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Measuring The Efficiency And Productivity Of Agricultural Cooperatives
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Book Synopsis Measuring the Efficiency and Productivity of Agricultural Cooperatives by : Krishna Prasad Pokharel
Download or read book Measuring the Efficiency and Productivity of Agricultural Cooperatives written by Krishna Prasad Pokharel and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation focuses on measuring the efficiency and productivity for agricultural cooperatives in the United States using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Economic measures such as cost efficiency, economies of scale, and economies of scope are measured by estimating a cost frontier in a multiproduct framework. Productivity growth is measured using the biennial Malmquist index approach. The cost frontier is the basis for calculating cost efficiency, economies of scale, and economies of scope as the cost frontier estimation in a multiproduct approach describes how cost changes as output changes. The estimates of economies of scale and scope have important implications for agricultural cooperatives because most of the cooperatives sell more than one product. Understanding the impact of changing output levels or mixes on the cost structure is helpful to improve the performance of cooperatives. Further, scope economies estimate the percentage of cost savings through product diversification in a multiproduct firm. The trade-off between cost efficiency and multiproduct scale economies allows the estimation of whether a higher percentage of cost can be eliminated by becoming cost efficient or changing the scale of operations. The economic measures are estimated using a single cost frontier (multi-year frontier) and annual cost frontiers. Multiproduct economies of scale and economies of scope exist indicating that increasing scale and product diversification can reduce cost for agricultural cooperatives. The mean values of product-specific economies of scale for all outputs are close to one indicating that cooperatives are operating close to constant returns to scale. The comparison between cost efficiency and scale economies suggests that smaller cooperatives can save a higher percentage of cost by increasing the scale of operations rather than just becoming cost efficient. Because larger incentives exist for small cooperatives to increase scale, mergers will likely continue until economies of scale are exhausted in the industry. Annual estimates show that agricultural cooperatives have become less cost efficient over time, but economies of scale and economies of scope remain consistent across years. Many agricultural cooperatives face economies of scale indicating that variable returns to scale as opposed to constant returns to scale is the appropriate technology for modeling agricultural farm marketing and supply cooperatives. Further, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test and two sample t-test are used to examine whether economic measures estimated from a single frontier and annual frontiers are statistically different. The KS test and t-test indicate that economic measures obtained from the single frontier are statistically different from those measures calculated from annual frontiers. This indicates that the cost frontier has shifted over time. Productivity growth of agricultural cooperatives is estimated using the biennial Malmquist productivity index (BMI) under variable returns to scale over the period 2005 to 2014. The BMI avoids numerical infeasibilities under variable returns to scale compared to traditional methods. The BMI is decomposed into efficiency change and technical change to evaluate the sources of productivity growth. Overall, agricultural cooperatives gained 34% cumulative productivity growth during the decade allocated by -2% and 37% cumulative technical efficiency change and technical change over the study period. Technical change was the major source of productivity growth rather than efficiency change. Cooperatives can achieve higher productivity by increasing managerial efficiency and by investing in technology.
Book Synopsis Measuring the Performance of Agricultural Cooperatives by :
Download or read book Measuring the Performance of Agricultural Cooperatives written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Measuring the Performance of Agricultural Cooperatives by : United States Agriculture
Download or read book Measuring the Performance of Agricultural Cooperatives written by United States Agriculture and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2012-04-28 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The task of measuring the financial performance of cooperatives is made problematic by the attributes of the cooperative form of business. Most of the commonly used financial measures give an incomplete picture of a cooperative's performance. However, the extra value approach used in this report enables a cooperative's use of member-supplied funds to be fully measured-whether member capital is earning more, or less, than it could in alternative investments. The value a cooperative generates over and above its expenses, including an opportunity cost for its equity capital, is termed "extra value." A positive extra value indicates that a cooperative has created value by its operations, while a negative extra value means that a cooperative has actually diminished the value of members' investment. Extra value is measured by subtracting an interest charge on equity capital from net savings. Three different interest rates are used for the charge on equity. The December average British Banker's Association's London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (Libor) plus 200 basis points provides the basic reference rate. This Libor + 2 "basic" rate represents the commonly held opinion that banks in the United States will generally extend loans to a firm with a better-than-average credit rating, at an interest rate of about 200 basis points above the Libor. Extra value was also calculated at two higher rates, the basic rate plus 5 percentage points and the basic rate plus 10 percentage points, to reflect a range of risk premiums because investors consider equity investment riskier than debt. For comparisons over time and among different types of cooperatives, extra value is expressed as a percentage of operating capital. This common-sized index is thus scale- and operating mode-neutral. Extra value was calculated for 65 cooperatives that had been on USDA's top 100 cooperatives (based on revenue) list for at least 4 years in each of two 5-year time periods-1992 through 1996 and 2000 through 2004. Looking at these two time periods allows for an examination of how cooperative performance progressed over time. Additionally, averaging over multiple years should have helped minimize the impact of extraordinary factors on results.
Book Synopsis How to Measure the Efficiency of Agricultural Cooperatives in Developing Countries by : Johannes Kuhn
Download or read book How to Measure the Efficiency of Agricultural Cooperatives in Developing Countries written by Johannes Kuhn and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Analysis of Efficiency and Productivity of Midwestern Agricultural Cooperatives by : W. M. M. Chatura B. Ariyaratne
Download or read book An Analysis of Efficiency and Productivity of Midwestern Agricultural Cooperatives written by W. M. M. Chatura B. Ariyaratne and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United States. Department of Agriculture. National Economics Division Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :62 pages Book Rating :4.X/5 (3 download)
Book Synopsis Measurement of U.S. Agricultural Productivity by : United States. Department of Agriculture. National Economics Division
Download or read book Measurement of U.S. Agricultural Productivity written by United States. Department of Agriculture. National Economics Division and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Usefulness of Accounting Information in the Measurement of Technical Efficiency in Agricultural Cooperatives by : Isidoro Guzman
Download or read book The Usefulness of Accounting Information in the Measurement of Technical Efficiency in Agricultural Cooperatives written by Isidoro Guzman and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of the performance of agricultural cooperatives has become increasingly important in recent years, due to the significant role that they have in the agricultural food sector. In this context, the present study has a double aim: On one hand to use the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique in order to measure the efficiency of agricultural cooperatives, and on the other hand, to analyze if this technique is complementary to the traditional economic and financial ratio analysis. In order to achieve these objectives, an empirical study is carried out using the data of 247 observations made over a horizontal time span of three accounting years (2001-2003). The results show that the efficiency measures obtained by means of the DEA technique are an appropriate complement to the economic analysis of agricultural cooperatives.
Book Synopsis How to Measure the Efficiency of Agricultural Cooperatives in Developing Countries by : Johannes Kuhn
Download or read book How to Measure the Efficiency of Agricultural Cooperatives in Developing Countries written by Johannes Kuhn and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis How to Measure the Efficiency of Agricultural Cooperatives in Developing Countries by : J. Kuhn
Download or read book How to Measure the Efficiency of Agricultural Cooperatives in Developing Countries written by J. Kuhn and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis How to measure the efficiency of agricultural cooperatives in developing countries by : Johannes Kuhn
Download or read book How to measure the efficiency of agricultural cooperatives in developing countries written by Johannes Kuhn and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Operational Efficiency of Agricultural Cooperatives in Developing Countries by : Eberhard Dülfer
Download or read book Operational Efficiency of Agricultural Cooperatives in Developing Countries written by Eberhard Dülfer and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Basic considerations; Efficiency with respect to social and economic development targets; Motivational and organizacional aspects of cooperative efficiency; Efficiency of different patterns of cooperative farming in developing regions; Efficiency of different of service and credit cooperatives; Imperatives for management and financing of cooperative enterprises; Prerequisites for cooperative efficiency within agricultural development projects; Vocational training and education required for members and personnel of cooperatives in developing countries.
Book Synopsis Agricultural Cooperatives and Market Performance in Food Manufacturing by : Richard T. Rogers
Download or read book Agricultural Cooperatives and Market Performance in Food Manufacturing written by Richard T. Rogers and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Accelerating technical change through video-mediated agricultural extension: Evidence from Ethiopia by : Abate, Gashaw T.
Download or read book Accelerating technical change through video-mediated agricultural extension: Evidence from Ethiopia written by Abate, Gashaw T. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite a rapidly growing enthusiasm around applications of information and communications technologies (ICTs) to smallholder agriculture in developing countries, there are still many questions on the effectiveness of ICT-based approaches. This study assesses the effects of videomediated agricultural extension service provision on farmers’ knowledge and adoption of improved agricultural technologies and practices in Ethiopia. The study focuses on a program piloted by the Government of Ethiopia and Digital Green and poses three questions. First, to what extent does video-mediated extension lead to increased uptake of improved agricultural technologies and practices by smallholder farmers? Second, is video-mediated extension targeted at both spouses of the household more effective than when only targeted at the (typically male) household head? Third, how cost-effective is a video-mediated approach to extension provision? The study explores these questions with a randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the video-mediated approach as applied to three priority crops (teff, wheat, maize) and three technologies (row planting, precise seeding rates, and urea dressing). The trial was implemented in 347 kebeles (village clusters) during the 2017 meher (rainy) season in Ethiopia’s four most agriculturally important regional states. Analysis of data from our surveys of 2,422 households and 896 extension agents indicates that the video-mediated approach is more effective than the conventional approach in achieving several key outcomes. Specifically, we find that videomediated extension reaches a wider audience than the conventional approach and leads to higher levels of agricultural knowledge and uptake of technologies in those kebeles randomly assigned to the program. While our results do point to greater participation and greater knowledge of female spouses in kebeles where both male and female spouses were targeted by the program, we do not find clear evidence that the more inclusive approach translated into higher uptake of the subject technologies and practices. Finally, we find that the video-mediated approach becomes less costly as the scale of operation increases.
Book Synopsis The Relationship Between Performance and Governance in Agricultural Cooperatives by : See Yang (Agricultural economist)
Download or read book The Relationship Between Performance and Governance in Agricultural Cooperatives written by See Yang (Agricultural economist) and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous research in cooperative governance have modeled the relationship between performance and governance using econometric methods such as two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation and three-stage least squares (3SLS) estimation. This study uses an alternative modeling approach to cooperative governance--structural equation modeling. Treated in a novel way, cooperative performance is measured as a latent variable. The findings contribute a robust measurement model to the literature providing evidence that cooperative performance is best measured by qualitative indicators rather than quantitative financial indicators. The structural model suggests that cooperative performance is weakly associated with governance practices.
Book Synopsis Agricultural Cooperative Management and Policy by : Constantin Zopounidis
Download or read book Agricultural Cooperative Management and Policy written by Constantin Zopounidis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-06-05 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the use of farm level, micro- and macro-data of cooperative systems and networks in developing new robust, reliable and coherent modeling tools for agricultural and environmental policy analysis. The efficacy of public intervention on agriculture is largely determined by the existence of reliable information on the effects of policy options and market developments on farmers' production decisions and in particular, on key issues such as levels of agricultural and non-agricultural output, land use and incomes, use of natural resources, sustainable-centric management, structural change and the viability of family farms. Over the last years, several methods and analytical tools have been developed for policy analysis using various sets of data. Such methods have been based on integrated approaches in an effort to investigate the above key issues and have thus attempted to offer a powerful environment for decision making, particularly in an era of radical change for both agriculture and the wider economy.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Cooperatives and Mutuals by : Matthew S. Elliott
Download or read book Handbook of Research on Cooperatives and Mutuals written by Matthew S. Elliott and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2023-02-14 with total page 593 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This incisive Handbook provides a global update on the state of knowledge in cooperatives and mutuals, expertly describing future directions for research and education. Showcasing extensive discussions of cooperative theory, Matthew S. Elliott and Michael A. Boland, and the contributors, assess cooperatives' social, economic and environmental effects and analyse the impact of regional and cultural features that make cooperatives unique.
Book Synopsis Comparative Efficiency of Agricultural Cooperatives and Conventional Firms in a Sample of Quasi-Twin Companies by : Maria Giovanna Brandano
Download or read book Comparative Efficiency of Agricultural Cooperatives and Conventional Firms in a Sample of Quasi-Twin Companies written by Maria Giovanna Brandano and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The resilience of cooperatives and their positive contribution to employment in times of crisis is well established. However, their overall economic performance relative to conventional firms is still controversial, casting doubt on the ability of this alternative organizational form to govern the fundamental drivers of productivity. To shed new light on the issue, we study the comparative technical efficiency of agricultural cooperatives (ACs) and conventional firms (CFs), drawing on a unique data set comprising all wine-producing companies in Sardinia (Italy) from 2004 to 2009. Due to the similarity of the habitats in which the firms operate and the careful measurement of several key inputs, the observed units are 'twins' in all non-organizational respects, providing an ideal setting for comparison. Having generated efficiency scores through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), we regressed the scores on external covariates and ownership type using a pooled truncated maximum likelihood formulation. Our findings, which survive correction for spatial correlations, indicate that cooperatives are less technically efficient than their capitalist counterparts and struggle more to adapt to extreme weather fluctuations. Both results are particularly worrying in light of the main challenges facing the wine industry in the near future: liberalization of EU planting rights and climate change.
