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Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts Supported On H Beta For Hydrogenolysis Of Glycerol Into 13 Propanediol
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Book Synopsis Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts Supported on H-Beta for Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol Into 1,3-propanediol by : Amit Kant
Download or read book Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts Supported on H-Beta for Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol Into 1,3-propanediol written by Amit Kant and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Bioglycerol is the by-product which is produced largely from the microbial fermentation, hydrogenolysis of glucose in the mixture of polyols, fatty ester, soap manufacturing process and fatty acid production. Hydrogenolysis of glycerol is one of the most promising ways to convert glycerol and many work has been done towards 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol using various metals and mixed-metal oxides such as W, Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd, Cu, Ni and different zeolites have been extensively used as the active components. It has been well documented that the presence of Bronsted acid sites leads to the formation of acrolein, while Lewis acid sites, and even basic catalysts, gives rise to hydroxyacetone as the main product. However, there is little research on the use of H-Beta zeolite as the catalyst and metals support for hydrogenolysis of glycerol. The investigations conducted in this study consist of the development of active catalysts as well as optimize process conditions, in the dehydration of glycerol to value-added chemicals. The use of different H2 pressures above 600-1200 psi, reaction temperatures 180-220 °C, reaction times (5-10 h), and the optimum catalyst/reactant ratios leads to significant impact of the liquid-phase reactions and the formation of products. Various bi-metallic catalysts based on W, Cu, Ni, Sr, Zr and Zn are studied with regard to the dependence of activity and stability in hydrogenolysis of glycerol with H-Beta zeolite support. All prepared catalysts are characterized using various analysis techniques such as N2 sorption, XRD, FTIR, and NH3-TPD and the obtained organic products are then further analyzed with the help of GC-FID and GC-MS"--Abstract, page iii.
Book Synopsis Catalytic Glycerol Hydrogenolysis to Produce 1,2-propanediol with Molecular Hydrogen and in Situ Hydrogen Produced from Steam Reforming by : Yuanqing Liu
Download or read book Catalytic Glycerol Hydrogenolysis to Produce 1,2-propanediol with Molecular Hydrogen and in Situ Hydrogen Produced from Steam Reforming written by Yuanqing Liu and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel has shown great promise to supplement the fossil diesel since it is a renewable energy resource and is environmentally friendly. However, the major obstacle to biodiesel large scale commercialization is the high production cost; so converting glycerol, the by-product of a biodiesel process, into value-added products is an efficient way to promote biodiesel production. 1,2-propanediol (1,2PD), also known as propylene glycol, is an important commodity chemical used for many applications such as polyester resins, liquid detergents and anti-freeze. It can be produced via dehydration of glycerol into acetol followed by hydrogenation of acetol into 1,2PD using a bi-functional catalyst. Currently high pressure gaseous hydrogen added for hydrogenation causes safety issues as well as additional costs of hydrogen purchasing, transportation and storage. Therefore, the utilization of the in situ hydrogen produced by steam reforming of a hydrogen carrier could be a novel route for this process. In this work, processes of glycerol hydrogenolysis to produce 1,2PD have been developed using different hydrogen sources, i.e. molecular hydrogen and in situ hydrogen produced by steam reforming. Three different preparation methods were attempted to prepare a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst in a glycerol hydrogenolysis process, which were oxalate gel-coprecipitation, Na2CO3 coprecipitation and impregnation. The catalyst prepared by oxalate gel-coprecipitation showed the highest activity for production of 1,2PD. It was also found that the addition of alumina did not only improve the activity but also enhanced the stability of the Cu/ZnO catalyst as shown by the catalyst recycling experiments. The morphological and chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized via XRD, NH3 TPD, TGA and TEM. Compared with other preparation methods, the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by oxalate gel-coprecipitation exhibited a well-mixed form for all the metals as suggested by the XRD and TGA results; the particle size of the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst was smaller as shown in the XRD and TEM results, and also based on NH3 TPD analysis the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst showed stronger acidic sites. When Ni was loaded onto the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst by oxalate gel-coprecipitation, it was found that the activity for acetol hydrogenation was improved but the overall glycerol hydrogenolysis reaction was slower. This was mainly due to the reduced amount of strong acidic sites caused by the addition of Ni as observed from the NH3 TPD results. 2wt% Pd supported on a Cu/MgO/Al2O3 catalyst was used in this process. Higher reaction rate and higher 1,2PD selectivity could be obtained compared with a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst. However, a significant deactivation was observed when the spent catalyst was used. The catalyst deactivation was mainly due to catalyst sintering during the reaction resulting in a larger particle size as suggested by XRD results. The activation energies for the glycerol hydrogenolysis reaction using Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 and Pd supported on Cu/MgO/Al2O3 catalysts have been calculated. The activation energy was calculated to be 69.39kJ/mole using a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst and 113.62kJ/mol using a Pd supported on Cu/MgO/Al2O3 catalyst. It is suggested that the reaction was chemically kinetically controlled using both catalysts and the reaction using the Pd supported on Cu/MgO/Al2O3 catalyst was more temperature dependent. It was found that the 1,2PD selectivity was strongly dependent on hydrogen pressure. The low 1,2PD selectivity at lower hydrogen pressure was due to the formation of by-products caused by side reactions with acetol. The kinetic data of acetol hydrogenation suggested that the acetol hydrogenation step was significantly faster than the overall reaction and hence the glycerol dehydration step was the rate-determining-step. In the glycerol hydrogenolysis process using in situ hydrogen, the activities of the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts prepared by different methods were determined and the experimental results show that the catalyst prepared by oxalate gel-coprecipitation has the best catalytic activity for glycerol conversion and 1,2PD selectivity. With Ni loaded onto a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, the 1,2PD selectivity was improved and the glycerol conversion was lower. It might be because Ni could improve the steam reforming activity to produce more hydrogen, but due to the reduced strong acidic sites based on the NH3 TPD results glycerol conversion was decreased. Cu/MgO/Al2O3 catalysts prepared by oxalate gel-coprecipitation were used in this process and the activity was found to be higher, i.e. higher glycerol conversion and 1,2PD selectivity, compared with the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst due to a higher amount of acidic sites based on the NH3 TPD results; the Cu/Mg/Al composition was optimized. When Ni was added into a Cu/MgO/Al2O3 catalyst, it was found that with only 1mole% Ni loaded, the glycerol conversion was lower than that without Ni loaded and the 1,2PD selectivity was slightly improved; when the Ni loading was increased to 5mole%, the catalyst was almost completely inactive, since when 5mole% Ni was loaded, the acidic sites were almost completely eliminated as observed from the NH3 TPD results. When Pd was added onto a Cu/MgO/Al2O3 catalyst the 1,2PD selectivity was significantly improved. When Pd was loaded, more surface hydrogen atoms were provided as observed from the H2 TPD results. Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 and Cu/MgO/Al2O3 catalysts have been recycled and reused to investigate the stability of the catalysts. All the catalysts were deactivated after they were recycled and reused, since it was apparent that catalyst sintering occurred during the reaction resulting in a larger particle size based on the XRD results. The deactivation of the spent catalyst was also possibly due to the formation of carbonate when the metals were contacted with CO2 which was formed via steam reforming.
Book Synopsis The Continuous Flow Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to Lower Alcohols Over Supported Metal Oxide Catalysts by : Mzamo Lungani Shozi
Download or read book The Continuous Flow Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to Lower Alcohols Over Supported Metal Oxide Catalysts written by Mzamo Lungani Shozi and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigation of M1 Phase Molybdenum Based Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Propane by : Xin Li
Download or read book Investigation of M1 Phase Molybdenum Based Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Propane written by Xin Li and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acrylic acid and acrylonitrile are important intermediates for producing a number of common chemicals and materials used in paints, adhesives, plastics, fibers, etc. Traditionally, their production has relied on propylene feedstocks, and replacing propylene with the cheaper and more abundant propane as the raw material has attracted a lot of research interest during the past two decades. Several promising catalysts have been discovered, and to date, Mo-V-Nb-Te-O mixed metal oxides are the most efficient for both propane oxidation to acrylic acid and ammoxidation to acrylonitrile. Two orthorhombic phases named M1 and M2 have been identified as the major components, and M1 is generally considered the key factor for propane activation. In particular, the [001] face of the M1 structure has been proposed to provide active centers and the valence distribution on [001] face is believed to play an important role in determining the reaction mechanism. However, the detailed mechanism is not fully understood. This has limited opportunities to further improve catalysts performance or design better catalysts by rational means. This absence can be related to the past failure of generating M1 phase alone in synthesis, and many catalysts studied previously were actually mixtures. Thus, in this work, we carried out investigations of the highly pure M1 catalyst focusing on the synthesis, catalytic behavior, and structural model development. The hydrothermal method has been shown to yield M1 phase with high purity at the expense of a more complicated procedure. The simple slurry method was used by us to synthesize catalyst samples. It is found that, besides M1 and M2, tellurium molybdate TeMo 5 O 16, V-substituted Mo 5 O 14 or (V, Mo) 5 O 14, and Mosubstituted V 2 O 5 or (Mo, V) 2 O 5 are also often formed together. The final phase composition can be significantly affected by nominal metal composition, slurry pH, calcination heating rate, etc. And the relative amount of each phase under different conditions can be directly correlated with respective V/Mo and Te/Mo ratios. Further, an additional purification step where the sample mixture is washed by H 2 O 2 solution was studied, and it is observed that concentrated hydrogen peroxide offers the most effective removal of undesired phases. A complete procedure for obtaining M1 phase in high purity has been developed. Synthesized M1 catalysts were characterized by EDS and XPS, and results suggest that the M1 structure shows high chemical flexibility and can contain vanadium to quite different levels depending on the nominal metal stoichiometry in the slurry. In particular, it is seen that the more vanadium in the slurry, the more vanadium in the final M1 structure. Additionally, no significant difference between the surface and the bulk was observed with respect to metal composition.
Book Synopsis Selective oxidation of glycerol and 1, 2-propanediol over supported precious metal catalysts by : Jinto Manjaly Anthonykutty
Download or read book Selective oxidation of glycerol and 1, 2-propanediol over supported precious metal catalysts written by Jinto Manjaly Anthonykutty and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Synthesis of Earth Abundant, Non Toxic Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts for Conversion of Renewable Carbon Sources to Drop-in Fuels by : Justin William Weber
Download or read book Synthesis of Earth Abundant, Non Toxic Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts for Conversion of Renewable Carbon Sources to Drop-in Fuels written by Justin William Weber and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A 2-stage catalytic process for converting bio-oil oxygenates to higher value compounds for drop-in fuels was proposed. Ketonization using iron oxide catalysts prepared from red mud was implemented in a packed bed reactor system using model compounds. High levels of acetone (15-25 g/L), 2-butanone (~5 g/L), and cyclic ketones (9-13 g/L) were observed. Time-on-stream studies (8 h) indicated no measurable decline in conversion of acetol, formic acid, and levoglucosan, and only a 4% decline in acetic acid conversion. The effect of reduction pretreatment temperature on activity and surface properties of red mud was studied. Hydrogenation of ketonization products was conducted in continuous reactions using iron oxides and Pd-C catalysts. The best results were achieved in reactions using Pd-ACM (monoliths) at 180°C and 300 psi (H2), which converted ketones to alcohols at ~60-80%. Pd-C monoliths achieved higher space time yields and conversions compared to Pd-C granules.
Book Synopsis Selective Propane Oxidation on Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts by : David William James
Download or read book Selective Propane Oxidation on Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts written by David William James and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Future of Glycerol by : Mario Pagliaro
Download or read book The Future of Glycerol written by Mario Pagliaro and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2008 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By-products of global biodiesel manufacturing are a modern day global fact responsible for igniting a number of year's worldwide intense research activity into human chemical ingenuity. This highly anticipated 2nd Edition depicts how practical limitations posed by glycerol chemistry are solved based on the understanding of the fundamental chemistry of glycerol and by application of catalysis science and technology. The authors report and comment on employable, practical avenues applicable to convert glycerol into value added products of mass consumption. The best-selling reference book in the.
Book Synopsis Catalytic Processes for The Valorisation of Biomass Derived Molecules by : Francesco Mauriello
Download or read book Catalytic Processes for The Valorisation of Biomass Derived Molecules written by Francesco Mauriello and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-11-22 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decades, inedible lignocellulosic biomasses have attracted significant attention for being abundant resources that are not in competition with agricultural land or food production and, therefore, can be used as starting renewable material for the production of a wide variety of platform chemicals. The three main components of lignocellulosic biomasses are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, complex biopolymers that can be converted into a pool of platform molecules including sugars, polyols, alchols, ketons, ethers, acids and aromatics. Various technologies have been explored for their one-pot conversion into chemicals, fuels and materials. However, in order to develop new catalytic processes for the selective production of desired products, a complete understanding of the molecular aspects of the basic chemistry and reactivity of biomass derived molecules is still crucial. This Special Issue reports on recent progress and advances in the catalytic valorization of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin model molecules promoted by novel heterogeneous systems for the production of energy, fuels and chemicals.
Book Synopsis Strong Metal-support Interactions by : R. T. K. Baker
Download or read book Strong Metal-support Interactions written by R. T. K. Baker and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading by : Mark Crocker
Download or read book Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading written by Mark Crocker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive reference to the use of innovative catalysts and processes to turn biomass into value-added chemicals Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading offers detailed descriptions of catalysts and catalytic processes employed in the synthesis of chemicals and fuels from the most abundant and important biomass types. The contributors?noted experts on the topic?focus on the application of catalysts to the pyrolysis of whole biomass and to the upgrading of bio-oils. The authors discuss catalytic approaches to the processing of biomass-derived oxygenates, as exemplified by sugars, via reactions such as reforming, hydrogenation, oxidation, and condensation reactions. Additionally, the book provides an overview of catalysts for lignin valorization via oxidative and reductive methods and considers the conversion of fats and oils to fuels and terminal olefins by means of esterification/transesterification, hydrodeoxygenation, and decarboxylation/decarbonylation processes. The authors also provide an overview of conversion processes based on terpenes and chitin, two emerging feedstocks with a rich chemistry, and summarize some of the emerging trends in the field. This important book: -Provides a comprehensive review of innovative catalysts, catalytic processes, and catalyst design -Offers a guide to one of the most promising ways to find useful alternatives for fossil fuel resources -Includes information on the most abundant and important types of biomass feedstocks -Examines fields such as catalytic cracking, pyrolysis, depolymerization, and many more Written for catalytic chemists, process engineers, environmental chemists, bioengineers, organic chemists, and polymer chemists, Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading presents deep insights on the most important aspects of biomass upgrading and their various types.
Book Synopsis Mesoporous Zeolites by : Javier García-Martínez
Download or read book Mesoporous Zeolites written by Javier García-Martínez and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-05-26 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authored by a top-level team of both academic and industrial researchers in the field, this is an up-to-date review of mesoporous zeolites. The leading experts cover novel preparation methods that allow for a purpose-oriented fine-tuning of zeolite properties, as well as the related materials, discussing the specific characterization methods and the applications in close relation to each individual preparation approach. The result is a self-contained treatment of the different classes of mesoporous zeolites. With its academic insights and practical relevance this is a comprehensive handbook for researchers in the field and related areas, as well as for developers from the chemical industry.
Book Synopsis Solid Acid Catalysis by : Hideshi Hattori
Download or read book Solid Acid Catalysis written by Hideshi Hattori and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solids that possess acidic properties on their surfaces function as catalysts just like liquid acids, such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. By using solid acid catalysts, chemical processes become more productive and more environmentally friendly. In fact, solid acids are being used in many industrial chemical processes from the largest chem
Book Synopsis Integrated Biorefineries by : Paul R. Stuart
Download or read book Integrated Biorefineries written by Paul R. Stuart and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-12-10 with total page 873 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrated Biorefineries: Design, Analysis, and Optimization examines how to create a competitive edge in biorefinery innovation through integration into existing processes and infrastructure. Leading experts from around the world working in design, synthesis, and optimization of integrated biorefineries present the various aspects of this complex
Book Synopsis Chemical Tradename Dictionary by : Michael Ash
Download or read book Chemical Tradename Dictionary written by Michael Ash and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1996-12-17 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This key reference will serve as the most comprehensive source for identifying and locating products in the international chemical marketplace. It has been written for the chemists, materials sientists, end-product formulators, industrial application specialists and scientists working in associated fields.
Book Synopsis The Future of Glycerol by : Mario Pagliaro
Download or read book The Future of Glycerol written by Mario Pagliaro and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2010-05-20 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By-products of global biodiesel manufacturing are a modern day global fact responsible for igniting a number of year’s worldwide intense research activity into human chemical ingenuity. This fully updated and revised 2nd edition depicts how practical limitations posed by glycerol chemistry are solved based on the understanding of the fundamental chemistry of glycerol and by application of catalysis science and technology. The authors report and comment on employable, practical avenues applicable to convert glycerol into value added products of mass consumption. This book is the best-selling reference book in the field. The highly anticipated 2nd Edition is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding whether biodiesel and glycerol refineries are convenient and economically sound.
Book Synopsis Green Chemistry and Catalysis by : R. A. Sheldon
Download or read book Green Chemistry and Catalysis written by R. A. Sheldon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-06-27 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first book to focus on catalytic processes from the viewpoint of green chemistry presents every important aspect: · Numerous catalytic reductions and oxidations methods · Solid-acid and solid-base catalysis · C-C bond formation reactions · Biocatalysis · Asymmetric catalysis · Novel reaction media like e.g. ionic liquids, supercritical CO2 · Renewable raw materials Written by Roger A. Sheldon -- without doubt one of the leaders in the field with much experience in academia and industry -- and his co-workers, the result is a unified whole, an indispensable source for every scientist looking to improve catalytic reactions, whether in the college or company lab.
