increasing use of the near infrared for biomedical applications and a chapter is devoted to this part of the spectrum. Major advances in theoretical analysis have also enabled better interpretation of the infrared spectra of biological molecules and these are covered. The editors, Professor Andreas Barth of Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden and Dr Parvez I. Haris of De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K., who both have extensive research experience in biological infrared spectroscopy per se and in its use in the solution of biophysical problems, have felt it timely therefore to bring together this book. The book is intended for use both by research scientists already active in the use of biological infrared spectroscopy and for those coming new to the technique. Graduate students will also find it useful as an introduction to the technique.

Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXVI

Author : Harold M. Swartz
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1493906208
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (939 download)

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Book Synopsis Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXVI by : Harold M. Swartz

Download or read book Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXVI written by Harold M. Swartz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-04-11 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains the refereed contributions from the 41st annual meeting of ISOTT. The annual meetings of ISOTT bring together scientists from various fields (medicine, physiology, mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, etc.) in a unique international forum. Traditionally, ISOTT conferences are a place, where an atmosphere of interaction is created, where many questions are asked after each presentation and lively discussions occur at a high scientific level. This vivid interaction is the main motivation for members to participate and gain new ideas and knowledge in the broad field of oxygen transport to tissue. The papers in this volume summarize some of the outstanding contributions from the 41st annual meeting. Special features in this volume include invited presentations from senior members of ISOTT for the theme “the wisdom of ISOTT” in which founders, past presidents and prize winners from previous meetings provided both cutting edge new knowledge and integrated overviews of critical aspects of the field. The presentations and manuscripts also include those provided by the special opportunity provided by having part of the ISOTT meeting overlap with the EPR-2013 meeting where both focused on preclinical and clinical measurements of oxygen, with a particular emphasis on cancer. Chapters 22, 24, 25 and 26 are open access under a CC BY 4.0 license via link.springer.com.

Computational Intelligence and Efficiency in Engineering Systems

Author : Grzegorz Borowik
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319157205
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Intelligence and Efficiency in Engineering Systems by : Grzegorz Borowik

Download or read book Computational Intelligence and Efficiency in Engineering Systems written by Grzegorz Borowik and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-10 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This carefully edited and reviewed volume addresses the increasingly popular demand for seeking more clarity in the data that we are immersed in. It offers excellent examples of the intelligent ubiquitous computation, as well as recent advances in systems engineering and informatics. The content represents state-of-the-art foundations for researchers in the domain of modern computation, computer science, system engineering and networking, with many examples that are set in industrial application context. The book includes the carefully selected best contributions to APCASE 2014, the 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Aided System Engineering, held February 10-12, 2014 in South Kuta, Bali, Indonesia. The book consists of four main parts that cover data-oriented engineering science research in a wide range of applications: computational models and knowledge discovery; communications networks and cloud computing; computer-based systems; and data-oriented and software-intensive systems.

Infrared Spectroscopy

Author : Theophanides Theophile
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535105388
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Infrared Spectroscopy by : Theophanides Theophile

Download or read book Infrared Spectroscopy written by Theophanides Theophile and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-04-25 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This informative and state-of-the art book on Infrared Spectroscopy in Life sciences designed for researchers, academics as well as for those working in industry, agriculture and in pharmaceutical companies features 20 chapters of applications of MIRS and NIRS in brain activity and clinical research. It shows excellent FT-IR spectra of breast tissues, atheromatic plaques, human bones and projects assessment of haemodynamic activation in the cerebral cortex, brain oxygenation studies and many interesting insights from a medical perspective.

Handbook of Sport Psychology

Author : Gershon Tenenbaum
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119568080
Total Pages : 1385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Sport Psychology by : Gershon Tenenbaum

Download or read book Handbook of Sport Psychology written by Gershon Tenenbaum and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-31 with total page 1385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 4. Auflage dieses Klassikers und führenden Referenzwerks aus dem Bereich Sport-, Bewegungs- und Leistungspsychologie Die vollständige neue Ausgabe des Handbook of Sports Psychology, jetzt in 2 Bänden und mit unzähligen neuen Kapitel renommierter Wissenschaftler des Fachgebiets, greift auf eine Riege von Experten und Wissenschaftlern zurück, die ihr Wissen nach dem neuesten Forschungsstand in diesem gründlichen und zugänglichen Referenzwerk zusammenfassen. Die Publikation wird auch von der International Society of Sport Psychology unterstützt und ist eine unschätzbare Quelle für theoretische und praktische Informationen, mit denen sich die Rolle der Psychologie im Zusammenhang mit Sport, Bewegung und Leistung besser verstehen lässt und die zeigen, wie dieses Verständnis für die Ergebnisverbesserung in der Praxis Anwendung findet. Die 4. Auflage des Handbook of Sports Psychology präsentiert in acht Abschnitten neue Informationen zu neuen Gebieten, wie Achtsamkeit, Hirnkartierung, Selbstbewusstsein, mentale Stärke, und behandelt Spezialthemen wie Geschlecht, kulturelle Diversität, Sportler mit Behinderungen, Alkohol und Drogen im Sport. Darüber hinaus werden klassische Themen erörtert, z. B. Motivationsauslöser für sportliche Leistungen, Druck als Ansporn, Topathleten und ihr Umgang mit Führungsrollen, Bedeutung von mentalem Training, Umgang mit Verletzungen u.v.m. - 4. Auflage diese einflussreichen Referenzwerks der Sportpsychologie. - Neue Inhalte, u. a. Achtsamkeit in der Sport- und Bewegungspsychologie, Ethik, mentale Stärke, Sportsozialisierung, Einsatz von Brain-Technologien in der Praxis. - Unterstützt von der International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP). Die 4. Auflage des Handbook of Sports Psychology ist ein Muss für Studenten und Praktiker, die sich für Sportpsychologie interessieren.

Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Electrical, Control and Computer Engineering

Author : Zainah Md. Zain
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811686904
Total Pages : 1148 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Electrical, Control and Computer Engineering by : Zainah Md. Zain

Download or read book Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Electrical, Control and Computer Engineering written by Zainah Md. Zain and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-08 with total page 1148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Electrical, Control and Computer Engineering (InECCE 2021), held in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia, on 23 August 2021. The topics covered are sustainable energy, power electronics and drives and power engineering including distributed/renewable generation, power system optimization, artificial/computational intelligence, smart grid, power system protection and machine learning energy management and conservation. The book showcases some of the latest technologies and applications developed to solve local energy and power problems in order to ensure continuity, reliability and security of electricity for future generations. It also links topics covered the sustainable developed goals (SDGs) areas outlined by the United Nation for global sustainability. The book will appeal to professionals, scientists and researchers with experience in industry.

New Insights into Brain Imaging Methods for Rehabilitation of Brain Diseases

Author : Guang-qing Xu
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832546978
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis New Insights into Brain Imaging Methods for Rehabilitation of Brain Diseases by : Guang-qing Xu

Download or read book New Insights into Brain Imaging Methods for Rehabilitation of Brain Diseases written by Guang-qing Xu and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-03-28 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brain diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease cause dysfunction in multiple body systems. Motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, dysphagia, and emotion disorders are frequently observed in patients with brain diseases. As the dysfunctions are associated with alterations in the brain, brain imaging methods such as functional MRI (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are essential for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying the dysfunction caused by brain diseases. Brain imaging methods are also critical for understanding the neural mechanisms for the effectiveness of therapeutic or rehabilitative interventions that promote recovery from brain diseases. The usage of these brain imaging methods would deepen our understanding of brain diseases and potentially translate this knowledge to improve effectiveness of rehabilitative interventions for brain diseases.

Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics

Author : Don Harris
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031353927
Total Pages : 541 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (313 download)

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Book Synopsis Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics by : Don Harris

Download or read book Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics written by Don Harris and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-07-08 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-volume set LNCS 14017 - 14018 constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics, EPCE 2023, held as part of HCI International 2023 which took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, during July 23-28, 2023. A total of 1578 papers and 396 posters have been accepted for publication in the HCII 2023 proceedings from a total of 7472 submissions. The papers included in the HCII-EPCE volume set were organized in topical sections as follows: Part I: Stress, fatigue, and mental workload; human performance and error management; resilience and performance in demanding contexts. Part II: Human factors in aviation; human factors in operations management; human-centered design of autonomous systems.

Neurological Rehabilitation

Author : Jonathan R. Wolpaw
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN 13 : 0128077956
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Neurological Rehabilitation by : Jonathan R. Wolpaw

Download or read book Neurological Rehabilitation written by Jonathan R. Wolpaw and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-01-10 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brain−computer interfaces (BCIs) are systems that give their users communication and control capabilities that do not depend on muscles. The user's intentions are determined from activity recorded by electrodes on the scalp, on the cortical surface, or within the brain. BCIs can enable people who are paralyzed by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), brainstem stroke, or other disorders to convey their needs and wishes to others, to operate word-processing programs or other software, or possibly to control a wheelchair or a neuroprosthesis. BCI technology might also augment rehabilitation protocols aimed at restoring useful motor function. With continued development and clinical implementation, BCIs could substantially improve the lives of those with severe disabilities.

Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXI

Author : Andras Eke
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780306462818
Total Pages : 842 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (628 download)

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Book Synopsis Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXI by : Andras Eke

Download or read book Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXI written by Andras Eke and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2000-01-31 with total page 842 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (lSOTT) held its 26th annual meeting from August 23-26, 1998, and met for the second time in Budapest. As captured in the design of the ISOTT'98 logo, the venue of the conference was the Budapest Hilton in the heart of the historic Castle District in Buda, across from Hungary's coronation church-the Matthias Church-and the fairy-tale-like Fisherman's Bastion; a special place with a historical touch situated atop the Castle Hill, from where participants enjoyed the spectacular panoramic views of Budapest exquisitely laid out on both sides of the Danube. In preparation for ISOTT'98, major emphasis was given to the application of informatics in collecting, presenting, and disseminating scientific and other information associated with the meeting. Electronic submission of the abstracts made it possible to publish the illustrated Abstracts on the ISOTT'98 Web Site well before the meeting. Following the meeting, an ISOTT'98 CD was published as a digital, searchable record of ISOTT'98. The scientific program was designed with the active participation of prospective attendees, in that priority and momentum was given to the topics selected by those visiting the Web Site. Poster and oral presentations were considered as equivalently effective formats, reflected by the fact that posters were on display throughout the meeting.