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Modeling Tritium Transport Deposition And Re Emission
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Book Synopsis MODELING TRITIUM TRANSPORT, DEPOSITION AND RE-EMISSION. by :
Download or read book MODELING TRITIUM TRANSPORT, DEPOSITION AND RE-EMISSION. written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The atmospheric release of tritium oxide (HTO) potentially impacts human health, typically through inhalation or absorption. Due to HTO's similarity to water, vegetation will absorb HTO by solution in the leaf water and then re-emit it, creating a number of secondary sources of HTO. Currently, models used for emergency response at Savannah River Site incorporate the transport and deposition of HTO but do not provide estimates for its potential re-emission from vegetation or soil surface though re-emission could result in prolonged exposure and greater than predicted dose for an individual downwind. A simple model of HTO transport, deposition and re-emission has been developed to examine the potential increase in exposure and dose. The model simulates an initial release of HTO that moves with a mean wind and expands through diffusion as a Gaussian puff. Deposition is modeled using previous estimates of deposition velocity for HTO and re-emission is modeled using a time constant that describes how quickly HTO is transferred between the surface and atmosphere. Additional puffs are created to simulate re-emission of HTO as well as horizontal diffusion across model grid cells. An evaluation of field data indicates that the use of a re-emission module tends to improve model predictions through improved prediction of peak concentration magnitude and location. When considering dose, nearly all of the released material is included in the dose calculation when re-emission is included. Although exposure to HTO through re-emission occurs over a few hours, the incremental increase in dose is relatively small because the atmospheric concentration of re-emitted HTO is much lower than the initial release.
Author :Biosphere Modelling and Assessment (Program). Tritium Working Group Publisher :IAEA ISBN 13 : Total Pages :316 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (91 download)
Book Synopsis Modelling the Environmental Transport of Tritium in the Vicinity of Long Term Atmospheric and Sub-surface Sources by : Biosphere Modelling and Assessment (Program). Tritium Working Group
Download or read book Modelling the Environmental Transport of Tritium in the Vicinity of Long Term Atmospheric and Sub-surface Sources written by Biosphere Modelling and Assessment (Program). Tritium Working Group and published by IAEA. This book was released on 2003 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The BIOMASS (Biosphere Modelling and Assessment Methods) programme seeks to improve methods of assessing the impact of radionuclides in the environment (any man-made or natural element that emits radiation and that may cause cancer after long term exposure through drinking water). This report describes the results of studies undertaken by the Tritium working group established to identify gaps in modelling approaches regarding the transfer of radionuclides in particular parts of the biosphere of potential radiological significance. It discusses six model test exercises and the field sampling programme undertaken to environmental spread of tritium in long term atmospheric and sub-surface sources.
Book Synopsis Tritium Atmospheric Transport and Deposition Following Acute Releases by :
Download or read book Tritium Atmospheric Transport and Deposition Following Acute Releases written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During 35 years of operation of the Savannah River Site (SRS) there have been a small number of inadvertent tritium releases to the atmosphere. After detection of the releases by stack monitors, field crews were dispatched to determine the concentration of tritium in the environment. The objective of the measurement was to verify environmental concentrations calculated by dose assessment models. Air samples were used to verify the concentration levels and tritium forms during the plume passage. It was not feasible to take enough samples in the plume path to determine the two dimensional distribution of tritium concentration in the plume. However, the ground level distribution was very well reflected vegetation samples. Therefore, it is unusually possible to determine plume shape, plume width, and the relative maximum concentration as the plume moves downwind from the vegetation samples. In eight of the nine releases studied, the monitoring data allowed comparison with atmospheric transport models.
Book Synopsis Tritium Transport in the NuMI Decay Pipe Region - Modeling and Comparison with Experimental Data by :
Download or read book Tritium Transport in the NuMI Decay Pipe Region - Modeling and Comparison with Experimental Data written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NuMI (Neutrinos at Main Injector) beam facility at Fermilab is designed to produce an intense beam of muon neutrinos to be sent to the MINOS underground experiment in Soudan, Minnesota. Neutrinos are created by the decay of heavier particles. In the case of NuMI, the decaying particles are created by interaction of high-energy protons in a target, creating mostly positive pions. These particles can also interact with their environment, resulting in production of a variety of short-lived radionuclides and tritium. In the NuMI beam, neutrinos are produced by 120 GeV protons from the Fermilab Main Injector accelerator which are injected into the NuMI beam line using single turn extraction. The beam line has been designed for 400 kW beam power, roughly a factor of 2 above the initial (2005-06) running conditions. Extracted protons are bent downwards at a 57mr angle towards the Soudan Laboratory. The meson production target is a 94 cm segmented graphite rod, cooled by water in stainless tubes on the top and bottom of the target. The target is followed by two magnetic horns which are pulsed to 200 kA in synchronization with the passage of the beam, producing focusing of the secondary hadron beam and its daughter neutrinos. Downstream of the second horn the meson beam is transported for 675 m in an evacuated 2 m diameter beam (''decay'') pipe. Subsequently, the residual mesons and protons are absorbed in a water cooled aluminum/steel absorber immediately downstream of the decay pipe. Some 200 m of rock further downstream ranges out all of the residual muons. During beam operations, after installation of the chiller condensate system in December 2005, the concentration of tritiated water in the MINOS sump flow of 177 gpm was around 12 pCi/ml, for a total of 0.010 pCi/day. A simple model of tritium transport and deposition via humidity has been constructed to aid in understanding how tritium reaches the sump water. The model deals with tritium transported as HTO, water in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced with tritium. Based on concepts supported by the modeling, a dehumidification system was installed during May 2006 that reduced the tritium level in the sump by a factor of two. This note is primarily concerned with tritium that was produced in the NuMI target pile, carried by air flow into the target hall and down the decay pipe passageway (where most of it was deposited). The air is exhausted through the existing air vent shaft EAV2 (Figure 1).
Book Synopsis Modeling Tritium Transport Through a Deep Unsaturated Zone, Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nye County, Nevada by : Charles Justin Mayers
Download or read book Modeling Tritium Transport Through a Deep Unsaturated Zone, Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nye County, Nevada written by Charles Justin Mayers and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Computer Modeling of Environmental Tritium Transport Following Chronic Releases Using NORMTRI and CAP88PC-2 by : Stacey L. Fox
Download or read book Computer Modeling of Environmental Tritium Transport Following Chronic Releases Using NORMTRI and CAP88PC-2 written by Stacey L. Fox and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Modeling and Analysis of Tritium Transport in Multi-region Lead-lithium Liquid Metal Blankets by : Hongjie Zhang
Download or read book Modeling and Analysis of Tritium Transport in Multi-region Lead-lithium Liquid Metal Blankets written by Hongjie Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is critical to be able to predict tritium transport in lead-lithium liquid metal (LM) blankets with great accuracy to provide information for fusion reactor safety and economy analyses. However, tritium transport processes are complex and affected by multiple physics such as magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow, yet there is no single computer code capable of simulating these phenomena inclusively. Thus the objectives of this research are: 1) to develop mathematical models and computational codes to quantify both tritium distributions throughout the blanket and the permeation loss rate from LM to helium coolant, and 2) to evaluate the key factors that govern tritium permeation and distribution. To accomplish these objectives, a computational framework for analyzing tritium transport phenomena affected by multi-physics and geometric features has been developed. Models have been proposed to integrate multiple tritium transfer processes, including transport inside the LM MHD flow, transfer across the material interface, and permeation through the structural materials and into the helium coolant. Numerical schemes have been developed and implemented in the code to link the different transport mechanisms. The developed model and code have been validated against the data from the US-JA TITAN experiments on hydrogen transport through an [alpha]-Fe/PbLi system and in-reactor tritium release data from lead-lithium, and the modeling results agree well with the experimental data. Parametric studies are performed to quantify the MHD effects, buoyancy effects, PES effects, and the uncertainties of transport properties. The MHD effects reduce the tritium permeation rate due to the higher velocity near the wall. However, the rate of decrease is reduced at higher Hartmann numbers. The buoyancy effect on tritium transport in the LM MHD flows is revealed. Its tritium inventory drops by 80%, and the permeation rate drops by 20% for an upward flow compared to a downward flow. If a PES is introduced on the wall parallel to the magnetic field, tritium loss rate increases by 15% because the velocity is reduced near the front wall. The range of permeation rate change on the basis of uncertainties of transport properties is also provided, and the effect of the uncertainty of tritium solubility is significant. Furthermore, as the FCI electric conductivity increases from 5 to 500 [omega]−1m−1, the tritium permeation rate decreases by 46% due to the increasing velocity in the gap. Lastly, the difference in tritium permeation rates between dual coolant lead lithium (DCLL) and helium-cooled lead lithium (HCLL) blanket concepts is quantified. The tritium permeation loss percentage from the HCLL concept is about one order of magnitude higher than from the DCLL concept (~ 17%. vs. 1.2%). This is mainly due to a much lower velocity and thus a much higher tritium partial pressure for the HCLL concept. The computational models and results stated in this work provide guidance on the lead-lithium liquid metal blanket designs to comply tritium control requirements with regard to the reduction in tritium permeation and inventory and on planning the experiments for database evaluation.
Book Synopsis Some Issues in Two-dimensional Modeling of Tritium Transport by :
Download or read book Some Issues in Two-dimensional Modeling of Tritium Transport written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among the major processes leading to tritium transport through Li ceramic breeders the percolation of gaseous tritium species through the connected porosity remains the lest amenable to a satisfactory treatment. The combination of diffusion and reaction through the convoluted transport pathways prescribed by the system of pores poses a formidable challenge. The key issue is to make the fundamental connection between the tortuousity of the medium with the transport processes in terms of only basic parameters that are amenable to fundamental understanding and experimental determinations. This fundamental challenges is met within the following approaches. The technique that we have employed is a random network percolation model. Local transport in each individual pore channel is described by a set of convection-diffusion-reaction equations. Long range transport is described by a matrix technique. The heterogeneous structure of the medium is accounted for via Monte Carlo methods. In this way the approach requires as inputs only physical-chemical parameters that are amenable to clear basic understanding and experimental determination. In the sense it provides predictive capability. The approach has been applied to an analysis of the concept of tritium residence time which is associated with the first passage time, a direct output of our analysis. In the next stage of our work the tool that we have developed would be employed to investigate the issues of vary large networks, realistic microstructural information and the effect of varying pressure gradient along the purge channels. We have demonstrated that the approach that has been adopted can be utilized to analyze in a very illuminating way the underlying issues of the concept of residence time. We believe that the present approach is ideally suited to tackle these very important yet difficult issues.
Book Synopsis Modeling of Tritium Transport in Lithium Aluminate Fusion Solid Breeders by :
Download or read book Modeling of Tritium Transport in Lithium Aluminate Fusion Solid Breeders written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lithium aluminate is a candidate tritium-breeding material for fusion reactor blankets. One of the concerns with using LiAlO2 is tritium recovery from this material, particularly at low operating temperatures and high fluences. The data from various tritium release experiments with .gamma.-LiAlO2 and related materials are reviewed and analyzed to determine under what conditions bulk diffusion is the rate-limiting mechanism for tritium transport and what the effective bulk diffusion coefficient should be. Steady-state and transient models based on bulk diffusion are developed and used to interpret the data. Design calculations are then performed with the verified models to determine the steady-state inventory and time to reach equilibrium for a full-scale fusion blanket.
Book Synopsis Modeling of Tritium Transport in the Fluoride-salt-cooled High-temperature Reactor Core by : Meredy Brichford
Download or read book Modeling of Tritium Transport in the Fluoride-salt-cooled High-temperature Reactor Core written by Meredy Brichford and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1994-06 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Modeling of Tritium Transport in a Pin-type Solid Breeder Blanket by : Rodger Martin
Download or read book Modeling of Tritium Transport in a Pin-type Solid Breeder Blanket written by Rodger Martin and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Safety, Environmental Impact, and Economic Prospects of Nuclear Fusion by : Bruno Brunelli
Download or read book Safety, Environmental Impact, and Economic Prospects of Nuclear Fusion written by Bruno Brunelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains the lectures and the concluding discussion of the "Seminar on Safety, Environmental Impact, and Economic Prospects of Nuclear Fusion", which was held at Erice, August 6-12, 1989. In selecting the contributions to this 9th meeting held by the International School of Fusion Reactor Technology at the E. Majorana Center for Scientific Cul ture in Erice, we tried to provide a comprehensive coverage of the many interre lated and interdisciplinary aspects of what ultimately turns out to be the global acceptance criteria of our society with respect to controlled nuclear fusion. Consequently, this edited collection of the papers presented should provide an overview of these issues. We thus hope that this book, with its extensive subject index, will also be of interest and help to nonfusion specialists and, in general, to those who from curiosity or by assignment are required to be informed on these as pects of fusion energy.
Book Synopsis Programmatic EIS for Stockpile Stewardship and Management by :
Download or read book Programmatic EIS for Stockpile Stewardship and Management written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Continued Operation of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory by :
Download or read book Continued Operation of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Draft Site-wide Environmental Impact Statement for Continued Operation of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Supplemental Stockpile Sewardship and Management Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement by :
Download or read book Draft Site-wide Environmental Impact Statement for Continued Operation of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Supplemental Stockpile Sewardship and Management Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book KfK written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
