Management Strategies in Antithrombotic Therapy

Download Management Strategies in Antithrombotic Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780470518144
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (181 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Management Strategies in Antithrombotic Therapy by : Arman Askari

Download or read book Management Strategies in Antithrombotic Therapy written by Arman Askari and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-03-11 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intravascular thrombus formation remains one of the most significant problems in cardiovascular medicine. It underlies the clinical presentation of acute coronary syndromes, including unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. More and more individuals are stricken with an acute MI and undergo a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Several reasons apply, including an increasingly aged population, the growing burden of chronic risk factors such as diabetes, obesity, sedentary behaviour, and improvements in early recognition and intervention. Thrombus formation also results in substantial morbidity and mortality. Despite significant advances in prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism remains a common preventable cause of hospital deaths. Implementing the most appropriate, and safe, anticoagulation therapy across the spectrum of cardiovascular disease in the presence of a wide range of other risk factors remains a challenge. Written by leading authorities in the field, Management Strategies in Antithrombotic Therapy offers a comprehensive review of antithrombotic therapy, including the latest therapies, risk factors and evidence-based strategy. The book acquaints readers with the data behind the commonly used antithrombotic agents and assists them in formulating a sound, evidence-based therapeutic strategy appropriate for each patient. This book is an invaluable resource for all postgraduate students and specialist physicians in cardiovascular medicine, cardiac and vascular surgery, and critical care.

Antithrombotic Therapy

Download Antithrombotic Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781905036165
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (361 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Antithrombotic Therapy by : F. D. Richard Hobbs

Download or read book Antithrombotic Therapy written by F. D. Richard Hobbs and published by . This book was released on 2015-04 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Antithrombotic Therapy

Download Antithrombotic Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Professional Communications
ISBN 13 : 1932610634
Total Pages : 466 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (326 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Antithrombotic Therapy by : Richard C. Becker

Download or read book Antithrombotic Therapy written by Richard C. Becker and published by Professional Communications. This book was released on 2010-12-31 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical application of antithrombotic therapy in both arterial disease (acute coronary syndromes, acute MI, peripheral arterial disease, valvular heart disease, atrial fibrillation) and venous disease, (venous thromboembolic disease and pulmonary embolism). Results of major clinical trials and their implications for clinical practice.

Cancer-Associated Thrombosis

Download Cancer-Associated Thrombosis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420048007
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cancer-Associated Thrombosis by : Alok A. Khorana

Download or read book Cancer-Associated Thrombosis written by Alok A. Khorana and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-09-26 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Showcasing the expertise of top-tier specialists who contributed to the newly released guidelines for the care of thrombosis in cancer patients, this exciting guide was written and edited by members of the American Society of Clinical Oncology panel, (ASCO), on the prevention and treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis, among others, and provides

Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy

Download Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0195155645
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (951 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy by : Richard C. Becker

Download or read book Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy written by Richard C. Becker and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2006 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thrombotic disorders of the circulatory system represent the leading cause of morbidity, motality, and health care expenditure in the United States. Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy provides a practical, evidence-based approach to the management of thrombotic disorders for all clinicians involved in the care of patients with these disorders. It provides not only vital conceptual information on fibrinolytic and antithrombotic therapy, but also the means to apply it to everyday decision making and patient care. Focusing on managment guidelines and critical pathways, the text stresses practicality and usability. It will be a valuable resource for the wide range of clinicians involved in the care of patients with these disorders, including cardiologists, emergency physicians, primary care physicians, hematologists, neurologists, intensivists, pharmacists, and nurse practitioners. The origins of mammalian blood coagulation can be traced back over 400 million years. Despite its long history, it is only within the past century that this complex and pivotal teleologic system has begun to be understood. Most recently, the intricacies of hemostasis and pahtologic thrombosis have come to light, leading the way toward new, more effective, and safer treatment modalities. The Second Edition of Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy, even more concise and clinically relevant than the First, provides vital, evidence-based information on management of patients with arterial and venous thrombotic disorders. Since the First Edition, the text has been expanded to cover the evolving topics of atherothrombosis, thrombocardiology, hematologic/thrombophilic conditions, and vascular medicine. It includes up-to-date guidelines for antithrombotic and fibrinolytic therapy, and offers concise summaries of current "standards of care." Chapters are dedicated to discussions of patient-specific therapeutics and to the importance of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in defining genotype-phenotype relationships, while throughout the book coagulation, inflammation, and vascular medicine are newly examined as elements in an intricatley-linked triad of biochemical and cellular based phenomenology.

Gastroenterological Endoscopy

Download Gastroenterological Endoscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Georg Thieme Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3132578932
Total Pages : 1086 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (325 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gastroenterological Endoscopy by : Michael B. Wallace

Download or read book Gastroenterological Endoscopy written by Michael B. Wallace and published by Georg Thieme Verlag. This book was released on 2018-01-24 with total page 1086 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Highly Commended by the BMA Medical Book Awards for Internal Medicine! Written and edited by internationally renowned specialists, the third edition of Gastroenterological Endoscopy covers the entire spectrum of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for the upper and lower GI tract while providing the latest overview of GI disorders. A great wealth of high-resolution photographs provides the visual information needed to confidently assess and diagnose mucosal lesions of the entire digestive tract. Significant advances in the field—both medical and technical—since the last edition are covered in comprehensive detail. Key Features: New panel of top international editors, continuing the tradition of excellence, depth, and breadth as originated by founding editors Classen, Tytgat, and Lightdale; list of contributing authors is a "who's who" of GI endoscopy Coverage of newest, advanced tools and techniques: gastric-POEMS, submucosal tunnel endoscopic resection (STER), lumen-apposing metal stents, "over-the-scope" clips, and much more More than 750 exquisite images Gastroenterological Endoscopy, third edition, surely deserves a prominent place in any complete endoscopy reference collection.

Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy

Download Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019974906X
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy by : Richard C. Becker M.D.

Download or read book Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy written by Richard C. Becker M.D. and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2006-03-23 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thrombotic disorders of the circulatory system represent the leading cause of morbidity, motality, and health care expenditure in the United States. Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy provides a practical, evidence-based approach to the management of thrombotic disorders for all clinicians involved in the care of patients with these disorders. It provides not only vital conceptual information on fibrinolytic and antithrombotic therapy, but also the means to apply it to everyday decision making and patient care. Focusing on managment guidelines and critical pathways, the text stresses practicality and usability. It will be a valuable resource for the wide range of clinicians involved in the care of patients with these disorders, including cardiologists, emergency physicians, primary care physicians, hematologists, neurologists, intensivists, pharmacists, and nurse practitioners. The origins of mammalian blood coagulation can be traced back over 400 million years. Despite its long history, it is only within the past century that this complex and pivotal teleologic system has begun to be understood. Most recently, the intricacies of hemostasis and pahtologic thrombosis have come to light, leading the way toward new, more effective, and safer treatment modalities. The Second Edition of Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy, even more concise and clinically relevant than the First, provides vital, evidence-based information on management of patients with arterial and venous thrombotic disorders. Since the First Edition, the text has been expanded to cover the evolving topics of atherothrombosis, thrombocardiology, hematologic/thrombophilic conditions, and vascular medicine. It includes up-to-date guidelines for antithrombotic and fibrinolytic therapy, and offers concise summaries of current "standards of care." Chapters are dedicated to discussions of patient-specific therapeutics and to the importance of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in defining genotype-phenotype relationships, while throughout the book coagulation, inflammation, and vascular medicine are newly examined as elements in an intricatley-linked triad of biochemical and cellular based phenomenology.

Therapeutic Advances in Thrombosis

Download Therapeutic Advances in Thrombosis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118410904
Total Pages : 553 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Therapeutic Advances in Thrombosis by : David J. Moliterno

Download or read book Therapeutic Advances in Thrombosis written by David J. Moliterno and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-08-31 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Managing patients with thrombotic vascular disease is complex and challenging: Ischemic vascular disease remains a complicated interplay of atherosclerosis and thrombosis—even with the evolution in our understanding of the pathobiology of thrombosis. There has been tremendous growth in therapeutic options which are quickly finding their place in daily practice, including a remarkable expansion in the number of intravenous and oral antithrombotic agents and new antiplatelet agents Now more than ever, all cardiologists, hematologists, and specialists in vascular medicine, as well as other professionals, such as hospital pharmacists, who deal with prognosis and intervention in preventing thrombosis, need a resource that distills current knowledge of this important subject. Written and edited by today’s leading international, Therapeutic Advances in Thrombosis, 2e provides physicians with the very latest in medical and surgical advances in antithrombotic therapies. With this comprehensively updated edition you get: Coverage of virtually all aspects of venous and arterial thrombotic disease and the corresponding therapies Strategies to manage specific clinical conditions and how to tailor treatment to individual patient needs Updated chapters covering thrombolysis in ST-elevated myocardial infarctions; thrombosis in patients with diabetes, pregnancy, and renal dysfunction Special emphasis on the pharmacology of novel anticoagulants and their practical use in venous thromboembolism and atrial fibrillation. Plus, all chapters fully explore clinical trial designs and outcomes for particular treatment therapies, as well as contain the relevant ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines, so you can confidently apply what you learn.

Transvenous Lead Extraction

Download Transvenous Lead Extraction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 8847014662
Total Pages : 167 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Transvenous Lead Extraction by : Maria Grazia Bongiorni

Download or read book Transvenous Lead Extraction written by Maria Grazia Bongiorni and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-06 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last years, indications for defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy have expanded enormously; for this reason, and also due to the extension of human life length, the number of patients with implanted cardiac devices have steadily increased. The leads implanted for the functioning of these devices, however, have a limited duration in time and more and more their extraction will be a frequent issue in clinical practice, in order to treat short- and long-term complications, such as infections and failures. Aim of this book is to provide readers with a state-of-the-art on lead extraction techniques. The chapters deal with leads characteristics, indications to lead removal, patient preparation, tools and techniques for extraction, and prevention and management of complications. In addition, a series of tips and tricks on how to treat some particular conditions (tight cost-clavicular space, fractured leads, ICD leads, dangered leads...etc.), are given. A new extracting technique, according to which the extraction is performed through the internal jugular vein is described; several examples are included and many figures provide a thorough depiction of this innovative procedure. The volume will be an excellent resource for all those involved in the management of cardiac patients: cardiologists, arrhythmologists, cardiac surgeons, GPs, pediatricians, and post-graduate students in these disciplines.

Anticoagulation Therapy

Download Anticoagulation Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319737090
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Anticoagulation Therapy by : Joe F. Lau

Download or read book Anticoagulation Therapy written by Joe F. Lau and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-16 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the latest evidence and guidelines supporting the use of anticoagulant therapy for various clinical scenarios. The field of anticoagulation therapy is evolving rapidly, particularly since the arrival and widespread adoption of direct oral anticoagulants. Organized in two parts, this book reviews the pharmacologic properties of various anticoagulants and details the clinical applications of anticoagulant therapy. Drugs such as warfarin and unfractionated heparin, as well as parenteral and direct oral anticoagulants are discussed in terms of their pharmacokinetics, drug-disease interactions, dosing strategies, and risk considerations. Clinical applications of anticoagulant therapy in disorders such as acute coronary syndromes, atrial fibrillation, and thrombophilia and in special populations such as pregnant women, the elderly, and in the patient with cancer are highlighted. Clinical vignettes, algorithms, clinical pearls, and self-assessment questions are integrated throughout the book. Featuring contributions from authorities in the field, Anticoagulation Therapy is an essential resource for cardiologists, vascular medicine specialists, hematologists, internists, and all other healthcare professionals who prescribe anticoagulants.

Oral Anticoagulation Therapy

Download Oral Anticoagulation Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319546430
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oral Anticoagulation Therapy by : Kathryn Kiser

Download or read book Oral Anticoagulation Therapy written by Kathryn Kiser and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-31 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given the amount and complexity of information surrounding the the target specific oral anticoagulants a lengthy didactic educational format has the potential to be overwhelming to the reader and difficult to translate and apply to direct patient care. The proposed book will educate clinicians utilizing a series of clinical cases to simultaneously develop the readers’ knowledge base, problem-solving skills, and practically apply their new knowledge to a variety of clinical situations. These will be short focused case presentations that provide critical information and pose questions to the reader at key points in the decision making process. The cases will be relevant to what clinicians will encounter not only on a daily basis, but also reflective of scenarios that clinicians will not encounter regularly, but that they will have to act upon (e.g. a bleeding patient, patient scheduled for elective or emergent procedure, patient with changing renal function, patient on drugs that have a plausible yet unstudied drug interaction with a target specific oral anticoagulant etc). Included in the case studies will be evidence-based discussions (with appropriate references) that provide immediate feedback on the different treatment alternatives that were offered. The case studies will be designed to instruct the reader how to select and effectively utilize the most appropriate agent for a given clinical scenario. They will focus on key features of the target specific oral anticoagulants, what they have in common, how they are unique from each other, as well as illustrating the clinical decision process one should take when selecting an agent or managing a patient already receiving one of the target specific oral agents. ​

Inpatient Anticoagulation

Download Inpatient Anticoagulation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118067169
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Inpatient Anticoagulation by : Margaret C. Fang

Download or read book Inpatient Anticoagulation written by Margaret C. Fang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-10-07 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first practical guide for hospitalists on the use of anticoagulants in hospitalized patients This edited volume provides a comprehensive overview of the vital topic of anticoagulation in the hospital setting. Designed specifically for use by hospital-based clinicians and associated hospital-based staff, this fully evidence-based book addresses the most commonly used anticoagulant agents, the latest advances in anticoagulation drugs, and primary indications for their use at therapeutic levels. This thorough, easy-to-use reference summarizes the most important guidelines and medical literature on anticoagulation. It features a careful review of the epidemiology and treatment of complications associated with anticoagulants. Unique topics include transition of care and practical strategies for developing and implementing quality improvement programs to enhance the administration and safety of anticoagulants. This concise resource also covers: Antiplatelet medications The treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical patients Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in surgical patients Peri-operative management of oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents Prevention of cardioembolic stroke Antithrombotics for ischemic stroke Antithrombotic therapy for non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulants in hospitalized patients Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Hospitalists and other members of the patient care team will find that Inpatient Anticoagulation answers their questions with dependable and timely information.

Therapeutic Strategies in Thrombosis

Download Therapeutic Strategies in Thrombosis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Clinical Publishing Services
ISBN 13 : 9786610309955
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Therapeutic Strategies in Thrombosis by : S. D. Kristensen

Download or read book Therapeutic Strategies in Thrombosis written by S. D. Kristensen and published by Clinical Publishing Services. This book was released on 2005-12-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this new volume, leading authorities from around the world provide an evidence-based review of the therapeutic options currently available for the management of thrombosis. Topics covered include the use of aspirin for primary and secondary prophylaxis, platelet inhibitors, glycoprotein IIb and IIa inhibitors, pentasaccharides, warfarin, and other agents. Other sections discuss the implementation of antithrombotic therapy in managing specific clinical conditions such as pulmonary embolism, atrial fibrillation, stroke and diabetes, or as an adjunct to other procedures such as PCI.

Primary Angioplasty

Download Primary Angioplasty PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811311145
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Primary Angioplasty by : Timothy J Watson

Download or read book Primary Angioplasty written by Timothy J Watson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-13 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This quick-reference handbook offers a concise and practical review of key aspects of the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). In the context of STEMI, PPCI is the preferred mode of emergency revascularization. Access to PPCI is rapidly increasing and is now routinely practiced in both general and specialist hospitals and there has been a recent emphasis on developing STEMI networks to enhance and expedite the referral pathway. This coupled with concurrent developments to enhance the safety and efficacy of the PPCI procedure has heralded an era where STEMI interventions are increasingly considered an important subspecialty within interventional cardiology. Written by leading cardiologists who have been instrumental in the adoption of PPCI in their respective institutions, the book provides junior and senior cardiologists alike with insightful and thought-provoking tips and tricks to enhance the success of PPCI procedures, which may in turn translate into direct improvements in outcomes. The book is also relevant for healthcare providers and emergency department physicians.

Anticoagulation Therapy

Download Anticoagulation Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535126660
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Anticoagulation Therapy by : Ozcan Basaran

Download or read book Anticoagulation Therapy written by Ozcan Basaran and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-09-08 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The available parenteral and oral anticoagulants have a large clinical use. Understanding biochemistry of anticoagulants may help to improve therapeutic strategies. Resistance to vitamin K antagonist drugs might be a problem for rodent populations. Patients who have thrombogenic risk factors should be anticoagulated. The need for cardiac implantable electronic devices is increasing, and there is a substantial number of patients who are on oral anticoagulant therapy. Prothrombin complex concentrate and other plasma concentrates are useful to deal with over-coagulated situations. The efficacy and safety of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants have been proven in large phase III trials. The real-world data suggest even better outcomes with these agents compared to vitamin K antagonists.

Practical Manual of Interventional Cardiology

Download Practical Manual of Interventional Cardiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1447165810
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Manual of Interventional Cardiology by : Annapoorna Kini

Download or read book Practical Manual of Interventional Cardiology written by Annapoorna Kini and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-26 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical handbook is based on an internal working manual developed by staff and fellows at Mount Sinai Heart Cardiovascular Catheterization Laboratory, renowned for its high-volume and low complication complex coronary procedures. The Practical Handbook of Interventional Cardiology captures the knowledge and methodological know-how from leaders in interventional cardiology, it intends to guide users in a stepwise, methodical and practical approach through various cardiac interventional procedures in order to achieve maximum patient safety and improved outcomes. From patient selection, preoperative work-up, setting up equipment to step-by-step illustrations of various procedural details and troubleshooting, this handbook captures all the details necessary to perform the simplest to the most complex cardiac interventions. The book is designed for cardiologists and trainees who desire an efficient way to review the steps of various cardiac interventional procedures and a quick, reliable reference for everyday use.

Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Therapy

Download Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447142969
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Therapy by : Albert Ferro

Download or read book Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Therapy written by Albert Ferro and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-13 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title will be presented as highly practical information pn pharmaceutical antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy, written in a quick-access, no-nonsense format. The emphasis will be on a just-the-facts clinical approach, heavy on tabular material, light on dense prose. The involvement of the ISCP will ensure that the best quality contributors will be involved and establish a consistent approach to each topic in the series. Each volume is designed to be between 120 and 250 pages containing practical illustrations and designed to improve understand and practical usage of cardiovascular drugs in specific clinical areas.