Microevolution Local Adaptation And Demography In Wild Populations Of Pacific Salmon

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Microevolution, Local Adaptation, and Demography in Wild Populations of Pacific Salmon

Author : Jocelyn Lin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (821 download)

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Book Synopsis Microevolution, Local Adaptation, and Demography in Wild Populations of Pacific Salmon by : Jocelyn Lin

Download or read book Microevolution, Local Adaptation, and Demography in Wild Populations of Pacific Salmon written by Jocelyn Lin and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is increasing scientific interest in empirically linking evolution to ecology, particularly in wild populations. Although evolutionary change is often thought to proceed slowly, the microevolutionary forces of selection, gene flow, genetic drift and inbreeding can have pronounced effects on genetic variation even on short time scales. These genetic changes may then influence local adaptation and demography. The overarching aim of this dissertation was to estimate levels of gene flow and selection in wild populations, and to assess how microevolutionary change might affect local adaptation and population dynamics within these populations. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are an ideal model organism for studying natural patterns of microevolution and local adaptation. First there is high phenotypic variation within the species, and spawning fish can be sampled comprehensively by capturing adults when they return to freshwater from the ocean. Second, salmon form reproductively isolated spawning populations due to natal homing, but these populations can be genetically and demographically connected via straying. Third, salmon are of ecological and commercial interest, making our findings relevant to population management. This dissertation investigated ecology and evolution in salmon as follows. In Chapter 1, we examined patterns of genetic and phenotypic differentiation between adjacent populations of beach and stream spawning ecotypes of sockeye salmon, and assessed potential levels of gene flow between ecotypes. The objective of Chapter 2 was to determine whether small populations of Chinook and chum salmon occurring in the Wood River system are reproductively isolated, self-sustaining populations, population sinks that produce returning adults but receive immigration, or strays from other systems that do not produce returning adults. In Chapter 3 we re-constructed pedigrees for two wild populations of sockeye salmon to estimate natural selection and heritability for several phenotypic traits. For Chapter 4, we used empirical results from the first three chapters to develop a stochastic, individual-based model that we used to study effects of gene flow and selection on local adaptation and population dynamics in interconnected salmon populations. Taken together, these studies showed how gene flow and selection affect local adaptation and demography in wild salmon populations.

Using Genetic Tools to Inform Management and Study Local Adaptation in Pacific Salmon

Author : Wesley Alan Larson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (935 download)

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Book Synopsis Using Genetic Tools to Inform Management and Study Local Adaptation in Pacific Salmon by : Wesley Alan Larson

Download or read book Using Genetic Tools to Inform Management and Study Local Adaptation in Pacific Salmon written by Wesley Alan Larson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic analysis represents a powerful tool for informing management and studying adaptation in wild populations. For example, genetic tools can be used to delineate conservation units, assign individuals of unknown ancestry back to their populations of origin, and identify genes that are important for local adaptation. The overall goal of my thesis was to apply genetic tools to improve population-specific management and identify the genetic basis of local adaptation in Pacific salmon. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) return to their natal spawning habitats with high fidelity, promoting the formation of distinct populations that are highly adapted to their local environment. Pacific salmon are also an extremely important economic, cultural, and subsistence resource. These characteristics make Pacific salmon ideal candidates for population-specific management and facilitate the study of local adaptation. My dissertation consists of six chapters divided into two major themes. The first three chapters focus on applied research questions aimed at developing and utilizing genetic tools to improve management of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and the last three chapters focus on understanding the genetic basis of local adaptation in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). In chapter one, we used an existing genetic baseline to elucidate the migration patterns of Chinook salmon in the marine environment. Chapters two and three explored the use of genomics in a management context, applying data from thousands of genetic markers to develop novel resources that will aid in the conservation of Chinook salmon from western Alaska. For chapter four, we investigated patterns of selection at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in populations of sockeye salmon from the Wood River basin in southwestern Alaska. In chapter five, we constructed a genetic linkage map and conducted QTL analysis in five families of sockeye salmon. Finally, in chapter six we merged the linkage map with population data to study the genomic basis of adaptive divergence among three ecotypes of sockeye salmon from the Wood River basin. Taken together, these studies highlight the utility of genetic tools, especially genomics, for improving management and studying local adaptation in Pacific salmon.

Evolution Illuminated

Author : Andrew P. Hendry
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 019514385X
Total Pages : 521 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis Evolution Illuminated by : Andrew P. Hendry

Download or read book Evolution Illuminated written by Andrew P. Hendry and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2004 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work gives a critical overview on the evolution and population biology of salmon and their relatives. It should appeal to investigators in each of the scientific disciplines it integrates - evolutionary biology, ecology, salmonid biology, management and conservation. Variation in salmonids can be used to illustrate virtually all evolution.

Local Adaptation, Dispersal, and Gene Flow in a Metapopulation of Sockeye Salmon

Author : Daniel Alexander Peterson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 91 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (874 download)

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Book Synopsis Local Adaptation, Dispersal, and Gene Flow in a Metapopulation of Sockeye Salmon by : Daniel Alexander Peterson

Download or read book Local Adaptation, Dispersal, and Gene Flow in a Metapopulation of Sockeye Salmon written by Daniel Alexander Peterson and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gene flow within a metapopulation depends on the reproductive success of dispersers after immigration, but few empirical studies have measured the reproductive contributions of dispersers from distinct natal populations. The local adaptation frequently observed within metapopulations of anadromous salmonids could exert strong selection against immigrants with phenotypes adapted to ecologically distinct habitats. Used was genetic parentage analysis to directly measure the reproductive success of dispersers from multiple natal habitats relative to philopatric individuals within a group of geographically proximate but ecologically and genetically distinct subpopulations of stream- and beach-spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Results indicate that dispersers between stream-spawning populations and philopatric individuals experienced similar reproductive success, while immigrants from the beach habitat to the streams produced fewer returning adult offspring than either philopatric individuals or stream-to-stream dispersers. The difference in reproductive contribution between beach-to-stream dispersers and the other two dispersal categories was estimated to be one returning adult offspring per individual. Thus, the difference in reproductive success of dispersers between habitat types represents a strong barrier to gene flow between these sockeye salmon ecotypes. Experimental and observational studies of the homing and spawning behavior of hatchery-raised salmon have indicated that their search for high-quality spawning habitat can overcome their homing tendency. Nevertheless, the extent to which dispersal between populations is motivated by habitat selection versus navigational errors during the homing process is not well understood, especially in wild populations. Examined were whether dispersing individuals exhibited more exploratory behavior than philopatric individuals within a metapopulation of wild sockeye salmon, which would suggest that dispersal may be influenced by comparisons between potential spawning areas. The daily locations of all adult salmon spawning in two proximate streams were tracked and determined the dispersal status for each individual by comparing its chosen spawning stream with that of its parents (as determined by genetic parentage reconstruction). Dispersers were often observed in their natal stream (8-11% of individuals) or at its mouth (29-58% of individuals) before spawning in the other stream, whereas philopatric individuals were rarely observed in their non-natal stream (0-2% of individuals) or at its mouth (1-7% of individuals). These results suggest either that the mechanism of dispersal encourages exploration or that individuals that explore are more likely to disperse. In either case, dispersers are exposed to multiple spawning habitats, potentially allowing annual variation in local environmental or demographic conditions to influence the patterns of gene flow within a metapopulation.

Environmental, Biological, and Genetic Factors Influencing Local Adaptation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) in Auke Creek, Alaska

Download Environmental, Biological, and Genetic Factors Influencing Local Adaptation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) in Auke Creek, Alaska PDF Online Free

Author : Christopher V. Manhard
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 137 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (948 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental, Biological, and Genetic Factors Influencing Local Adaptation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) in Auke Creek, Alaska by : Christopher V. Manhard

Download or read book Environmental, Biological, and Genetic Factors Influencing Local Adaptation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) in Auke Creek, Alaska written by Christopher V. Manhard and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pacific salmon form distinct, locally adapted populations because of the spatial and temporal precision with which they home to their natal streams. Local adaptation is recognized as an important component underlying the productivity and sustainability of salmonid populations, yet there remains uncertainty of the scale at which it occurs. This uncertainty was addressed by analysis of demographic, genetic, and experimental data collected from seasonally structured brood lines of Pink Salmon that spawn in Auke Creek, Alaska. An extensive background of research on this system has indicated that the timing of the adult and juvenile migrations is closely aligned with fitness and productivity in this stream; this background provided a framework for synthesizing the results of the analyses to address these questions: (1) What ecological factors influence productivity of the freshwater and marine life history stages; (2) Do these factors suggest a mechanism for evolution of migration time; (3) What are the consequences of disrupting fine-scale local adaptation of migration time? Freshwater productivity appeared to be influenced primarily by competition for spawning habitat, rather than variability in environmental conditions. Marine productivity, conversely, was associated with physical processes that influence survival of juveniles in the nearshore environment. Consistent with these findings, genetic evolution of earlier migration time, which was observed in both adults and juveniles over two generations, appeared to be driven by earlier vernal warming of the nearshore environment. Despite these environmental changes and resulting selection against late migrating fish, recruitment to Auke Creek has remained stable, thereby indicating that seasonal structure of migration time has supported sustained productivity in a changing climate. Experimental relaxation of natural barriers to gene flow that maintain the seasonal structure resulted in intermediate adult migration times in two generations of hybrid fish. These patterns were consistent with an additive genetic basis for migration time and suggest that ecological outbreeding depression is a post-zygotic mechanism that maintains adaptive variation of migration time in Auke Creek. Collectively, these results provide evidence that fine-scale local adaptation can enhance productivity of salmonid populations while providing resilience to climate change.

An Evaluation of the Role of Adaptation in Salmon Evolution Using Genome Based Approaches

Author : Marine S.O. Brieuc
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (881 download)

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Book Synopsis An Evaluation of the Role of Adaptation in Salmon Evolution Using Genome Based Approaches by : Marine S.O. Brieuc

Download or read book An Evaluation of the Role of Adaptation in Salmon Evolution Using Genome Based Approaches written by Marine S.O. Brieuc and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studying the results of selection may provide insights into the extent of adaptation, processes affecting population divergence, and gene diversity. Here, the role of adaptation in salmon evolution was evaluated at different taxonomic levels using genome based approaches. The first part of this thesis was aimed at developing a bioinformatic methodology to detect genes under selection on a large scale in non-model species. In such species, coding sequences can be incomplete because of limited genomic resources. However, these sequences are information rich, and can be used to estimate neutral versus non neutral divergence across species. Incomplete DNA sequences can complicate estimates of non-neutral divergence based on comparisons between synonymous (d[subscript S]) and non-synonymous (d[subscript N]) nucleotide substitutions, commonly used to study selection between species. The first chapter describes a series of steps that can be used to examine positive selection on a large scale between non model species using partial sequences. The methodology is described for six species of salmonids, where approaches are complicated by the fact that a whole duplication event occurred in the lineage leading to these species. Therefore, challenges associated with duplicated genomes, specifically the separation of orthologs from paralogs, were also addressed. We found that multi-way BLAST optimized the number of alignments between partial coding sequences. We recommend that reading frames should be manually detected after alignment with sequences in Genbank using the BLASTX program. Finally, phylogenetic approaches were determined to be suitable to separate orthologs from paralogs in duplicated genomes. The second part of the thesis was aimed at conducting a genome-wide assessment of the role of adaptive evolution of Chinook salmon in the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. The first step involved the construction of a dense linkage map for Chinook salmon, thus providing the necessary resources for a genome-wide analysis in wild populations (Chapter 2). We mapped 7146 RAD loci on the 34 chromosomes of Chinook salmon, spanning 4163cM. All the chromosome arms were identified through centromere mapping. Placement of 799 duplicated loci revealed that they were preferentially distributed on distal regions of eight pairs of chromosome arms. This result suggests that homeologs diverged at different rates following whole genome duplication. Our results supported near complete interference during recombination for Chinook salmon, and confirmed previously identified homologies between Chinook salmon and rainbow trout. In the third chapter, we aimed to determine the role of adaptive divergence in the evolution of Chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin. A population survey of divergence was conducted using 14105 RAD markers in eleven populations in the Columbia River Basin, representative of the three main lineages identified in previous studies. Our results supported the hypothesis of colonization of the Columbia River Basin from two main refugia following the last glaciation event. We identified 301 outlier loci that did not conform to neutral evolution, consistent with adaptive divergence. Of these, 148 and 153 were associated with the pre- and post- glaciation divergence respectively. Using the linkage map created in the second chapter, we identified chromosomal regions of high divergence, most of which were located in distal regions from the centromere. Although some regions of elevated divergence were observed in common between lineages, many appeared to be specific to pre- or post-glaciation divergence. Finally we investigated whether we could find molecular evidence supporting observations of parallel evolution in a phenotypic trait across populations, adult return timing. Random forest analyses, a regression-based approach, detected some loci that predicted run timing, specifically Spring and Fall return timing, two of which mapped to the same position on the linkage map. In this chapter, beyond improving our understanding of Chinook salmon evolution, we have demonstrated the usefulness of dense linkage maps in identifying regions of the genome that may have been involved in adaptive evolution. The research presented in this thesis will facilitate the study of adaptive divergence between non-model species. Novel and extensive genomic resources for Chinook salmon have also been developed. These resources have provided insights into chromosome evolution following whole genome duplication, and have greatly contributed to the understanding of adaptive evolution of populations of Chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin.

Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon

Author : Cornelis Groot
Publisher : UBC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780774859868
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (598 download)

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Book Synopsis Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon by : Cornelis Groot

Download or read book Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon written by Cornelis Groot and published by UBC Press. This book was released on 2010-10-01 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every year, countless juvenile Pacific salmon leave streams and rivers on their migration to feeding grounds in the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. After periods ranging from a few months to several years, adult salmon enter rivers along the coasts of Asia and North America to spawn and complete their life cycle. Within this general outline, various life history patterns, both among and within species, involve diverse ways of exploiting freshwater, estuarine, and marine habitats. There are seven species of Pacific salmon. Five (coho, chinook chum, pink, and sockeye) occur in both North America and Asia. Their complex life histories and spectacular migrations have long fascinated biologists and amateurs alike. Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon provides comprehensive reviews by leading researchers of the physiological adaptations that allow Pacific Salmon to sustain themselves in the diverse environments in which they live. It begins with an analysis of energy expenditure and continues with reviews of locomotion, growth, feeding, and nutrition. Subsequent chapters deal with osmotic adjustments enabling the passage between fresh and salt water, nitrogen excretion and regulation of acid-base balance, circulation and gas transfer, and finally, responses to stress. This thorough and authoritative volume will be a valuable reference for students and researchers of biology and fisheries science as they seek to understand the environmental requirements for the perpetuation of these unique and valuable species.

Life History and Evolutionary Adaptation of Pacific Salmon and Its Application in Management

Author : Mary Jo Wevers
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (363 download)

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Book Synopsis Life History and Evolutionary Adaptation of Pacific Salmon and Its Application in Management by : Mary Jo Wevers

Download or read book Life History and Evolutionary Adaptation of Pacific Salmon and Its Application in Management written by Mary Jo Wevers and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An approach to understanding and managing anadromous salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on life history and evolutionary adaptive capacities of species and stocks is presented. Species, stocks, and local populations are viewed as systems that are continuously adapting to changing environmental conditions. They have the potential capacity to evolve in different ways in different environments through both life history and evolutionary adaptation. Habitat organization forms a template for genus, species, stock, and local population life history organization. Harvesting, habitat alteration resulting from land use practices and other human activities can alter the organization and adaptive capacities of species and stocks, and thus their long term persistence. The adaptive capacity of Oncorhynchus relative to its habitat and management environment is examined at the species, stock, and local population levels. Life history characteristics of representative stocks and local populations are analyzed using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA). Fresh water migration distance and latitude are used to "explain" ordination patterns of Oncorhynchus species in the North Pacific Basin. Fresh water migration difficulty and mean annual runoff are used to interpret life history patterns of Columbia Basin chinook salmon stocks. Upstream migration difficulty and fall water temperatures are used to explain the ordination patterns of local populations of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Fishery management practices are examined in terms of their impacts on the organization and adaptive capacity of species, stocks, and local populations of Oncorhynchus. Management generalizations and guidelines derived from the life history theory are applied to management of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Maintaining habitat changes in the Willamette Basin within the historic range of fluctuations will tend to maximize co-organization of local populations. Management activities should provide relatively constant habitat and fishery conditions for natural selection processes to "organize" life history traits over a period of at least a few generations. Fisheries should selectively harvest local populations that show a high degree of realization of their adaptive capacity. By focusing instead on maximizing the co-organization of stocks, their habitat and fishery environments, and protecting the adaptive capacities of stocks, we will go a long way toward providing long-term sustainability for social communities dependent on fisheries.

Evolution and Risk in Conservation of Pacific Salmon

Author : Kenneth P. Currens
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (379 download)

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Book Synopsis Evolution and Risk in Conservation of Pacific Salmon by : Kenneth P. Currens

Download or read book Evolution and Risk in Conservation of Pacific Salmon written by Kenneth P. Currens and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Identifying appropriate units for conservation requires knowledge of evolutionary patterns and risks of managing at different geographical and genetic scales. I examined genetic diversity at different geographical scales among 11,400 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from 243 locations in 13 major river basins throughout much of their range and among coho salmon (O. kisutch) from 31 watersheds in Oregon, Washington, and northern California. I also developed a model of genetic vulnerability of managed populations that links sources of potential technological hazards, protective mechanisms and responses, and potential losses, using artificial propagation of Pacific salmon as an example. Across the range of rainbow trout, allozyme differences between inland and coastal populations were more localized than previously acknowledged. In contrast, evolutionary continuity was most related to stability and persistence of major river systems, such as upper Sacramento, Klamath, and Columbia rivers. Isolated, pluvial lake basins that contained divergent groups of redband trout (rainbow trout with plesiomorphic characteristics associated with cutthroat trout, O. clarki) were sources of evolutionary diversity within large river systems. Human effects on genetic organization occurred in local breeding populations to regional metapopulations. In coho salmon, regional differences in mitochondrial DNA existed among fish from Puget Sound, Columbia River, northern Oregon coastal streams, and southern coastal streams. Differences within regions lacked obvious geographical patterns but were most likely due to recent fish translocations and genetic drift. In the Umatilla River, Oregon, significant genetic differences were detected among rainbow trout, but temporal differences at sites were as great as differences among sites within tributaries. In 10 of 12 locations, rainbow trout became more similar to anadromous hatchery fish. Although small breeding sizes suggested a role for genetic drift, episodic gene flow from hatchery fish most likely explained temporal genetic changes. Program-specific genetic risk assessment of a large artificial propagation program in the Columbia River revealed that artificial supplementation would result in fewer hatchery-reared fish returning to the wild than were taken from the wild for brood stock, that proximate safeguards for reducing vulnerability were not available and appropriate, but that use of genetic reserves strengthened the program.

Drivers and Fitness Consequences of Dispersal and Structure in Wild Sockeye Salmon Populations (Oncorhynchus Nerka)

Author : Samuel Alexander May
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis Drivers and Fitness Consequences of Dispersal and Structure in Wild Sockeye Salmon Populations (Oncorhynchus Nerka) by : Samuel Alexander May

Download or read book Drivers and Fitness Consequences of Dispersal and Structure in Wild Sockeye Salmon Populations (Oncorhynchus Nerka) written by Samuel Alexander May and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The life histories of migratory species such as salmonids, sea turtles, and birds often involve return migrations between feeding and natal habitats. These natal homing behaviors are known to produce structured metapopulations, where geographic and demographic barriers result in non-random mating among many locally adapted subpopulations. The resulting spatial and temporal diversity across heterogeneous landscapes can buffer metapopulations against disruptive events that influence any one subunit. Dispersal and gene flow within and between subpopulations can reduce fitness losses due to inbreeding depression, influence rates of adaptation, and facilitate colonization or recolonization of newly available habitat. However, an understudied aspect of metapopulation biology is the influence of biotic and abiotic factors that lead to genetic structure within and between subpopulations, and the effects of this structure on fitness. Therefore, the overall goal of this thesis was to investigate how environmental, behavioral, and life-history variation might influence dispersal, population structure, and fitness within and between subpopulations. To accomplish this goal, dispersal within and between two proximate stream-spawning populations of Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): A and C Creeks on the Wood River System, Bristol Bay, AK was studied over two complete generations of returning adults. First, a panel of 172 SNP loci was developed (genotyping-in-thousands by sequencing; Chapter One) and used to reconstruct a pedigree from fish returning over a 14-year period, and to identify dispersers between the two populations. Second, we investigated the drivers and fitness consequences of dispersal between A and C Creeks and found that return timing to spawning grounds and within-season variation in predation and population density influenced dispersal between the two populations (Chapter Two). Fitness consequences of dispersal depended on the direction dispersers moved; moving from A to C increased absolute fitness of dispersers (compared to individuals in their natal population) but decreased their relative fitness (compared to individuals in their new spawning population), while moving from C to A decreased absolute fitness but increased relative fitness. From these results, we concluded that dispersal was an active process in response to environmental cues and that gene flow was affected by habitat differences and within-season variation in ecological processes. Third, we aimed to examine the extent, drivers, and fitness consequences of population structure within the two streams. To achieve this aim, we quantified the scale of structure, the effect of natal homing on structure, and the fitness outcomes of homing to, and dispersing from natal sites (Chapter Three). Both spatial and temporal genetic structure was evident within both streams, and this structure was partly explained by adults returning to the same place and at the same time as they were fertilized as eggs. In addition, phenotypes of body size and return timing were spatially segregated within the creeks. In one of the two creeks, adults returning to spawn near natal sites had greater fitness. Taken together, we concluded that these findings provided empirical evidence for how natal homing and heterogeneous habitat may lead to assortative mating systems and possible microgeographic adaptation on very small spatial and temporal scales. In other words, natal homing and dispersal within populations may result in genetic or phenotypic neighborhoods and affect fitness. Finally, we discuss the utility of these findings for predicting responses of natural populations to future environmental and anthropogenic changes such as harvest, climate change, and supportive breeding.

Salmon 2100

Author : Robert T. Lackey
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 662 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Salmon 2100 by : Robert T. Lackey

Download or read book Salmon 2100 written by Robert T. Lackey and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Spatio-temporal Genetic Structure, Effective Population Size, and Parentage Simulations from Contemporary Genetic Samples and Historic Demographic Data of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus Nerka) in Auke Lake, Alaska

Download Spatio-temporal Genetic Structure, Effective Population Size, and Parentage Simulations from Contemporary Genetic Samples and Historic Demographic Data of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus Nerka) in Auke Lake, Alaska PDF Online Free

Author : Patrick D. Barry
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (126 download)

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Book Synopsis Spatio-temporal Genetic Structure, Effective Population Size, and Parentage Simulations from Contemporary Genetic Samples and Historic Demographic Data of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus Nerka) in Auke Lake, Alaska by : Patrick D. Barry

Download or read book Spatio-temporal Genetic Structure, Effective Population Size, and Parentage Simulations from Contemporary Genetic Samples and Historic Demographic Data of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus Nerka) in Auke Lake, Alaska written by Patrick D. Barry and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) have great ecological, economic, and cultural importance. Accordingly, understanding the genetic diversity of Pacific salmon populations is critical for their effective management and conservation. Spatial and temporal homing fidelity, a central life-history characteristic of Pacific salmon, generates genetic structure through reproductive isolation. Within and among populations, heterogeneity in the freshwater environment should lead to selection for traits that maximize fitness resulting in local adaptation. This adaptation increases productivity of individual populations while diversity among populations can promote long-term stability. Additionally, the demographic properties (age structure, generation length, size) of a population will affect genetic structure by regulating its response to the evolutionary forces of selection, migration, and genetic drift. The scale and extent to which reproductive isolation can produce genetic structure is incompletely understood. In this dissertation, I investigated spatial and temporal trends in population genetic structure and estimated the effective population size (Ne) of Sockeye Salmon from Auke Lake in Southeast Alaska from contemporary genetic samples (2008, 2009, 2011) and historic demographic data (1980–2017). A simulation library in the R statistical environment was developed to assess the accuracy of parentage and sibship inference from genetic markers. This library proved useful in evaluating the sibship method for estimating Ne from genetic data and evaluating genetic markers for a large-scale parentage project. I detected substantial genetic differentiation between Auke Lake and other Southeast Alaska populations (average FST = 0.1137) and an isolation-by-time pattern within the Auke Lake population. A genetically distinct cluster was identified in the late portion of the 2008 return. This group may represent a spatially segregated spawning aggregation previously described in tagging studies; however, because fish were sampled as they passed through the weir, spatial structure within Auke Lake could not be evaluated. Genetic tests for demographic change within the population indicated that the Auke Lake Sockeye Salmon population underwent a historical bottleneck event but has since increased in size. Demographic estimates of Ne from a long-term dataset from the Auke Creek weir revealed that the effective population size was low in the early 1980s and has since increased. Over the six generations evaluated, the major demographic factors that determined Ne were variance in family size, variable contribution to the next generation by brood years within a generation, and fluctuations in population size. Contemporary estimates of Ne from genetic methods were smaller than those from demographic methods and indicated that Ne may be roughly the size of an individual return year. Genetic estimates of the ratio of the effective population size to the census size (Ne/Nc = 0.21) were consistent with values previously reported for other salmonids. Collectively, these chapters contribute to an improved understanding of Sockeye Salmon population genetics and provide a useful tool to assess the power of genetic markers for parentage and sibship inference.

Pacific Salmon & their Ecosystems

Author : Deanna J. Stouder
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461563755
Total Pages : 681 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Pacific Salmon & their Ecosystems by : Deanna J. Stouder

Download or read book Pacific Salmon & their Ecosystems written by Deanna J. Stouder and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-02 with total page 681 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The symposium "Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options',' and this book resulted from initial efforts in 1992 by Robert J. Naiman and Deanna J. Stouder to examine the problem of declining Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Our primary goal was to determine informational gaps. As we explored different scientific sources, state, provincial, and federal agencies, as well as non-profit and fishing organizations, we found that the information existed but was not being communicated across institutional and organizational boundaries. At this juncture, we decided to create a steering committee and plan a symposium to bring together researchers, managers, and resource users. The steering committee consisted of members from state and federal agencies, non-profit organizations, and private industry (see Acknowledgments for names and affiliations). In February 1993, we met at the University of Washington in Seattle to begin planning the symposium. The steering committee spent the next four months developing the conceptual framework for the symposium and the subsequent book. Our objectives were to accomplish the following: (1) assess changes in anadromous Pacific Northwest salmonid populations, (2) examine factors responsible for those changes, and (3) identify options available to society to restore Pacific salmon in the Northwest. The symposium on Pacific Salmon was held in Seattle, Washington, January 10-12, 1994. Four hundred and thirty-five people listened to oral presentations and examined more than forty posters over two and a half days. We made a deliberate attempt to draw in speakers and attendees from outside the Pacific Northwest.

Microevolution Rate, Pattern, Process

Author : Andrew P. Hendry
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401005850
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Microevolution Rate, Pattern, Process by : Andrew P. Hendry

Download or read book Microevolution Rate, Pattern, Process written by Andrew P. Hendry and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From guppies to Galapagos finches and from adaptive landscapes to haldanes, this compilation of contributed works provides reviews, perspectives, theoretical models, statistical developments, and empirical demonstrations exploring the tempo and mode of microevolution on contemporary to geological time scales. New developments, and reviews, of classic and novel empirical systems demonstrate the strength and diversity of evolutionary processes producing biodiversity within species. Perspectives and theoretical insights expand these empirical observations to explore patterns and mechanisms of microevolution, methods for its quantification, and implications for the evolution of biodiversity on other scales. This diverse assemblage of manuscripts is aimed at professionals, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates who desire a timely synthesis of current knowledge, an illustration of exciting new directions, and a springboard for future investigations in the study of microevolution in the wild.

A Test of Local Adaptation in Seasonally Separate Subpopulations of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha)

Author : Christopher V. Manhard
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (827 download)

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Book Synopsis A Test of Local Adaptation in Seasonally Separate Subpopulations of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) by : Christopher V. Manhard

Download or read book A Test of Local Adaptation in Seasonally Separate Subpopulations of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) written by Christopher V. Manhard and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Differences in fitness related traits were observed between first generation (F1) hybrid and control lines of temporally distinct subpopulations of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). The lines were cultured in a common freshwater environment, released to sea together, and collected at their natal stream as adults. Early-and late-run pink salmon, which are partially genetically isolated by the time at which they return to Auke Creek in Southeast Alaska to spawn, were crossed to create F1 and F2 hybrid groups in the even- and odd-year brood lines. Marine survival of controls exceeded that of F1 hybrids of the even-year brood line, whereas no difference in marine survival between those experimental groups was detected in the odd-year brood line. First generation hybrids expressed intermediate time of return relative to controls in both brood lines. Second generation hybrids exhibited similar embryonic development rates to controls in both brood lines. These results demonstrate that removal of a genetic barrier as fine as that which occurs within a brood line and location can disrupt local adaptation in a population of pink salmon, which may cause outbreeding depression in hybrids and may potentially reduce the overall biodiversity and productivity of the population.

Centennial-scale Influence of Climate, Fishing, and Artificial Production on Salmon Population Dynamics

Author : Michael Price
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (136 download)

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Book Synopsis Centennial-scale Influence of Climate, Fishing, and Artificial Production on Salmon Population Dynamics by : Michael Price

Download or read book Centennial-scale Influence of Climate, Fishing, and Artificial Production on Salmon Population Dynamics written by Michael Price and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are common and abundant species with substantial population and life-history diversity. While several studies have documented shifts in salmon abundance and diversity over the last several decades, it has remained a challenge to understand changes over longer periods, such as the last century of major human impacts. Here, I use sockeye salmon (O. nerka) in the Skeena River watershed as a case study to quantify how population-specific abundance and diversity have responded to fishing, artificial production, and climatic change over the last century. In Chapter 2, I demonstrate that contemporary period data are at an all-time low, resulting in an inability to assess the health of one-half of salmon populations returning to British Columbia's mid coast, including over 50% of Skeena sockeye populations. Importantly, 40% of populations assessed as at-risk would have improved in status had Canadian fisheries exploitation been reduced. In Chapter 3, I show that sockeye populations were 56% to 99% larger one century ago, and that fisheries selectivity of larger-bodied populations is the most probable driver of differences in rates of decline between populations. In Chapter 4, I add 1933-1947 baseline data that, when combined with 1913-1923, demonstrate that the total number of wild sockeye now returning to the Skeena is 69% lower than during the historical era. While artificial enhancement has returned aggregate abundances to historical levels, declines across all wild populations has increased the dependency of fisheries on enhanced fish, and decreased the provisioning of salmon to local fisheries and ecosystems. In Chapter 5, I quantify the influence of competition and climate as filtered by habitat on the response diversity of sockeye populations, and model future potential effects of warming temperatures on fish growth. While growth was lower in years with high temperatures and intraspecific competition, population-specific habitat played an important role in modulating the negative effect of temperature. Collectively, this body of work improves our understanding of the magnitude of different responses of populations to a century of change in climate, fishing, and artificial production, which can help realize the potential resilience of salmon in watersheds like the Skeena to future environmental change.

Genomic Insight Into the Evolutionary History of Premature Migration in Pacific Salmon and the Implications for Conservation and Management

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Author : Daniel James Prince
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780355451849
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Genomic Insight Into the Evolutionary History of Premature Migration in Pacific Salmon and the Implications for Conservation and Management by : Daniel James Prince

Download or read book Genomic Insight Into the Evolutionary History of Premature Migration in Pacific Salmon and the Implications for Conservation and Management written by Daniel James Prince and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here, genomic methods are used to investigate the evolutionary basis of premature migration in Pacific salmon, a complex behavioral and physiological adaptation that exists within highly-connected populations. Strikingly, premature migration is associated with the same single locus across multiple populations in each of two different species. Patterns of variation at this locus suggest that premature migration alleles arose from a single evolutionary event within each species and were subsequently spread to distant populations through straying and positive selection. The results reveal that complex adaptive variation can depend on rare mutational events at a single locus and suggest that a supplemental framework for conserving this adaptive variation is necessary to prevent the loss of significant biodiversity and ecosystem services.