Modeling Environment Improving Technological Innovations Under Uncertainty

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Modeling Environment-Improving Technological Innovations under Uncertainty

Author : Alexander Golub
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134041195
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling Environment-Improving Technological Innovations under Uncertainty by : Alexander Golub

Download or read book Modeling Environment-Improving Technological Innovations under Uncertainty written by Alexander Golub and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2008-12-08 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The issues of technology and uncertainty are very much at the heart of the policy debate of how much to control greenhouse gas emissions. The costs of doing so are present and high while the benefits are very much in the future and, most importantly, they are highly uncertain. Whilst there is broad consensus on the key elements of climate change science and agreement that near-term actions are needed to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, there is little agreement on the costs and benefits of climate policy. The book looks at different ways of reconciling the needs for sustainability and equity with the costs of action now. Presenting a compendium of methodologies for evaluating the economic impact of technological innovation upon climate-change policy, this book describes mathematical models and their predictions. The goal is to provide a practitioner’s guide for doing the science of economics and climate change. Because the assumptions motivating different problems in the economics of climate change have different complexities, a number of models are presented with varying levels of difficulty: reduced-form and structural, partial- and general-equilibrium, closed-form and computational. A unifying theme of these models is the incorporation of a number of price and quantity instruments and an analysis of their respective efficacies. This book presents models that contain structural uncertainty, i.e., uncertainty that economic agents respond to via their risk attitudes. The novelty of this book is to relate the effects of risk and risk attitudes to environment-improving technological innovation.

Modeling Environment-Improving Technological Innovations Under Uncertainty

Author : Alexander Golub
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134041209
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling Environment-Improving Technological Innovations Under Uncertainty by : Alexander Golub

Download or read book Modeling Environment-Improving Technological Innovations Under Uncertainty written by Alexander Golub and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2008-12-08 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a compendium of methodologies for evaluating the economic impact of technological innovation upon climate-change policy. There is a broad consensus on the key elements of climate-change science and agreement that near-term actions are needed to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. However, there is little agreement on the costs and benefits of climate policy. Any policy implementation will result in an irreversible but environment-improving investment in alternative technologies; this change will generate immediately-realized costs but significantly-delayed benefits. Hence, a critical element in policy selection is the inherent uncertainty in the climate and economy that can be expected over time.

Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309155940
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change by : National Research Council

Download or read book Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-12-06 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change, driven by the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, poses serious, wide-ranging threats to human societies and natural ecosystems around the world. The largest overall source of greenhouse gas emissions is the burning of fossil fuels. The global atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the dominant greenhouse gas of concern, is increasing by roughly two parts per million per year, and the United States is currently the second-largest contributor to global emissions behind China. Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change, part of the congressionally requested America's Climate Choices suite of studies, focuses on the role of the United States in the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The book concludes that in order to ensure that all levels of government, the private sector, and millions of households and individuals are contributing to shared national goals, the United States should establish a "budget" that sets a limit on total domestic greenhouse emissions from 2010-2050. Meeting such a budget would require a major departure from business as usual in the way the nation produces and uses energy-and that the nation act now to aggressively deploy all available energy efficiencies and less carbon-intensive technologies and to develop new ones. With no financial incentives or regulatory pressure, the nation will continue to rely upon and "lock in" carbon-intensive technologies and systems unless a carbon pricing system is established-either cap-and-trade, a system of taxing emissions, or a combination of the two. Complementary policies are also needed to accelerate progress in key areas: developing more efficient, less carbon-intense energy sources in electricity and transportation; advancing full-scale development of new-generation nuclear power, carbon capture, and storage systems; and amending emissions-intensive energy infrastructure. Research and development of new technologies that could help reduce emissions more cost effectively than current options is also strongly recommended.

A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling

Author : Committee on a National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309259789
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling by : Committee on a National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling

Download or read book A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling written by Committee on a National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-07 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As climate change has pushed climate patterns outside of historic norms, the need for detailed projections is growing across all sectors, including agriculture, insurance, and emergency preparedness planning. A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling emphasizes the needs for climate models to evolve substantially in order to deliver climate projections at the scale and level of detail desired by decision makers, this report finds. Despite much recent progress in developing reliable climate models, there are still efficiencies to be gained across the large and diverse U.S. climate modeling community. Evolving to a more unified climate modeling enterprise-in particular by developing a common software infrastructure shared by all climate researchers and holding an annual climate modeling forum-could help speed progress. Throughout this report, several recommendations and guidelines are outlined to accelerate progress in climate modeling. The U.S. supports several climate models, each conceptually similar but with components assembled with slightly different software and data output standards. If all U.S. climate models employed a single software system, it could simplify testing and migration to new computing hardware, and allow scientists to compare and interchange climate model components, such as land surface or ocean models. A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling recommends an annual U.S. climate modeling forum be held to help bring the nation's diverse modeling communities together with the users of climate data. This would provide climate model data users with an opportunity to learn more about the strengths and limitations of models and provide input to modelers on their needs and provide a venue for discussions of priorities for the national modeling enterprise, and bring disparate climate science communities together to design common modeling experiments. In addition, A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling explains that U.S. climate modelers will need to address an expanding breadth of scientific problems while striving to make predictions and projections more accurate. Progress toward this goal can be made through a combination of increasing model resolution, advances in observations, improved model physics, and more complete representations of the Earth system. To address the computing needs of the climate modeling community, the report suggests a two-pronged approach that involves the continued use and upgrading of existing climate-dedicated computing resources at modeling centers, together with research on how to effectively exploit the more complex computer hardware systems expected over the next 10 to 20 years.

Climate Change Mitigation, Technological Innovation and Adaptation

Author : Valentine Bosetti
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1783477172
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (834 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Change Mitigation, Technological Innovation and Adaptation by : Valentine Bosetti

Download or read book Climate Change Mitigation, Technological Innovation and Adaptation written by Valentine Bosetti and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2014-06-27 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents provides a rigorous yet accessible treatment of the main topics in climate change policy using a large body of research generated using WITCH (World Induced Technical Change Hybrid), an innovative and path-breaking integrated assessm

Environmental Decisions in the Face of Uncertainty

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309290236
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Decisions in the Face of Uncertainty by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Environmental Decisions in the Face of Uncertainty written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-05-20 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is one of several federal agencies responsible for protecting Americans against significant risks to human health and the environment. As part of that mission, EPA estimates the nature, magnitude, and likelihood of risks to human health and the environment; identifies the potential regulatory actions that will mitigate those risks and protect public health1 and the environment; and uses that information to decide on appropriate regulatory action. Uncertainties, both qualitative and quantitative, in the data and analyses on which these decisions are based enter into the process at each step. As a result, the informed identification and use of the uncertainties inherent in the process is an essential feature of environmental decision making. EPA requested that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) convene a committee to provide guidance to its decision makers and their partners in states and localities on approaches to managing risk in different contexts when uncertainty is present. It also sought guidance on how information on uncertainty should be presented to help risk managers make sound decisions and to increase transparency in its communications with the public about those decisions. Given that its charge is not limited to human health risk assessment and includes broad questions about managing risks and decision making, in this report the committee examines the analysis of uncertainty in those other areas in addition to human health risks. Environmental Decisions in the Face of Uncertainty explains the statement of task and summarizes the findings of the committee.

Robust Simulation for Mega-Risks

Author : Craig E. Taylor
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319194135
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Robust Simulation for Mega-Risks by : Craig E. Taylor

Download or read book Robust Simulation for Mega-Risks written by Craig E. Taylor and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-11 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces a new way of analyzing, measuring and thinking about mega-risks, a “paradigm shift” that moves from single-solutions to multiple competitive solutions and strategies. “Robust simulation” is a statistical approach that demonstrates future risk through simulation of a suite of possible answers. To arrive at this point, the book systematically walks through the historical statistical methods for evaluating risks. The first chapters deal with three theories of probability and statistics that have been dominant in the 20th century, along with key mathematical issues and dilemmas. The book then introduces “robust simulation” which solves the problem of measuring the stability of simulated losses, incorporates outliers, and simulates future risk through a suite of possible answers and stochastic modeling of unknown variables. This book discusses various analytical methods for utilizing divergent solutions in making pragmatic financial and risk-mitigation decisions. The book emphasizes the importance of flexibility and attempts to demonstrate that alternative credible approaches are helpful and required in understanding a great many phenomena.

Understanding Risks and Uncertainties in Energy and Climate Policy

Author : Haris Doukas
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030031527
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Risks and Uncertainties in Energy and Climate Policy by : Haris Doukas

Download or read book Understanding Risks and Uncertainties in Energy and Climate Policy written by Haris Doukas and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-10 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book analyzes and seeks to consolidate the use of robust quantitative tools and qualitative methods for the design and assessment of energy and climate policies. In particular, it examines energy and climate policy performance and associated risks, as well as public acceptance and portfolio analysis in climate policy, and presents methods for evaluating the costs and benefits of flexible policy implementation as well as new framings for business and market actors. In turn, it discusses the development of alternative policy pathways and the identification of optimal switching points, drawing on concrete examples to do so. Lastly, it discusses climate change mitigation policies’ implications for the agricultural, food, building, transportation, service and manufacturing sectors.

Environmental Taxes and Fiscal Reform

Author : L. Castellucci
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230392407
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Taxes and Fiscal Reform by : L. Castellucci

Download or read book Environmental Taxes and Fiscal Reform written by L. Castellucci and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-11-30 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A review of the literature on environmental taxes, focusing on European experiences, and analysing how such taxes can contribute to green causes as well as reducing the tax burden from "ordinary" taxation. The authors examine the potential 'double dividend' from tax reform for helping the environment, reducing unemployment and encouraging growth.

Optimal Control of Age-structured Populations in Economy, Demography, and the Environment

Author : Raouf Boucekkine
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136920935
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Optimal Control of Age-structured Populations in Economy, Demography, and the Environment by : Raouf Boucekkine

Download or read book Optimal Control of Age-structured Populations in Economy, Demography, and the Environment written by Raouf Boucekkine and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers a wide range of topics within mathematical modelling and the optimization of economic, demographic, technological and environmental phenomena. Each chapter is written by experts in their field and represents new advances in modelling theory and practice. These essays are exemplary of the fruitful interaction between theory and practice when exploring global and local changes. The unifying theme of the book is the use of mathematical models and optimization methods to describe age-structured populations in economy, demography, technological change, and the environment. Emphasis is placed on deterministic dynamic models that take age or size structures, delay effects, and non-standard decision variables into account. In addition, the contributions deal with the age structure of assets, resources, and populations under study. Interdisciplinary modelling has enormous potential for discovering new insights in global and regional development. Optimal Control of Age-structured Populations in Economy, Demography, and the Environment is a rich and excellent source of information on state-of-the-art modelling expertise and references. The book provides the necessary mathematical background for readers from different areas, such as applied sciences, management sciences and operations research, which helps guide the development of practical models. As well as this the book also surveys the current practice in applied modelling and looks at new research areas for a general mathematical audience. This book will be of interest primarily to researchers, postgraduate students, as well as a wider scientific community, including those focussing on the subjects of applied mathematics, environmental sciences, economics, demography, management, and operations research.

The Use of Economic Valuation in Environmental Policy

Author : Phoebe Koundouri
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134053592
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis The Use of Economic Valuation in Environmental Policy by : Phoebe Koundouri

Download or read book The Use of Economic Valuation in Environmental Policy written by Phoebe Koundouri and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-06-11 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Use of Economics in Implementing European Environmental Policy is a timely exploation of the use of the Choice Experiment and Contingent valuation methods in different parts of Europe in order to inform environmental policy. Koundouri focuses predominantly on water, wetland, forest and agricultural management and her book includes results, both methodological and empirical, from a recent research project.

Technological Change and the Environment

Author : Arnulf Grübler
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136522913
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (365 download)

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Book Synopsis Technological Change and the Environment by : Arnulf Grübler

Download or read book Technological Change and the Environment written by Arnulf Grübler and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-09-30 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much is written in the popular literature about the current pace of technological change. But do we have enough scientific knowledge about the sources and management of innovation to properly inform policymaking in technology dependent domains such as energy and the environment? While it is agreed that technological change does not 'fall from heaven like autumn leaves,' the theory, data, and models are deficient. The specific mechanisms that govern the rate and direction of inventive activity, the drivers and scope for incremental improvements that occur during technology diffusion, and the spillover effects that cross-fertilize technological innovations remain poorly understood. In a work that will interest serious readers of history, policy, and economics, the editors and their distinguished contributors offer a unique, single volume overview of the theoretical and empirical work on technological change. Beginning with a survey of existing research, they provide analysis and case studies in contexts such as medicine, agriculture, and power generation, paying particular attention to what technological change means for efficiency, productivity, and reduced environmental impacts. The book includes a historical analysis of technological change, an examination of the overall direction of technological change, and general theories about the sources of change. The contributors empirically test hypotheses of induced innovation and theories of institutional innovation. They propose ways to model induced technological change and evaluate its impact, and they consider issues such as uncertainty in technology returns, technology crossover effects, and clustering. A copublication o Resources for the Future (RFF) and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).

Climate Change and the Private Sector

Author : Craig Hart
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135011656
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Change and the Private Sector by : Craig Hart

Download or read book Climate Change and the Private Sector written by Craig Hart and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-07-24 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate Change and the Private Sector explores the challenges of transforming our energy infrastructure to become carbon neutral and adapting to climate change in the twenty-first century. It examines the critical role that the private sector must play in these challenges. To transform the global energy complex to be carbon neutral within a time frame designed to prevent irreparable damage to the environment presents unprecedented challenges. The private sector must deploy financial, material, and engineering resources on a scale never before undertaken — with government providing leadership, removing barriers and supporting industry efforts through policies that mobilize markets to achieve environmental objectives. A key element of supporting private sector initiative to address climate change is policies that help form and sustain markets that supply, finance and generate demand for the technologies necessary to transform our energy infrastructure. The characteristics and examples of these policies are explored in detail. Companies that respond to these challenges both by mitigating greenhouse gases and adapting to climate change will enhance their own competitiveness and contribute to society in the process. Companies that embrace the challenge to decarbonize their manufacturing operations, whether in response to regulation (or the threat of regulation) or market opportunities, invariably discover ways to improve their operations in the process that could potentially enhance their ability to produce better products, more efficiently. The book explores examples of companies that have redesigned their products and manufacturing processes, and in doing so transformed themselves and reshaped their industries. As in the case of companies mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, companies that lead their industries in adapting their own operations to a changing physical environment are more likely to ensure their resilience in a changing business environment. This book provides business, policy and academic audiences with an in-depth exploration of the subject, and a practical guide to action.

The Ethics and Politics of Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis

Author : Karine Nyborg
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113630472X
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (363 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ethics and Politics of Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis by : Karine Nyborg

Download or read book The Ethics and Politics of Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis written by Karine Nyborg and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-05-31 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Putting a price tag on the environment is controversial. This book discusses ethical and political aspects of environmental cost-benefit analysis: why controversies must be expected, why they should be taken seriously, and how they can be handled in practice. Cost-benefit analysis is commonly thought of as a method for ranking projects according to their contributions to social welfare. The starting point of the present book is different. Rather than providing a final ranking, the purpose of a project analysis is to enable participants in a democratic decision-making process to make their own well-founded rankings of projects, according to their own normative views. Since ethical and political views differ, the analysis should be useful as factual background for any reasonable social welfare judgement. This purpose faces the analyst with quite different challenges than the purpose of ranking projects. The argument of the book is based on economic theory, but with a strong emphasis on readability and applicability. It is aimed at those – economists and non-economists alike – who use or are faced with cost-benefit analysis and environmental valuation in their work: politicians, employees of ministries and regulatory agencies, students, journalists, consultants and researchers. No particular prior knowledge of economics is required.

Preference Data for Environmental Valuation

Author : John Whitehead
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136812229
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (368 download)

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Book Synopsis Preference Data for Environmental Valuation by : John Whitehead

Download or read book Preference Data for Environmental Valuation written by John Whitehead and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-03-15 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The monetary valuation of environmental goods and services has evolved from a fringe field of study in the late 1970s and early 1980s to a primary focus of environmental economists over the past decade. Despite its rapid growth, practitioners of valuation techniques often find themselves defending their practices to both users of the results of applied studies and, perhaps more troubling, to other practitioners. One of the more heated threads of this internal debate over valuation techniques revolves around the types of data to use in performing a valuation study. In the infant years of the development of valuation techniques, two schools of thought emerged: the revealed preference school and the stated preference school, the latter of which is perhaps most associated with the contingent valuation method. In the midst of this debate an exciting new approach to non-market valuation was developed in the 1990s: a combination and joint estimation of revealed preference and stated preference data. There are two primary objectives for this book. One objective is to fill a gap in the nonmarket valuation "primer" literature. A number of books have appeared over the past decade that develop the theory and methods of nonmarket valuation but each takes an individual nonmarket valuation method approach. This book considers each of these valuation methods in combination with another method. These relationships can be exploited econometrically to obtain more valid and reliable estimates of willingness-to-pay relative to the individual methods. The second objective is to showcase recent and novel applications of data combination and joint estimation via a set of original, state-of-the-art studies that are contributed by leading researchers in the field. This book will be accessible to economists and consultants working in business or government, as well as an invaluable resource for researchers and students alike.

Economic Analysis of Land Use in Global Climate Change Policy

Author : Thomas W. Hertel
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135978832
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)

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Book Synopsis Economic Analysis of Land Use in Global Climate Change Policy by : Thomas W. Hertel

Download or read book Economic Analysis of Land Use in Global Climate Change Policy written by Thomas W. Hertel and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-05-07 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Land has long been overlooked in economics. That is now changing. A substantial part of the solution to the climate crisis may lie in growing crops for fuel and using trees for storing carbon. This book investigates the potential of these options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, estimates the costs to the economy, and analyses the trade-offs with growing food. The first part presents new databases that are necessary to underpin policy-relevant research in the field of climate change while describing and critically assessing the underlying data, the methodologies used, and the first applications. Together, the new data and the extended models allow for a thorough and comprehensive analysis of a land use and climate policy. This book outlines key empirical and analytical issues associated with modelling land use and land use change in the context of global climate change policy. It places special emphasis on the economy-wide competition for land and other resources, especially; The implications of changes in land use for the cost of climate change mitigation, Land use change as a result of mitigation, and Feedback from changes in the global climate to land use. By offering synthesis and evaluation of a variety of different approaches to this challenging field of research, this book will serve as a key reference for future work in the economic analysis of land use and climate change policy.

Environmental Efficiency, Innovation and Economic Performances

Author : Anna Montini
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136962190
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Efficiency, Innovation and Economic Performances by : Anna Montini

Download or read book Environmental Efficiency, Innovation and Economic Performances written by Anna Montini and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-07-02 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with the increasingly complex issues of eco-innovation. Eco-innovation is becoming a conceptual reference point for many regional and international public policies and management strategies. Since 2000, this field of research has been focusing on environmental innovation, particularly related to the intensity of emissions, and economic performance and efficiency. There are two reasons for this growing interest. The first is that environmental performance is one of the main economic policy goals of European countries thanks to its relevance to the Lisbon Strategy and the Göteborg priorities for sustainable development. The second, which is partly linked to the first, is related to the growing impact of environmental regulation on private sector activity in many European countries. This volume brings together microeconomics studies on firms’ eco and economic performance both in the industrial and service sector; by considering a sector based perspective rooted mainly in the exploitation of NAMEA data; at regional level, and a macroeconomic analysis of the environment, income and welfare. This collection brings together the best of recent research in the area of eco-innovation and in its entirety is an excellent source of knowledge for postgraduates and researchers students of Environmental and Ecological Economics alike. As well as fully developing the theoretical aspects of its topics, these essays are also strongly policy-oriented and will be of interest to anyone seeking information an applied perspective.