Middle School Teachers' Use of a Formative Feedback Guide in Mathematics Problem Solving Instruction

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (235 download)

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Book Synopsis Middle School Teachers' Use of a Formative Feedback Guide in Mathematics Problem Solving Instruction by : Jessica Strowbridge

Download or read book Middle School Teachers' Use of a Formative Feedback Guide in Mathematics Problem Solving Instruction written by Jessica Strowbridge and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to address the implementation fidelity of one part of a professional development model developed by the Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory (NWREL). Specifically, this research investigates middle school teachers' use of a formative feedback guide developed by NWREL staff, examining the reliability with which teachers use the guide and how its use influences the follow-up instructional decisions they make. The subjects of the study were ten middle school mathematics teachers who participated in the NWREL professional development and the subsequent classroom problem solving activities. The primary data collected for the study were student solutions to problem solving tasks, teacher evaluations of student performance using the NWREL formative feedback guide, and teacher plans for sharing student work in a follow-up class. Wiliam and Black et al provide frameworks for considering formative assessment that influenced this study, particularly around the nature of formative assessment practices that positively influence student learning. Stein et al's pedagogical model for sharing student work in classroom discussions formed the basis on which follow-up instruction was considered in this study. The results of this study suggest that the NWREL formative feedback guide functions more as a summative than a formative assessment guide. Teachers did not use the guide with high levels of reliability. The rationales teachers provided for selecting pieces of student work to share in follow-up classroom discussions were almost always related to aspects of mathematical problem solving, especially to show students a variety of strategies. While those rationales were usually reflected to some degree in the student solutions chosen, the comments that teachers wrote for students less frequently reflected the rationales. Based on these results, three new guides are proposed for future professional development efforts for this component of the NWREL program: 1) a formative assessment written comment guide, 2) a scaffolding guide, and 3) a student work selection and sequencing guide.

Views and Beliefs in Mathematics Education

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030012735
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Views and Beliefs in Mathematics Education by : Benjamin Rott

Download or read book Views and Beliefs in Mathematics Education written by Benjamin Rott and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-14 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is made up of 21 chapters from 25 presentations at the 23rd MAVI conference in Essen, which featured Alan Schoenfeld as keynote speaker. Of major interest to MAVI participants is the relationship between teachers’ professed beliefs and classroom practice. The first section is dedicated to classroom practices and beliefs regarding those practices, taking a look at prospective or practicing teachers’ views of different practices such as decision-making, the roles of explanations, problem-solving, patterning, and the use of play. The focus of the second section in this book deals with teacher change, which is notoriously difficult, even when the teachers themselves are interested in changing their practice. The third section of this book centers on the undercurrents of teaching and learning mathematics, what rises in various situations, causing tensions and inconsistencies. The last section of this book takes a look at emerging themes in affect-related research. In this section, papers discuss attitudes towards assessment.

Bringing Math Students Into the Formative Assessment Equation

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Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1483385965
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (833 download)

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Book Synopsis Bringing Math Students Into the Formative Assessment Equation by : Susan Janssen Creighton

Download or read book Bringing Math Students Into the Formative Assessment Equation written by Susan Janssen Creighton and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2015-01-21 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Make formative assessment work for you—and your math students! Finally, formative assessment that adds up! Bringing Math Students Into the Formative Assessment Equation is the ultimate resource for helping teachers implement formative assessment in the middle school mathematics classroom. And it’s much more than that. With this research-based, teacher-tested guide, you won’t just learn effective teaching strategies—you’ll turn your students into self-regulated learners. They’ll monitor and assess their own progress—and communicate to you about it! Features include: A clear and manageable six-aspect instructional model Detailed strategies for helping students own their successes Real-life examples from middle school mathematics teachers Useful resources and a companion website to help you implement formative assessment in your classroom Formative assessment isn’t just for teachers anymore. With the help of this essential resource, you’ll work together with your students toward a common goal of math success. "This book is outstanding. I would recommend it to any math educator. The depth of research integrated into practice is extensive and, as a result, it is the most practical book I have come across related to formative assessment and mathematics The self-regulation aspects, as well as the ownership and involvement emphasized in the book, went beyond the traditional cognitive strategies endorsed in most books." Marc Simmons, Principal Ilwaco Middle School, Ocean Beach School District, Long Beach, WA "The ideas in this book are brought to life with examples of teachers and students in the classroom. The teacher voices, comments, and quotes lend credibility and are a big component of the book’s strengths as well as the visuals and graphics." Rita Tellez, Math Coordinator Ysleta Independent School District, El Paso, TX

How to Give Effective Feedback to Your Students, Second Edition

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Publisher : ASCD
ISBN 13 : 141662306X
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (166 download)

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Book Synopsis How to Give Effective Feedback to Your Students, Second Edition by : Susan M. Brookhart

Download or read book How to Give Effective Feedback to Your Students, Second Edition written by Susan M. Brookhart and published by ASCD. This book was released on 2017-03-10 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Properly crafted and individually tailored feedback on student work boosts student achievement across subjects and grades. In this updated and expanded second edition of her best-selling book, Susan M. Brookhart offers enhanced guidance and three lenses for considering the effectiveness of feedback: (1) does it conform to the research, (2) does it offer an episode of learning for the student and teacher, and (3) does the student use the feedback to extend learning? In this comprehensive guide for teachers at all levels, you will find information on every aspect of feedback, including • Strategies to uplift and encourage students to persevere in their work. • How to formulate and deliver feedback that both assesses learning and extends instruction. • When and how to use oral, written, and visual as well as individual, group, or whole-class feedback. • A concise and updated overview of the research findings on feedback and how they apply to today's classrooms. In addition, the book is replete with examples of good and bad feedback as well as rubrics that you can use to construct feedback tailored to different learners, including successful students, struggling students, and English language learners. The vast majority of students will respond positively to feedback that shows you care about them and their learning. Whether you teach young students or teens, this book is an invaluable resource for guaranteeing that the feedback you give students is engaging, informative, and, above all, effective.

Teaching Mathematics to Middle School Students with Learning Difficulties

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Publisher : Guilford Publications
ISBN 13 : 1462537472
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Teaching Mathematics to Middle School Students with Learning Difficulties by : Marjorie Montague

Download or read book Teaching Mathematics to Middle School Students with Learning Difficulties written by Marjorie Montague and published by Guilford Publications. This book was released on 2018-03-05 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A highly practical resource for special educators and classroom teachers, this book provides specific instructional guidance illustrated with vignettes, examples, and sample lesson plans. Every chapter is grounded in research and addresses the nuts and bolts of teaching math to students who are not adequately prepared for the challenging middle school curriculum. Presented are a range of methods for helping struggling learners build their understanding of foundational concepts, master basic skills, and develop self-directed problem-solving strategies. While focusing on classroom instruction, the book also includes guidelines for developing high-quality middle school mathematics programs and evaluating their effectiveness.

The Formative 5 in Action, Grades K-12

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Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1071913530
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (719 download)

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Book Synopsis The Formative 5 in Action, Grades K-12 by : Francis (Skip) Fennell

Download or read book The Formative 5 in Action, Grades K-12 written by Francis (Skip) Fennell and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2023-06-27 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leverage formative assessment in mathematics every single day For fans of the bestselling book The Formative 5: Everyday Assessment Techniques for Every Math Classroom comes this updated and expanded edition for understanding and implementing highly effective, research-backed formative assessment techniques into seamless, daily practice with students in grades K-12. The Formative 5 in Action serves as an interactive guide that steers teachers toward successful implementation of the formative five techniques of observation, interviews, Show Me, hinge questions, and exit tasks. This updated guidebook offers: More than 120 minutes of video examples of the five techniques in action in real K-12 classrooms, showing teachers not just what to do but how to do it An engaging format with built-in reflection exercises and activities that foster individual professional learning and promote PLC study through discussion and collaboration An explicit emphasis on providing effective and timely feedback to students while harnessing student strengths throughout teaching and learning Comprehensive responses to teachers’ frequently asked questions that have surfaced since the publication of the first book The research is clear – the authors’ five formative assessment techniques lead to greater attention to planning, stronger instruction for teachers, and better achievement for students. The Formative 5 in Action is a truly engaging resource that helps mathematics teachers and instructional leaders engage in classroom-based formative assessment with precision, intentionality, and ease.

Secondary Lenses on Learning Participant Book

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Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1412972795
Total Pages : 425 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Secondary Lenses on Learning Participant Book by : Catherine Miles Grant

Download or read book Secondary Lenses on Learning Participant Book written by Catherine Miles Grant and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2009-08-11 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This participant book, in combination with the facilitator's guide, forms a comprehensive professional development program designed to improve the efforts of site-based mathematics leadership teams for middle and high schools. Secondary Lenses on Learning prepares leaders to explore concepts in middle and high school algebra as a window into content, instruction, and assessment. You will learn how to assess the strengths and needs of your mathematics programs, set goals, and generate plans for ongoing improvement by engaging in extended explorations and conversations based on readings, problem-based activities, cases, and videos.

Modeling with Mathematics

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Publisher : Heinemann Educational Books
ISBN 13 : 9780325062594
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling with Mathematics by : Nancy Butler Wolf

Download or read book Modeling with Mathematics written by Nancy Butler Wolf and published by Heinemann Educational Books. This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Nancy's in-depth look at mathematical modeling offers middle school teachers the kind of practical help they need for incorporating modeling into their classrooms." -Cathy Seeley, Past President of NCTM, author of Faster Isn't Smarter and Smarter Than We Think "This is the book that math teachers and parents have been waiting for. Nancy provides a comprehensive step-by-step guide to modeling in mathematics at the middle school level." -David E. Drew, author of STEM the Tide: Reforming Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math Education in America We all use math to analyze everyday situations we encounter. Whether we realize it or not, we're modeling with mathematics: taking a complex situation and figuring out what we need to make sense of it. In Modeling with Mathematics, Nancy Butler Wolf shows that math is most powerful when it means something to students. She provides clear, friendly guidance for teachers to use authentic modeling projects in their classrooms and help their students develop key problem-solving skills, including: collecting data and formulating a mathematical model interpreting results and comparing them to reality learning to communicate their solutions in meaningful ways. This kind of teaching can be challenging because it is open-ended: it asks students to make decisions about their approach to a scenario, the information they will need, and the tools they will use. But Nancy proves there is ample middle ground between doing all of the work for your students and leaving them to flail in the dark. Through detailed examples and hands-on activities, Nancy shows how to guide your students to become active participants in mathematical explorations who are able to answer the question, "What did I just figure out?" Her approach values all students as important contributors and shows how instruction focused on mathematical modeling engages every learner regardless of their prior history of success or failure in math.

Better Learning Through Structured Teaching

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Publisher : ASCD
ISBN 13 : 1416618309
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (166 download)

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Book Synopsis Better Learning Through Structured Teaching by : Douglas Fisher

Download or read book Better Learning Through Structured Teaching written by Douglas Fisher and published by ASCD. This book was released on 2013-12-02 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this updated 2nd edition of the ASCD best-seller, Douglas Fisher and Nancy Frey dig deeper into the hows and whys of the gradual release of responsibility instructional framework. To gradually release responsibility is to equip students with what they need to be engaged and self-directed learners. On a day-to-day level, it means delivering lessons purposefully planned to incorporate four essential and interrelated instructional phases: Focused Instruction: Preparing students for learning by establishing lesson purpose, modeling strategies and skills, thinking aloud, and noticing how students respond. Guided Instruction: Strategically using prompts, cues, and questions to lead students to new understanding. Collaborative Learning: Allowing students to consolidate their understanding through exploration, problem-solving, discussion, and thinking with their peers. Independent Learning: Requiring students to use the skills and knowledge they've acquired to create authentic products and ask new questions. The authors explore each phase, using real-life examples from a variety of disciplines. You'll find tips and tools for classroom implementation, including checklists for planning and assessment; advice on feedback, homework, group work, differentiated instruction, and blended learning; answers to frequently asked questions; and examples that align to Common Core State Standards. No matter what grade level or subject you teach, Better Learning Through Structured Teaching is your essential guide to helping students expand their capacity for successful and long-lasting learning.

Mathematical Argumentation in Middle School-The What, Why, and How

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Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 150639423X
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (63 download)

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Book Synopsis Mathematical Argumentation in Middle School-The What, Why, and How by : Jennifer Knudsen

Download or read book Mathematical Argumentation in Middle School-The What, Why, and How written by Jennifer Knudsen and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2017-09-21 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research-based book brings tough Standards for Mathematical Practice 3 standards for mathematical argumentation and critical reasoning alive - all within a thoroughly explained four-part model that covers generating cases, conjecturing, justifying, and concluding.

Mathematics Formative Assessment, Volume 2

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Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1506336620
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (63 download)

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Book Synopsis Mathematics Formative Assessment, Volume 2 by : Page Keeley

Download or read book Mathematics Formative Assessment, Volume 2 written by Page Keeley and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2016-12-08 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This one-of-a-kind resource helps you build a bridge between your students’ initial ideas and correct mathematical thinking. Includes an annotated reference guide.

Supporting Mathematical Learning

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Publisher : Jossey-Bass
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Supporting Mathematical Learning by : Joanne Picone-Zocchia

Download or read book Supporting Mathematical Learning written by Joanne Picone-Zocchia and published by Jossey-Bass. This book was released on 2008-10-20 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book distills an array of tools, tips, templates, and best-practice strategies for teaching mathematics along with hands-on student activities in one easy-to-use resource. Geared to helping students develop conceptual understanding as well as practical skills in math, the book devotes major attention to the use of standards, performance criteria, and assessment for guiding both instruction and lesson planning and includes an extensive section on designing math problems. Focusing on such areas as patterns, measurement, computation using money, and fractions, the book shows teachers how to design effective, standards-based lessons, from setting the learning goals and creating the math problems, to crafting hands-on activities. The book also includes detailed advice on the use of questions for guiding students through thinking and reasoning processes. Hands-on lessons, broken down by topic and grade level, comprise over half the book.

Becoming a Reflective Mathematics Teacher

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317691997
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Becoming a Reflective Mathematics Teacher by : Alice F. Artzt

Download or read book Becoming a Reflective Mathematics Teacher written by Alice F. Artzt and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-06-05 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ideal for preservice mathematics teachers who are taking methods courses or are student teaching, this research-based, activity-oriented guide offers a highly effective framework for teacher reflection and self-assessment. Highlighting inquiry-based, learner-centered teaching and grounded in a cognitive perspective, Becoming a Reflective Teacher of Mathematics, Third Edition features: Detailed observation instruments for observing other teachers Reflective activities that provide a structure for beginning teachers to think about their teaching Guidelines and instruments for supervisors to use when observing, conferencing with, and assessing beginning or student teachers The Third Edition of Becoming a Reflective Teacher of Mathematics is aligned with the latest standards for teaching mathematics including the Common Core State Standards-Mathematics, and the latest assessments for mathematics teacher certification which place a high priority on reflective practice. Thoroughly revised and updated throughout, the Third Edition continues to provide preservice and in-service mathematics teachers with practical ideas for developing and honing reflective and self-analytical skills needed to advance and improve instruction.

Elementary and Middle School Mathematics

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Publisher : Pearson
ISBN 13 : 9780136818038
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Elementary and Middle School Mathematics by : John Van de Walle

Download or read book Elementary and Middle School Mathematics written by John Van de Walle and published by Pearson. This book was released on 2022-08-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For courses in teaching math methods (preK-8). Guide teachers to help all PreK to 8th grade learners make sense of math Elementary and Middle School Mathematics illustrates how children in PreK to 8th grade learn math, and then supplies concrete, effective methods of teaching math using problem-based activities. Examples of real student work, common challenges, and hundreds of classroom-ready hands-on tasks help readers visualize developmentally appropriate mathematics instruction and assessment that supports and challenges all learners. The 11th Edition reflects the Common Core State Standards and NCTM's Principles to Actions, as well as current research and the latest teaching technology. Hallmark features of this title Samples of real student work show children's mathematical reasoning in context. Adaptations to Challenge and Support Students offer practical strategies to make activities accessible to all students. Formative Assessment Notes help educators evaluate students' understanding of content areas and offer the best methods to assist struggling students. Common Challenges tables outline a student challenge and what it looks like, with tips on how to help. Big Ideas lists help readers envision how to form their lesson plans around major themes rather than isolated skills or concepts. Research-based strategies, NCTM Teaching Standards, and Standards for Mathematical Practice Margin Notes provide a thorough reference for all of the math content suggested for grades PreK-8. New and updated features of this title Classroom-ready strategies UPDATED: Hundreds of problem-based activities model specific ways to engage students in doing mathematics. This edition includes more than 40 new activities. UPDATED: Teaching reasoning strategies in basic facts, whole numbers and fractions is covered in more depth in Chs. 9, 11, 12 and 15. UPDATED: Technology Notes reference new open-source software, apps and digital resources to use in teaching. Literature Connections list fun ways to use children's books to teach math, including 2 new lists for different reading levels on measurement and geometry. Learner-focused content NEW: Learning Progressions in each chapter offer guidance for planning units, understanding prior knowledge and future directions, and informing assessment development. NEW: Writing to Learn exercises ask readers to analyze and reflect on each chapter's big ideas. The exercises can be assigned or used to spark discussions in class. The LMS-Compatible Assessment Bank streamlines assignments and grading NEW: Learning outcome quizzes and application exercises can be assigned from a packaged file. Questions give students feedback and model responses based on their answers. Features of Pearson eText for the 11th Edition Learn more about Pearson eText. Compelling media engages learners Video Examples use authentic classroom videos and clips of children solving math problems to expand on key concepts and instructional strategies in each chapter. Additional videos feature the authors and experts in the field explaining strategies for teaching important topics. UPDATED: Blackline masters, activity pages, teacher resources and expanded lessons are linked throughout each chapter. These classroom-ready documents are easy to download and print for use in a methods class or school settings.

Formative Assessment Strategies for Enhanced Learning in Science, K-8

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Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1412962978
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Formative Assessment Strategies for Enhanced Learning in Science, K-8 by : Elizabeth Hammerman

Download or read book Formative Assessment Strategies for Enhanced Learning in Science, K-8 written by Elizabeth Hammerman and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ideal for preservice and inservice teachers, this user-friendly resource demonstrates how to use formative assessments to guide instruction and evaluate student learning in standards-based science.

Using Formative Assessment to Drive Mathematics Instruction in Grades PreK-2

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317926080
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

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Book Synopsis Using Formative Assessment to Drive Mathematics Instruction in Grades PreK-2 by : Jennifer Taylor-Cox

Download or read book Using Formative Assessment to Drive Mathematics Instruction in Grades PreK-2 written by Jennifer Taylor-Cox and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-09-27 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provide targeted mathematics instruction for every child. These books combine formative assessment with practical activities to differentiate the elementary classroom. The formative assessments include student work samples at varying levels. The authors...Illustrate the distinction between a "traditional" assessment and an "enhanced" assessment. Describe specific differentiated activities so each student may consistently receive instruction geared to specific need. Provide teachers with "Questions to Assess" to determine what each child understands about the math concept. Show how to move students to higher-level mathematics thinking and to apply math concepts. Include extension activities to offer challenging work for children who have achieved skill mastery level. Each activity states a goal, the materials needed, a description of the activity, as well as specific questions to ask students. The assessments and activities are aligned with the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics and the expectations described by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. This resource will help teachers, principals, and curriculum directors identify students' levels of understanding about mathematics and provide concrete resources for remediation, instruction, and enrichment. These books are also an excellent resource for use during workshops and in-class observations. Provide targeted mathematics instruction for every child. These books combine formative assessment with practical activities to differentiate the elementary classroom. The formative assessments include student work samples at varying levels. The authors... Illustrate the distinction between a "traditional" assessment and an "enhanced" assessment. Describe specific differentiated activities so each student may consistently receive instruction geared to specific need. Provide teachers with "Questions to Assess" to determine what each child understands about the math concept. Show how to move students to higher-level mathematics thinking and to apply math concepts. Include extension activities to offer challenging work for children who have achieved skill mastery level. Each activity states a goal, the materials needed, a description of the activity, as well as specific questions to ask students. The assessments and activities are aligned with the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics and the expectations described by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. This resource will help teachers, principals, and curriculum directors identify students' levels of understanding about mathematics and provide concrete resources for remediation, instruction, and enrichment. These books are also an excellent resource for use during workshops and in-class observations.

Knowing What Students Know

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309293227
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowing What Students Know by : National Research Council

Download or read book Knowing What Students Know written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-10-27 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Education is a hot topic. From the stage of presidential debates to tonight's dinner table, it is an issue that most Americans are deeply concerned about. While there are many strategies for improving the educational process, we need a way to find out what works and what doesn't work as well. Educational assessment seeks to determine just how well students are learning and is an integral part of our quest for improved education. The nation is pinning greater expectations on educational assessment than ever before. We look to these assessment tools when documenting whether students and institutions are truly meeting education goals. But we must stop and ask a crucial question: What kind of assessment is most effective? At a time when traditional testing is subject to increasing criticism, research suggests that new, exciting approaches to assessment may be on the horizon. Advances in the sciences of how people learn and how to measure such learning offer the hope of developing new kinds of assessments-assessments that help students succeed in school by making as clear as possible the nature of their accomplishments and the progress of their learning. Knowing What Students Know essentially explains how expanding knowledge in the scientific fields of human learning and educational measurement can form the foundations of an improved approach to assessment. These advances suggest ways that the targets of assessment-what students know and how well they know it-as well as the methods used to make inferences about student learning can be made more valid and instructionally useful. Principles for designing and using these new kinds of assessments are presented, and examples are used to illustrate the principles. Implications for policy, practice, and research are also explored. With the promise of a productive research-based approach to assessment of student learning, Knowing What Students Know will be important to education administrators, assessment designers, teachers and teacher educators, and education advocates.