Medical Marvels

Download Medical Marvels PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Prometheus Books
ISBN 13 : 1615922148
Total Pages : 425 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (159 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Medical Marvels by : Eugene W. Straus, M.D.

Download or read book Medical Marvels written by Eugene W. Straus, M.D. and published by Prometheus Books. This book was released on 2011-02-02 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medical Marvels is an introduction to some of the ideas, people, and accomplishments that have influenced the development of healing. While it examines and celebrates human ingenuity's most hallowed ground, it is not a history per se of medicine - it is equally concerned with our current climate, and it is a call to thought and action.Meet the people who continue to make a telling difference to the human condition - people like Hippocrates, Galen, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Gregor Mendel, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Louis Pasteur, Florence Nightingale, Oswald Theodore Avery, Harold Varmus, and Rosalyn S. Yalow. Discover what drove them and marvel at the brilliance of their contributions.Encounter great ideas - including the doctor-patient relationship, the germ theory of disease, vaccination, immunology, genetics, preventive medicine, stem cells, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and treatment - and learn about the art, science, and significance of these ideas.Within the context of discovery and compassion at the heart of every medical advance, Medical Marvels considers the powerful forces controlling both the science and distribution of healthcare. By reading this absorbing and important book, everyone interested in good healthcare will gain a new appreciation for the achievements, the roadblocks that have been overcome and those still looming, as well as the great promise medicine holds for the future.Healthcare is among the most significant issues of our time, and it will be more so in the future. If you want a powerful and accurate lens to understand the history of medicine as well as the societal and scientific challenges it is facing now and in the future - then Medical Marvels is for you.

Dr. Mutter's Marvels

Download Dr. Mutter's Marvels PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1592409253
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (924 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dr. Mutter's Marvels by : Cristin O'Keefe Aptowicz

Download or read book Dr. Mutter's Marvels written by Cristin O'Keefe Aptowicz and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2015-09-08 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A mesmerizing biography of the brilliant and eccentric medical innovator who revolutionized American surgery and founded the country’s most famous museum of medical oddities Imagine undergoing an operation without anesthesia, performed by a surgeon who refuses to sterilize his tools—or even wash his hands. This was the world of medicine when Thomas Dent Mütter began his trailblazing career as a plastic surgeon in Philadelphia during the mid-nineteenth century. Although he died at just forty-eight, Mütter was an audacious medical innovator who pioneered the use of ether as anesthesia, the sterilization of surgical tools, and a compassion-based vision for helping the severely deformed, which clashed spectacularly with the sentiments of his time. Brilliant, outspoken, and brazenly handsome, Mütter was flamboyant in every aspect of his life. He wore pink silk suits to perform surgery, added an umlaut to his last name just because he could, and amassed an immense collection of medical oddities that would later form the basis of Philadelphia’s renowned Mütter Museum. Award-winning writer Cristin O’Keefe Aptowicz vividly chronicles how Mütter’s efforts helped establish Philadelphia as a global mecca for medical innovation—despite intense resistance from his numerous rivals. (Foremost among them: Charles D. Meigs, an influential obstetrician who loathed Mütter’s “overly modern” medical opinions.) In the narrative spirit of The Devil in the White City, Dr. Mütter’s Marvels interweaves an eye-opening portrait of nineteenth-century medicine with the riveting biography of a man once described as the “[P. T.] Barnum of the surgery room.”

Medical Marvels

Download Medical Marvels PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Capstone
ISBN 13 : 1491482648
Total Pages : 33 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (914 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Medical Marvels by : Agnieszka Biskup

Download or read book Medical Marvels written by Agnieszka Biskup and published by Capstone. This book was released on 2016-08 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From robotic nurses to designer babies, the future of medicine may take some unbelievable twists and turns. Step into the future with Luna Li to find out how medical care may change in the next 100 years.--

Marvels of Medicine

Download Marvels of Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Liverpool University Press
ISBN 13 : 1789622670
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (896 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marvels of Medicine by : Yarí Pérez Marín

Download or read book Marvels of Medicine written by Yarí Pérez Marín and published by Liverpool University Press. This book was released on 2020-10-22 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Marvels of Medicine is one more valuable addition to the field and stands as an example of the intertextual delights available to us when we bring these skill sets to our reading of early medical writing. [...] The reader finds a rich blend of analysis of medical terminology and rhetorical strategies that opens up these medical works to a broader scholarship for consideration and shows how they added to the rise of a particular Latin-American consciousness and stand at an intersection of medicine and coloniality. [...] Marvels of Medicine offers a very interesting prism through which to engage with medical, social and literary thought in early modern scholarship and creates scope for similar intertextual analysis in this and later periods of medical writing.' - Fiona Clark, Bulletin of Spanish Studies

The Two-headed Boy, and Other Medical Marvels

Download The Two-headed Boy, and Other Medical Marvels PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780801489587
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (895 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Two-headed Boy, and Other Medical Marvels by : Jan Bondeson

Download or read book The Two-headed Boy, and Other Medical Marvels written by Jan Bondeson and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2004-09 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A successor to his popular book A Cabinet of Medical Curiosities, this new collection of essays by Jan Bondeson illustrates various anomalies of human development, the lives of the remarkable individuals concerned, and social reactions to their extraordinary bodies.Bondeson examines historical cases of dwarfism, extreme corpulence, giantism, conjoined twins, dicephaly, and extreme hairiness; his broader theme, however, is the infinite range of human experience. The dicephalous Tocci brothers and Lazarus Colloredo (from whose belly grew his malformed conjoined twin), the Swedish giant, and the king of Poland's dwarf--Bondeson considers these individuals not as "freaks" but as human beings born with sometimes appalling congenital deformities.He makes full use of original French, German, Dutch, Polish, and Scandinavian sources and explores elements of ethnology, literature, and cultural history in his diagnoses. Heavily illustrated with woodcuts, engravings, oil paintings, and photographs, The Two-Headed Boy and Other Medical Marvels combines a scientist's scrutiny with a humanist's wonder at the endurance of the human spirit. Contents: The Two Inseparable Brothers, and a PrefaceThe Hairy Maid at the HarpsichordThe Stone-childThe Woman Who Laid an EggThe Strangest Miracle in the WorldSome Words about Hog-faced GentlewomenHorned HumansThe Biddenden MaidsThe Tocci Brothers, and Other DicephaliThe King of Poland's CourtDwarf Daniel Cajanus, the Swedish GiantDaniel Lambert, the Human ColossusCat-eating Englishmen and French Frog-swallowers

Honey, Mud, Maggots, and Other Medical Marvels

Download Honey, Mud, Maggots, and Other Medical Marvels PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Mariner Books
ISBN 13 : 9780395924921
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (249 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Honey, Mud, Maggots, and Other Medical Marvels by : Robert Bernstein

Download or read book Honey, Mud, Maggots, and Other Medical Marvels written by Robert Bernstein and published by Mariner Books. This book was released on 1998-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers remedies from ancient Egypt to the rain forests of contemporary Latin America, and challenges the myth that modern clinical practice is the only effective form of medicine. The authors find that modern research often reveals a rational basis for supposedly outdated ideas. Most important, an increasing number of physicians, pharmaceutical researchers, and scientists are beginning to recognize the wealth of knowledge that can be retrieved from abandoned practices of earlier eras in Western medicine and from outside the boundaries of Western ideas entirely.

Dr. Mutter's Marvels

Download Dr. Mutter's Marvels PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1592409253
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (924 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dr. Mutter's Marvels by : Cristin O'Keefe Aptowicz

Download or read book Dr. Mutter's Marvels written by Cristin O'Keefe Aptowicz and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2015-09-08 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A mesmerizing biography of the brilliant and eccentric medical innovator who revolutionized American surgery and founded the country’s most famous museum of medical oddities Imagine undergoing an operation without anesthesia, performed by a surgeon who refuses to sterilize his tools—or even wash his hands. This was the world of medicine when Thomas Dent Mütter began his trailblazing career as a plastic surgeon in Philadelphia during the mid-nineteenth century. Although he died at just forty-eight, Mütter was an audacious medical innovator who pioneered the use of ether as anesthesia, the sterilization of surgical tools, and a compassion-based vision for helping the severely deformed, which clashed spectacularly with the sentiments of his time. Brilliant, outspoken, and brazenly handsome, Mütter was flamboyant in every aspect of his life. He wore pink silk suits to perform surgery, added an umlaut to his last name just because he could, and amassed an immense collection of medical oddities that would later form the basis of Philadelphia’s renowned Mütter Museum. Award-winning writer Cristin O’Keefe Aptowicz vividly chronicles how Mütter’s efforts helped establish Philadelphia as a global mecca for medical innovation—despite intense resistance from his numerous rivals. (Foremost among them: Charles D. Meigs, an influential obstetrician who loathed Mütter’s “overly modern” medical opinions.) In the narrative spirit of The Devil in the White City, Dr. Mütter’s Marvels interweaves an eye-opening portrait of nineteenth-century medicine with the riveting biography of a man once described as the “[P. T.] Barnum of the surgery room.”

Marvels of Medicine

Download Marvels of Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Liverpool Latin American Studi
ISBN 13 : 1789622506
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (896 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marvels of Medicine by : Yarí Pérez Marín

Download or read book Marvels of Medicine written by Yarí Pérez Marín and published by Liverpool Latin American Studi. This book was released on 2020 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marvels of Medicine makes a compelling case for including sixteenth century medical and surgical writing in the critical frameworks we now use to think about a genealogy of cultural expression in Latin America. Focusing on a small group of practitioners who differed in their levels of training, but who shared the common experience of having left Spain to join colonial societies in the making, this book analyses the paths their texts charted to attitudes and political positions that would come to characterize a criollo mode of enunciation. Unlike the accounts of first explorers, which sought to amaze audiences back in Europe with descriptions of strange and astonishing lands, these texts instead engaged the marvellous in an effort to supersede it, stressing the value of sensorial experience and of verifying information thorough repetition and demonstration. Vernacular medical writing became an unlikely early platform for a new form of regionally-anchored discourse that demanded participation in a global intellectual conversation, yet found itself increasingly relegated to the margins. In responding to that challenge, anatomical treatises, natural histories and surgical manuals exceeded the bounds set by earlier templates becoming rich, hybrid narratives that were as concerned with science as with portraying the lives and sensibilities of women and men in early colonial Mexico.

Madruga and Marvel's Medical Black Book

Download Madruga and Marvel's Medical Black Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781257818518
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (185 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Madruga and Marvel's Medical Black Book by : Md Facp

Download or read book Madruga and Marvel's Medical Black Book written by Md Facp and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

On Monsters and Marvels

Download On Monsters and Marvels PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226645614
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (266 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis On Monsters and Marvels by : Ambroise Pare

Download or read book On Monsters and Marvels written by Ambroise Pare and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2011-01-10 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ambroise Paré, born in France around 1510, was chief surgeon to both Charles IX and Henri III. In one of the first attempts to explain birth defects, Paré produced On Monsters and Marvels, an illustrated encyclopedia of curiosities, of monstrous human and animal births, bizarre beasts, and natural phenomena. Janice Pallister's acclaimed English translation offers a glimpse of the natural world as seen by an extraordinary Renaissance natural philosopher.

The Medical Book

Download The Medical Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Union Square + ORM
ISBN 13 : 1402792336
Total Pages : 820 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (27 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Medical Book by : Clifford A. Pickover

Download or read book The Medical Book written by Clifford A. Pickover and published by Union Square + ORM. This book was released on 2012-09-04 with total page 820 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A lively, accessible, and fully illustrated guide to the history of medicine, from ancient practices to cutting edge innovations. Clifford Pickover continues his popular series that includes The Physics Book and The Math Book with this volume chronicling the advancement of medicine in 250 entertaining, illustrated landmark events. Touching on such diverse subspecialties as genetics, pharmacology, neurology, sexology, and immunology, Pickover intersperses “obvious” historical milestones—the Hippocratic Oath, general anesthesia, the Human Genome Project—with unexpected and intriguing topics like “truth serum,” the use of cocaine in eye surgery, and face transplants.

The Great War and the Birth of Modern Medicine

Download The Great War and the Birth of Modern Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1643139002
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (431 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Great War and the Birth of Modern Medicine by : Thomas Helling

Download or read book The Great War and the Birth of Modern Medicine written by Thomas Helling and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2022-03-01 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A startling narrative revealing the impressive medical and surgical advances that quickly developed as solutions to the horrors unleashed by World War I. The Great War of 1914-1918 burst on the European scene with a brutality to mankind not yet witnessed by the civilized world. Modern warfare was no longer the stuff of chivalry and honor; it was a mutilative, deadly, and humbling exercise to wipe out the very presence of humanity. Suddenly, thousands upon thousands of maimed, beaten, and bleeding men surged into aid stations and hospitals with injuries unimaginable in their scope and destruction. Doctors scrambled to find some way to salvage not only life but limb. The Great War and the Birth of Modern Medicine provides a startling and graphic account of the efforts of teams of doctors and researchers to quickly develop medical and surgical solutions. Those problems of gas gangrene, hemorrhagic shock, gas poisoning, brain trauma, facial disfigurement, broken bones, and broken spirits flooded hospital beds, stressing caregivers and prompting medical innovations that would last far beyond the Armistice of 1918 and would eventually provide the backbone of modern medical therapy. Thomas Helling’s description of events that shaped refinements of medical care is a riveting account of the ingenuity and resourcefulness of men and women to deter the total destruction of the human body and human mind. His tales of surgical daring, industrial collaboration, scientific discovery, and utter compassion provide an understanding of the horror that laid a foundation for the medical wonders of today. The marvels of resuscitation, blood transfusion, brain surgery, X-rays, and bone setting all had their beginnings on the battlefields of France. The influenza contagion in 1918 was an ominous forerunner of the frightening pandemic of 2020-2021. For anyone curious about the true terrors of war and the miracles of modern medicine, this is a must read.

Marvels of Medicine

Download Marvels of Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781800851016
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marvels of Medicine by : Yarí Pérez Marín

Download or read book Marvels of Medicine written by Yarí Pérez Marín and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Marvels of Medicine' makes a compelling case for including sixteenth century medical and surgical writing in the critical frameworks we now use to think about a genealogy of cultural expression in Latin America. Focusing on a small group of practitioners who differed in their levels of training, but who shared the common experience of having left Spain to join colonial societies in the making, this book analyses the paths their texts charted to attitudes and political positions that would come to characterize a criollo mode of enunciation.

The Experiential Caribbean

Download The Experiential Caribbean PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469630885
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Experiential Caribbean by : Pablo F. Gómez

Download or read book The Experiential Caribbean written by Pablo F. Gómez and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2017-02-23 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Opening a window on a dynamic realm far beyond imperial courts, anatomical theaters, and learned societies, Pablo F. Gomez examines the strategies that Caribbean people used to create authoritative, experientially based knowledge about the human body and the natural world during the long seventeenth century. Gomez treats the early modern intellectual culture of these mostly black and free Caribbean communities on its own merits and not only as it relates to well-known frameworks for the study of science and medicine. Drawing on an array of governmental and ecclesiastical sources—notably Inquisition records—Gomez highlights more than one hundred black ritual practitioners regarded as masters of healing practices and as social and spiritual leaders. He shows how they developed evidence-based healing principles based on sensorial experience rather than on dogma. He elucidates how they nourished ideas about the universality of human bodies, which contributed to the rise of empirical testing of disease origins and cures. Both colonial authorities and Caribbean people of all conditions viewed this experiential knowledge as powerful and competitive. In some ways, it served to respond to the ills of slavery. Even more crucial, however, it demonstrates how the black Atlantic helped creatively to fashion the early modern world.

A Dictionary of Anaesthesia

Download A Dictionary of Anaesthesia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192518089
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Dictionary of Anaesthesia by : James Shorthouse

Download or read book A Dictionary of Anaesthesia written by James Shorthouse and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-03-23 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Dictionary of Anaesthesia features over 150 entries that clearly define and describe essential terms relating to the science and practice of anaesthesia. These entries include the specific drugs that anaesthetists apply, the techniques they utilize to induce anaesthesia, the equipment and monitoring they use during surgery, and problems or emergencies that can arise during the process. In addition, a comprehensive weblinks section is provided with hyperlinks to important professional and educational material in the world of anaesthesia. New to the second edition is the inclusion of a number of schematic diagrams that accompany and enhance selected entries within the dictionary. New entries include National Audit Project, Cell Salvage, and Non-invasive cardiac monitoring. Fully updated to include significant advances in the field of anaesthesia, the second edition of this dictionary provides an authoritative and specialist source of reference and teaching for students and practitioners.

Dr. Mutter's Marvels Deluxe

Download Dr. Mutter's Marvels Deluxe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0698196996
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (981 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dr. Mutter's Marvels Deluxe by : Cristin O'Keefe Aptowicz

Download or read book Dr. Mutter's Marvels Deluxe written by Cristin O'Keefe Aptowicz and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2014-09-04 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This enhanced eBook edition of Dr. Mütter’s Marvels includes over one hour of audio in which author Cristin O’Keefe Aptowicz shares facts, stories and insights about Dr. Mütter and his contemporaries that she discovered in her research but didn’t make it into the book. A mesmerizing biography of the brilliant and eccentric medical innovator who revolutionized American surgery and founded the country’s most famous museum of medical oddities Imagine undergoing an operation without anesthesia performed by a surgeon who refuses to sterilize his tools—or even wash his hands. This was the world of medicine when Thomas Dent Mütter began his trailblazing career as a plastic surgeon in Philadelphia during the middle of the nineteenth century. Although he died at just forty-eight, Mütter was an audacious medical innovator who pioneered the use of ether as anesthesia, the sterilization of surgical tools, and a compassion-based vision for helping the severely deformed, which clashed spectacularly with the sentiments of his time. Brilliant, outspoken, and brazenly handsome, Mütter was flamboyant in every aspect of his life. He wore pink silk suits to perform surgery, added an umlaut to his last name just because he could, and amassed an immense collection of medical oddities that would later form the basis of Philadelphia’s Mütter Museum. Award-winning writer Cristin O’Keefe Aptowicz vividly chronicles how Mütter’s efforts helped establish Philadelphia as a global mecca for medical innovation—despite intense resistance from his numerous rivals. (Foremost among them: Charles D. Meigs, an influential obstetrician who loathed Mütter’s "overly" modern medical opinions.) In the narrative spirit of The Devil in the White City, Dr. Mütter’s Marvels interweaves an eye-opening portrait of nineteenth-century medicine with the riveting biography of a man once described as the "P. T. Barnum of the surgery room."

The Doctors Blackwell: How Two Pioneering Sisters Brought Medicine to Women and Women to Medicine

Download The Doctors Blackwell: How Two Pioneering Sisters Brought Medicine to Women and Women to Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393635554
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (936 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Doctors Blackwell: How Two Pioneering Sisters Brought Medicine to Women and Women to Medicine by : Janice P. Nimura

Download or read book The Doctors Blackwell: How Two Pioneering Sisters Brought Medicine to Women and Women to Medicine written by Janice P. Nimura and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2021-01-19 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New York Times Bestseller Finalist for the 2022 Pulitzer Prize in Biography "Janice P. Nimura has resurrected Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell in all their feisty, thrilling, trailblazing splendor." —Stacy Schiff Elizabeth Blackwell believed from an early age that she was destined for a mission beyond the scope of "ordinary" womanhood. Though the world at first recoiled at the notion of a woman studying medicine, her intelligence and intensity ultimately won her the acceptance of the male medical establishment. In 1849, she became the first woman in America to receive an M.D. She was soon joined in her iconic achievement by her younger sister, Emily, who was actually the more brilliant physician. Exploring the sisters’ allies, enemies, and enduring partnership, Janice P. Nimura presents a story of trial and triumph. Together, the Blackwells founded the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children, the first hospital staffed entirely by women. Both sisters were tenacious and visionary, but their convictions did not always align with the emergence of women’s rights—or with each other. From Bristol, Paris, and Edinburgh to the rising cities of antebellum America, this richly researched new biography celebrates two complicated pioneers who exploded the limits of possibility for women in medicine. As Elizabeth herself predicted, "a hundred years hence, women will not be what they are now."