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Modeling Water Age And Disinfection Byproduct Formation In Drinking Water Distribution Systems In East Tennessee
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Book Synopsis Modeling Water Age and Disinfection Byproduct Formation in Drinking Water Distribution Systems in East Tennessee by : Seth Adam Fischer
Download or read book Modeling Water Age and Disinfection Byproduct Formation in Drinking Water Distribution Systems in East Tennessee written by Seth Adam Fischer and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chlorine disinfection of drinking waters is responsible for the standard of health we enjoy today and the eradication of waterborne disease. Chlorine also reacts with natural organic matter (NOM) to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs) which have been linked to cancer as well as reproductive and developmental issues. The exact mechanism for formation of regulated DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), is unknown. The literature has identified relationships between DBP formation and, most notably, characteristics of NOM, chlorine contact time, temperature, pH [negative log of hydrogen ion concentration], and chlorine dose. This study develops models both specific to individual utilities, and general to utilities with surface water sources using NaClO [sodium hypochlorite] for disinfection within the geographic region of East Tennessee. The study utilizes existing data from four utilities collected for compliance with regulations. Calibrated hydraulic models of the four distribution systems are employed to accurately determine water age (chlorine contact time) in the distribution system, often a limitation of field scale models. Multivariate power functions predict THMs and HAAs for individual utilities and across utilities with similar raw water characteristics and treatment processes. R2 [coefficient of determination] ranges from 0.52 to 0.80. Developed models account for actual distribution system conditions, including water age, and predict THM and HAA levels for the four utilities with a higher R2 value than applicable existing lab scale and field scale models. Results arm utilities with strategies to develop specific DBP models using existing data, control DBP levels, improve quality of drinking water, and achieve compliance with regulations.
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Environmental Health by :
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Environmental Health written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-08-22 with total page 4896 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, Second Edition, Six Volume Set presents the newest release in this fundamental reference that updates and broadens the umbrella of environmental health, especially social and environmental health for its readers. There is ongoing revolution in governance, policies and intervention strategies aimed at evolving changes in health disparities, disease burden, trans-boundary transport and health hazards. This new edition reflects these realities, mapping new directions in the field that include how to minimize threats and develop new scientific paradigms that address emerging local, national and global environmental concerns. Represents a one-stop resource for scientifically reliable information on environmental health Fills a critical gap, with information on one of the most rapidly growing scientific fields of our time Provides comparative approaches to environmental health practice and research in different countries and regions of the world Covers issues behind specific questions and describes the best available scientific methods for environmental risk assessment
Book Synopsis Disinfection By-product Formation in the Water Distribution System of Morehead, Kentucky by :
Download or read book Disinfection By-product Formation in the Water Distribution System of Morehead, Kentucky written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effect of the distribution system on water quality seems complex. Water demands and average residence times change continually, and chlorine residuals depend on these changing residence times as well as changes in temperature, pH, and organic matter characteristics caused by distribution system hydraulic dynamics. Furthermore, these changing physical/chemical conditions inherently affect the formation of regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs). The research focuses on a water distribution system in eastern Kentucky, which is fed by a 5 MGD conventional treatment plant. The field study was conducted in two phases. A 24-hour hydraulic field sampling event was performed to provide basic data for characterizing the system hydraulics and for understanding the kinetics of chlorine decay and DBP formation. A 48-hour water quality sampling event was conducted using the utility's four regulatory sampling locations, augmented by 15 locations designed to sample representative water from storage tanks, dead-ends, and different pipe materials and ages.
Book Synopsis Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water by : Yuefeng Xie
Download or read book Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water written by Yuefeng Xie and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-08-27 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The EPA has established regulations which classify four types of disinfection byproducts - TTHMs, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite - and requires public water systems limit these byproducts to specific levels. Most of the information required to comply with these standards is either scattered throughout the literature or derived from confere
Book Synopsis Impact of Water Heating on Disinfection Byproducts Concentration by : Boning Liu
Download or read book Impact of Water Heating on Disinfection Byproducts Concentration written by Boning Liu and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBP) are a group of inorganic and organic compounds formed during water disinfection. Epidemiologic studies suggest an association between rectal, and colon cancer and exposure to DBPs in chlorinated surface water. Therefore, DBPs are a growing public health concern; one that has been mitigated by multiple regulations of US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) including the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 2 DBPR). Tremendous efforts and cost have been spent on controlling DBPs in drinking water; however, human exposure has been poorly characterized. In addition to ingestion exposure, inhalation and dermal absorption during showering for example could also be significant exposure pathways. This dissertation focuses on investigating DBP formation and degradation in heated water (~50oC) in both lab simulated tests and field studies. The first objective of this dissertation was to investigate the temporal variability of regulated DBPs and non-regulated DBPs in cold and hot tap water at a residential home, in a water plant and in a simulated distribution system test. The results showed that the residence time of water in hot water tanks plays an important role on the formation and degradation of DBPs in the hot water plumbing. There was no obvious difference between the concentrations of TCAA (trichloroacetic acid) in long-heated hot tap water and cold tap water. The terminal DBPs for cold and hot tap water were measured and compared to the instantaneous DBP formation in cold and hot tap water. The heating of tap water in the water tank was found to increase the extent of THM formation. The second objective of this dissertation was to investigate the impact of heating scenarios on the formation and degradation of DBPs. A field study involving homes equipped with either tankless heaters or tank heaters was conducted. The concentrations of DBPs were measured for cold and hot tap water of each home. A lab-controlled heating test was later on set up to investigate the formation and degradation of DBPs in short term and long term heating to understand the difference in DBP concentrations in the hot tap water out of different types of water heaters. The results from the field study revealed that the differences in DBP levels in the hot tap water out of the two types of heaters were statistically significant for chlorine residual, total trihalomethanes (TTHMs), dichloroacetic acids (DCAA), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroproprane (TCP) and chloropicrin (CP). Bench scale heating tests showed that long term heating changed the concentrations of DBPs significantly. The third objective of this dissertation was to investigate the thermal formation and degradation in various conditions. Especially, the impact of water age on DBP formation and degradation in cold and heated water was investigated. The results of this study demonstrate that DBP concentration profiles in heated water were quite different from the DBP concentrations in the cold tap water. Chloroform concentrations in the heated water remained constant or even decreased slightly with increasing distribution system water age, despite the fact that its levels always increased with water age in the cold water. The final objective of this dissertation was to propose a method to model chlorine decay, not only in the distribution system, but also applicable to home heating scenarios. A robust two-site chlorine decay model of combined effects of pH, temperature in water distribution system and heating condition was proposed. A single set of readily interpretable parameters were estimated by stochastic search using differential evolution.
Author :American Water Works Association Researc Publisher :International Water Assn ISBN 13 :9781843399711 Total Pages :356 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (997 download)
Book Synopsis The Formation and Decay of Disinfection By-Products in the Distribution System by : American Water Works Association Researc
Download or read book The Formation and Decay of Disinfection By-Products in the Distribution System written by American Water Works Association Researc and published by International Water Assn. This book was released on 2007 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most DBP studies conducted to date have focused on the formation and control of DBPs in treatment plants. They were conducted in bottles in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Little is known about the changes in DBPs in fullscale distribution systems. Also, information to date suggests that batch incubations in bottles may not accurately represent the DBPs in full-scale systems because of their inability to consider pipe walls and biofilms, spatial and temporal DBP variability within a system, and the dynamic nature of the system. Utilities were selected based on finished water characteristics, seasonal temperature changes, geographic location, type of final disinfectant, DBP concentrations, distribution system hydraulic model, and others. Two utilities used free chlorine as residual disinfectant, two utilities used chloramines, and one utility used chloramines with a yearly one-month switch to free chlorine. Within each system, sampling locations were selected based on water age, pipe material and diameter, and others. One system examined the effects of a storage reservoir and a booster chlorination station. Samples were collected six to eight times over a one-year period. In the system that periodically switches to free chlorine, two samplings were conducted before the switch, two samplings during the free chlorination period, and two samplings following the return to chloramines.
Book Synopsis A Comprehensive Disinfection and Water Quality Model for Drinking Water Distribution System by : John Edward Woolschlager
Download or read book A Comprehensive Disinfection and Water Quality Model for Drinking Water Distribution System written by John Edward Woolschlager and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Formation and Control of Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water by : Philip C. Singer
Download or read book Formation and Control of Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water written by Philip C. Singer and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by more than 30 DBP experts, this technical and managerial reference tool provides essential background and addresses recent activities of the EPA and environmental consultants. It answers important questions, such as how to balance microbial and chemical risks, and includes information on new regulation and treatment costs.
Book Synopsis Analysis and Management of Disinfection by Product Formation in Distribution Systems by : Sandhya Rao Poleneni
Download or read book Analysis and Management of Disinfection by Product Formation in Distribution Systems written by Sandhya Rao Poleneni and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The newly promulgated Stage-2 Disinfectant and Disinfection By-Product (D/DBP) regulations force water utilities of all sizes to be more concerned with their finished and distributed water quality. Compliance for many small-scale utilities requires changes to their current operational strategy. However, these changes affect the formation of DBPs over time. This study is performed in an effort to examine and quantify the extent of change in DBP formation and chlorine decay kinetics under different operational conditions and pipe materials found at many small-scale water utilities. As a part of this study a physical model (Pipe Loop) of a distribution system was used to evaluate the change in water quality as a function of time under different operational conditions such as having a high chlorine dosage entering the distribution system, using a chlorine booster system in the distribution system, and operation of clearwells/storage tanks. It is determined that High Chlorine run is least optimal option with approximately 64% and 30% higher production of TTHMs when compared to Normal and Chlorine Booster run, respectively. It is also determined that High Chlorine conditions minimize the wall effects and the location of Boosters should always be after the storage systems to avoid extra contact time that can produce approximately 23-78% higher concentrations of TTHMs. In case of storage systems, it is statistically proven that storage time before entering the tank, mixing conditions and fillings cycles play an important role in maintaining water quality in the tanks.
Book Synopsis Model Predictive Control of Water Quality in Drinking Water Distribution Systems Considering Disinfection By-products by : Mingyu Xie
Download or read book Model Predictive Control of Water Quality in Drinking Water Distribution Systems Considering Disinfection By-products written by Mingyu Xie and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigation on Disinfection by Products (DBPs) Degradation in Water Distribution Systems by : Mohsen Behbahani
Download or read book Investigation on Disinfection by Products (DBPs) Degradation in Water Distribution Systems written by Mohsen Behbahani and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are ubiquitous by-products of disinfection process in water systems. It has been implicated that DBPs play a major role in deterioration of water quality and the increase of public health risks. Since the discovery of DBPs in 1974, there has been a lot of research works conducted to understand the formation and fate of DBPs in water systems. However, most of the previous studies focused on the formation of DBPs and our current understanding of DBP degradation is still limited especially in water distribution systems. The objective of this study is to investigate both abiotic and biological degradation of DBPs in water distribution systems. In the first objective, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the degradation of major haloacetic acids (HAAs) in aqueous solutions using iron powder. The individual and combined effects of initial pH, iron dosage, and reaction time were considered as three major controlling factors. For all HAAs, the decrease of initial pH value and the increase of iron dosage improve degradation efficiency. The increase of reaction time was found to be influential on all HAA degradation (except DCAA and TCAA). However, its effect was not as significant as that of the initial pH and iron dosage. Brominated HAAs showed higher degradation rates than chlorinated ones in similar experimental conditions. According to the ANOVA (analysis of variance) test outcomes, all the developed regression models could predict HAA degradation with high R2 values which confirms the applicability of polynomial regression models for HAA removal estimation. The objective of second study was to evaluate the influence of water distribution system conditions (pH, total organic carbon, residual chlorine, and phosphate) on haloacetic acids (HAAs) biodegradation. A series of batch microcosm tests were conducted to determine biodegradation kinetics and collected biomass was used for real time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses to monitor how these drinking water distribution system conditions affect the relative expression of bacterial dehalogenase genes. It was observed that tested water distribution system conditions affected HAA biodegradation with different removal efficiencies (0-100%). HAA biodegradation was improved in tested samples with TOC (3 mg/L) and pH 8.5 compared to those of TOC (0 mg/L) and pH 7, respectively. However, slight improvement was observed with the increased PO4 concentration (3.5 mg/L), and the presence of residual chlorine even at low concentration prohibited biodegradation of HAAs. The observed trend in the relative expression of dehII genes was compatible with the HAA biodegradation trend. Overall relative expression ratio of dehII genes was lower at pH 7, phosphate (0.5 mg/L), and TOC (0 mg/L) in comparison with pH 8.5, phosphate (3.5 mg/L), and TOC (3 mg/L) in the same experimental conditions. The objective of third chapter was to investigate the biodegradation of emerging nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs). Considering the prevalence of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) formation in water systems, these two DBPs were selected as target compounds in studying N-DBP degradation. DCAN biodegradation was observed at pH 6 and 7.5. However, the degradation efficiency was not statistically different at these pH values (P-values > 0.05). In contrast to pH 6 and 7.5, the hydrolysis (abiotic control) and biodegradation curves almost overlapped at pH 9. This observation indicates no potential biodegradation of DCAN at pH 9. The production of DCAA at different concentrations as the end-product of DCAN degradation via both hydrolysis and biodegradation may implicate that the mechanism of DCAN biodegradation is similar to DCAN hydrolysis. TCNM was also found to be biodegradable at all tested pH values and the order of biodegradation was pH 6 > pH 7.5 > pH 9. The results of statistical analysis also showed significant differences in TCNM biodegradation (P-value
Book Synopsis Disinfection By-product Analysis and Modeling in the Gwinnett County, Georgia, Water Distribution System by : Jonathan Bundy
Download or read book Disinfection By-product Analysis and Modeling in the Gwinnett County, Georgia, Water Distribution System written by Jonathan Bundy and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigation of Disinfection By-Product Formation Potential Test Methodologies in Drinking Water Systems by : Julie DiCicco
Download or read book Investigation of Disinfection By-Product Formation Potential Test Methodologies in Drinking Water Systems written by Julie DiCicco and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Controlling Disinfection By-products and Microbial Contaminants in Drinking Water by : Robert M. Clark
Download or read book Controlling Disinfection By-products and Microbial Contaminants in Drinking Water written by Robert M. Clark and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2001 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply by : National Research Council
Download or read book Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-02-17 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1997, New York City adopted a mammoth watershed agreement to protect its drinking water and avoid filtration of its large upstate surface water supply. Shortly thereafter, the NRC began an analysis of the agreement's scientific validity. The resulting book finds New York City's watershed agreement to be a good template for proactive watershed management that, if properly implemented, will maintain high water quality. However, it cautions that the agreement is not a guarantee of permanent filtration avoidance because of changing regulations, uncertainties regarding pollution sources, advances in treatment technologies, and natural variations in watershed conditions. The book recommends that New York City place its highest priority on pathogenic microorganisms in the watershed and direct its resources toward improving methods for detecting pathogens, understanding pathogen transport and fate, and demonstrating that best management practices will remove pathogens. Other recommendations, which are broadly applicable to surface water supplies across the country, target buffer zones, stormwater management, water quality monitoring, and effluent trading.
Book Synopsis Non-transient, Non-community Water Systems by :
Download or read book Non-transient, Non-community Water Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book EPA 815-R. written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
