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Microbial Biodiversity Of High Arctic Wetland Cryosolic Soils And Development Of Phylogenetic Microarrays For Polar Applications
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Book Synopsis Microbial Biodiversity of High Arctic Wetland Cryosolic Soils and Development of Phylogenetic Microarrays for Polar Applications by : Roland Wilhelm
Download or read book Microbial Biodiversity of High Arctic Wetland Cryosolic Soils and Development of Phylogenetic Microarrays for Polar Applications written by Roland Wilhelm and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Microbial Communities of Polar and Alpine Soils by : Laura Zucconi
Download or read book Microbial Communities of Polar and Alpine Soils written by Laura Zucconi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-11-10 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era by : National Research Council
Download or read book Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-08-08 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As we enter the twenty-first century, the polar biological sciences stand well poised to address numerous important issues, many of which were unrecognized as little as 10 years ago. From the effects of global warming on polar organisms to the potential for life in subglacial Lake Vostok, the opportunities to advance our understanding of polar ecosystems are unprecedented. The era of "genome-enabled" biology is upon us, and new technologies will allow us to examine polar biological questions of unprecedented scope and to do so with extraordinary depth and precision. Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Revolution highlights research areas in polar biology that can benefit from genomic technologies and assesses the impediments to the conduct of polar genomic research. It also emphasizes the importance of ancillary technologies to the successful application of genomic technologies to polar studies. It recommends the development of a new initiative in polar genome sciences that emphasizes collaborative multidisciplinary research to facilitate genome analyses of polar organisms and coordinate research efforts.
Book Synopsis Antarctic Terrestrial Microbiology by : Don A. Cowan
Download or read book Antarctic Terrestrial Microbiology written by Don A. Cowan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together many of the world’s leading experts in the fields of Antarctic terrestrial soil ecology, providing a comprehensive and completely up-to-date analysis of the status of Antarctic soil microbiology. Antarctic terrestrial soils represent one of the most extreme environments on Earth. Once thought to be largely sterile, it is now known that these diverse and often specialized extreme habitats harbor a very wide range of different microorganisms. Antarctic soil communities are relatively simple, but not unsophisticated. Recent phylogenetic and microscopic studies have demonstrated that these communities have well established trophic structuring and play a significant role in nutrient cycling in these cold and often dry desert ecosystems. They are surprisingly responsive to change and potentially sensitive to climatic perturbation. Antarctic terrestrial soils also harbor specialized ‘refuge’habitats, where microbial communities develop under (and within) translucent rocks. These cryptic habitats offer unique models for understanding the physical and biological ‘drivers’ of community development, function and evolution.
Book Synopsis Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes and Ecosystem Consequences by : F.Stuart III Chapin
Download or read book Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes and Ecosystem Consequences written by F.Stuart III Chapin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-08 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As human populations expand and have increasing access to technol ogy, two general environmental concerns have arisen. First, human pop ulations are having increasing impact on the earth system, such that we are altering the biospheric carbon pools, basic processes of elemental cycling and the climate system of the earth. Because of time lags and feedbacks, these processes are not easily reversed. These alterations are occurring now more rapidly than at any time in the last several million years. Secondly, human activities are causing changes in the earth's biota that lead to species extinctions at a rate and magnitude rivaling those of past geologic extinction events. Although environmental change is potentially reversible at some time scales, the loss of species is irrevo cable. Changes in diversity at other scales are also cause for concern. Habitat fragmentation and declines in population sizes alter genetic di versity. Loss or introduction of new functional groups, such as nitro gen fixers or rodents onto islands can strongly alter ecosystem processes. Changes in landscape diversity through habitat modification and frag mentation alter the nature of processes within and among vegetation patches. Although both ecological changes altering the earth system and the loss of biotic diversity have been major sources of concern in recent years, these concerns have been largely independent, with little concern for the environmental causes the ecosystem consequences of changes in biodiversity. These two processes are clearly interrelated. Changes in ecological systems cause changes in diversity.
Book Synopsis Life in Ancient Ice by : John D. Castello
Download or read book Life in Ancient Ice written by John D. Castello and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2005-04-10 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on a National Science Foundation-sponsored symposium organized by the editors in 2001, it comprises twenty chapters by internationally renowned scientists, including Russian experts whose decades of work has been rarely available in English."--Jacket.
Book Synopsis The High Arctic Environment and Polar Desert Soils by : Grant Fontain Walton
Download or read book The High Arctic Environment and Polar Desert Soils written by Grant Fontain Walton and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Molecular Ecological Characterisation of High-latitude Bacterioplankton by : Taylor Priest
Download or read book Molecular Ecological Characterisation of High-latitude Bacterioplankton written by Taylor Priest and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Arctic Ocean is undergoing irreversible perturbations as a result of accelerated climate warming. Of major significance is the expanding influence of Atlantic water that expedites sea-ice decline, alters stratification and vertical mixing of the water column and facilitates northward expansion of temperate biota. Our understanding on how these processes will impact biological communities is severely limited. The Fram Strait is the primary entry route for Atlantic water into the Arctic Ocean and exit point for polar water and sea-ice. With the presence of two major current systems combined with horizontal mixing processes, the Fram Strait is characterised by a longitudinal gradient of hydrographic regimes reflective of Arctic, mixed and Atlantic conditions. This provides an invaluable opportunity to study the ecology of microbes over an environmental gradient and under changing conditions. Furthermore, given its high-latitude position, it also facilitates investigations on how dramatic seasonal transformations in conditions, such as sea-ice cover and light availability, influence microbes in the context of water mass history. This thesis provides an ecological characterisation of microbial communities over temporal and spatial scales in the Fram Strait in an effort to address these topics. In Chapter II, we employed metagenomics from short- and long-read sequencing platforms to gain insights into microbial community composition across water masses in the Fram Strait. As that study incorporated the first PacBio HiFi (long-read) metagenomes from the marine environment, it was necessary to perform a methodological comparison. We show that using PacBio HiFi metagenomes, we are able to recover more metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) that, on average, are more complete, less fragmented and more frequently contain complete rRNA gene operons compared to using short-read metagenomes. This not only influenced our investigative toolkit throughout the remainder of this thesis but provides valuable data for future considerations on using long-read metagenomics in the study of marine microbial ecology. From the analysis conducted in Chapter II, we observed a flavobacterial clade that is commonly associated with coastal temperate ecosystems, the NS5 Marine Group, to be prominent in high-latitude waters. This motivated us to delve deeper into this group and understand their diversity and function. By combining cultivation, metagenomics, epifluorescence and transmission electron microscopy, we were able to delineate this group into four novel candidate genera and evidence distinctions in function and spatiotemporal dynamics at the species and genus level (Chapter III). In that study, we also presented the first pure isolate and complete genome for a member of the NS5 Marine Group. In Chapter IV, we performed the first high-resolution temporal analysis on microbial taxonomy and function in Arctic polar waters. Using a four-year 16S amplicon dataset and one annual cycle of PacBio HiFi metagenomes, we evidenced that Atlantic water influx and sea-ice cover had a profound impact on the composition and function of microbial communities. Based on their omnipresence irrespective of conditions, we also identified a small fraction of the community that likely represents the resident microbiome of the Fram Strait. Furthermore, we showed that a transition to low-ice and high Atlantic water influx shifted the community to one dominated by heterotrophic clades that are functionally linked to phytoplankton-derived organic matter. Our findings suggest that the continued expansion of Atlantic water into the Arctic Ocean will be reflected in a Biological Atlantification of the microbial community, with populations adapted to Arctic conditions exhibiting reduced ecological niche space. These changes will have implications for the future ecosystem functioning and the carbon cycle. In Chapter V of this thesis, we combined metagenomics and metatranscriptomics with analytical techniques to characterise the carbohydrate fraction of particulate organic matter and carbohydrate utilisation by microbes in the Atlantic waters of the Fram Strait during late summer. A high spatial heterogeneity was observed in both carbohydrates and their utilisation, which indicated patchiness in local productivity and a responsive microbial community. Carbohydrate utilisation was dominated by distinct microbial assemblages across sampling sites and consisted of populations making use of labile (communal) and more complex (specialist) substrates. We therein proposed that local biological and physical processes are important for continuing to shape the availability and utilisation of carbohydrates into the late summer. In an effort to clearly and concisely convey the main findings from this thesis in the context of its original aims, a detailed description on the current and future state of the Fram Strait and Arctic Ocean microbiome is provided in the discussion. In addition, insights and recommendations on how to apply long-read metagenomes to answer questions on microbial ecology is provided, given its fundamental importance for this thesis and its relative infancy in environmental research applications. Lastly, owing to it representing an underlying theme throughout much of the research conducted, a discussion on the ecological niche concept is provided along with a proposal for its redefinition in marine microbial ecology.
Book Synopsis Microbial Diversity, Activity and Functional Ecology of Permafrost and Cryptoendolithic Microbial Life in a Hyper- Arid Antarctic Dry Valley by : Jacqueline Goordial
Download or read book Microbial Diversity, Activity and Functional Ecology of Permafrost and Cryptoendolithic Microbial Life in a Hyper- Arid Antarctic Dry Valley written by Jacqueline Goordial and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A large fraction of Earth's biosphere is permanently cold, and cold-adapted microorganisms capable of growth at temperatures well below freezing have been found in cryoenvironments globally. It is now well established that permafrost--ground that remains at or below 0°C for at least two consecutive years--can host viable and active communities of microorganisms. The permafrost soils of the high elevation McMurdo Dry Valleys are the most cold, desiccating and oligotrophic on Earth; where the continuous aridity and cold results in the formation of dry permafrost overlaying ice-cemented permafrost, a rare condition that likely only occurs in this region. Little is known about the permafrost microbial communities in the high elevation Dry Valleys other than microorganisms are present. University Valley is a high elevation Dry Valley (1700 MASL), and is one of the coldest and driest locations in Antarctica (mean annual temperature ~ -25oC; no degree days above freezing). The objective of this study was to examine the microbial diversity, activity and functional ecology of microbial communities in two distinct habitats in University Valley: permafrost soils, and the sandstone rock which form the valley walls. We found total microbial biomass in University Valley permafrost was extremely low (103 cells/g), and microbial activity under ambient conditions was undetectable. Only 6 isolates were cultured after 2 years of effort using multiple medias and enrichment strategies. Surprisingly, given the low biomass and undetectable activity, University Valley permafrost soil had high microbial diversity, as determined by 454 pyrosequencing of bacteria, archaea, and fungi. Metagenomic sequencing of University Valley permafrost found there was a low diversity of stress response genes, and instead soils were enriched in genes involved with dormancy and sporulation. Our results contrast with reports on lower elevation Dry Valleys and Arctic permafrost, suggesting that the combination of severe cold, aridity, and oligotrophy is severely constraining microbial survival, and that active microbial life is potentially nonexistent. Intriguingly, genome sequencing of the sole bacterial isolate capable of subzero growth isolated from University Valley soils revealed the presence of genes associated with adaptation to cold and oligotrophy, as well as genome wide amino acid substitutions thought to confer crucial increased protein flexibility at low temperatures. In comparison to the soils, the sandstone rock in University Valley contained cryptoendolithic ('hidden within rock') microorganisms with a simple but functional community structure which included photoautotrophic algae, and heterotrophic fungi and bacteria. The cryptoendolithic microorganisms were capable of metabolic activity at in situ temperatures, and possessed a diverse suite of stress response and nutrient cycling genes to fix carbon under the fluctuating conditions the sandstone rock would experience during the summer months. Pyrosequencing of two cryptoendolithic communities found that these communities share few OTUs in common with the surface soils in University Valley. The source of the diversity seen in University Valley soils is thus likely a mixture of cryptoendoliths and wind deposited cells. This thesis outlines a natural setting in the high elevation Antarctic Dry Valleys, which is pushing the boundaries of terrestrial life on Earth. The permafrost soils of University Valley are not sterile, but are uninhabitable, and are selecting for dormancy and sporulation rather than for activity and growth. In contrast, the more clement conditions provided by the porous sandstone rock structure has fostered a thriving cryptoendolithic microbial community living within the same valley. These results are relevant to understanding the limits of life on Earth, as well as the possibility of life on other cold, terrestrial planetary bodies such as Mars. " --
Book Synopsis Microbial Ecosystems of Antarctica by : Warwick F. Vincent
Download or read book Microbial Ecosystems of Antarctica written by Warwick F. Vincent and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis High Bacterial Diversity of Biological Soil Crusts in Water Tracks Over Permafrost in the High Arctic Polar Desert by :
Download or read book High Bacterial Diversity of Biological Soil Crusts in Water Tracks Over Permafrost in the High Arctic Polar Desert written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper we report the bacterial diversity of biological soil crusts (biocrusts) inhabiting polar desert soils at the northern land limit of the Arctic polar region (83° 05 N). Employing pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes this study demonstrated that these biocrusts harbor diverse bacterial communities, often as diverse as temperate latitude communities. The effect of wetting pulses on the composition of communities was also determined by collecting samples from soils outside and inside of permafrost water tracks, hill slope flow paths that drain permafrost-affected soils. The intermittent flow regime in the water tracks was correlated with altered relative abundance of phylum level taxonomic bins in the bacterial communities, but the alterations varied between individual sampling sites. Bacteria related to the Cyanobacteria and Acidobacteria demonstrated shifts in relative abundance based on their location either inside or outside of the water tracks. Among cyanobacterial sequences, the proportion of sequences belonging to the family Oscillatoriales consistently increased in relative abundance in the samples from inside the water tracks compared to those outside. Acidobacteria showed responses to wetting pulses in the water tracks, increasing in abundance at one site and decreasing at the other two sites. Subdivision 4 acidobacterial sequences tended to follow the trends in the total Acidobacteria relative abundance, suggesting these organisms were largely responsible for the changes observed in the Acidobacteria. Finally, taken together, these data suggest that the bacterial communities of these high latitude polar biocrusts are diverse but do not show a consensus response to intermittent flow in water tracks over high Arctic permafrost.
Book Synopsis Psychrophiles: From Biodiversity to Biotechnology by : Rosa Margesin
Download or read book Psychrophiles: From Biodiversity to Biotechnology written by Rosa Margesin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-22 with total page 685 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cold adaptation includes a complex range of structural and functional adaptations at the level of all cellular constituents, and these adaptations render cold-adapted organisms particularly useful for biotechnological applications. This book presents the most recent knowledge of (i) boundary conditions for microbial life in the cold, (ii) microbial diversity in various cold ecosystems, (iii) molecular cold adaptation mechanisms and (iv) the resulting biotechnological perspectives.
Book Synopsis Life in Extreme Environments by : Guido di Prisco
Download or read book Life in Extreme Environments written by Guido di Prisco and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-10-15 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A diverse account of how life exists in extreme environments and these systems' susceptibility and resilience to climate change.
Book Synopsis Fungi of Antarctica by : Luiz Henrique Rosa
Download or read book Fungi of Antarctica written by Luiz Henrique Rosa and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-18 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the fungi found in one of the most pristine regions on Earth: Antarctica. It discusses the fungal occurrence in all substrates of the region, including soil, seawater, lake and marine sediments, rocks, ice, and snow. It also addresses the impact of climate changes on these organisms, the genomic techniques developed to study them, and how a number of compounds, such as antibiotics and enzymes, produced by the Antarctic fungi can be used in medicine, agriculture and the chemical industry.
Book Synopsis Polyextremophiles by : Joseph Seckbach
Download or read book Polyextremophiles written by Joseph Seckbach and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many Microorganisms and some macro-organisms can live under extreme conditions. For example, high and low temperature, acidic and alkaline conditions, high salt areas, high pressure, toxic compounds, high level of ionizing radiation, anoxia and absence of light, etc. Many organisms inhabit environments characterized by more than one form of stress (Polyextremophiles). Among them are those who live in hypersaline and alkaline, hot and acidic, cold/hot and high hydrostatic pressure, etc. Polyextremophiles found in desert regions have to copy with intense UV irradiation and desiccation, high as well as low temperatures, and low availability of water and nutrients. This book provides novel results of application to polyextremophiles research ranging from nanotechnology to synthetic biology to the origin of life and beyond.
Download or read book Life at Extremes written by Elanor Bell and published by CABI. This book was released on 2012 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From arid deserts to icy poles, outer space to the depths of the sea, this exciting new work studies the remarkable life forms that have made these inhospitable environments their home. Covering not only micro-organisms, but also higher plants and animals such as worms, fish and polar plants, this book details the ecological, biological and biogeochemical challenges these organisms face and unifying themes between environments. Equally useful for the expert, student and casual scientific reader, this book also explores the impact of climate change, rapid seasonal changes and pollution on these extraordinary creatures.
Book Synopsis Microbial Respiration by : Walter P. Hempfling
Download or read book Microbial Respiration written by Walter P. Hempfling and published by Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company. This book was released on 1979 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
