Machine Learning For Evolution Strategies

Download Machine Learning For Evolution Strategies full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Machine Learning For Evolution Strategies ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Machine Learning for Evolution Strategies

Author : Oliver Kramer
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319333836
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (193 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Machine Learning for Evolution Strategies by : Oliver Kramer

Download or read book Machine Learning for Evolution Strategies written by Oliver Kramer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-25 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces numerous algorithmic hybridizations between both worlds that show how machine learning can improve and support evolution strategies. The set of methods comprises covariance matrix estimation, meta-modeling of fitness and constraint functions, dimensionality reduction for search and visualization of high-dimensional optimization processes, and clustering-based niching. After giving an introduction to evolution strategies and machine learning, the book builds the bridge between both worlds with an algorithmic and experimental perspective. Experiments mostly employ a (1+1)-ES and are implemented in Python using the machine learning library scikit-learn. The examples are conducted on typical benchmark problems illustrating algorithmic concepts and their experimental behavior. The book closes with a discussion of related lines of research.

Optimization for Machine Learning

Author : Jason Brownlee
Publisher : Machine Learning Mastery
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Optimization for Machine Learning by : Jason Brownlee

Download or read book Optimization for Machine Learning written by Jason Brownlee and published by Machine Learning Mastery. This book was released on 2021-09-22 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optimization happens everywhere. Machine learning is one example of such and gradient descent is probably the most famous algorithm for performing optimization. Optimization means to find the best value of some function or model. That can be the maximum or the minimum according to some metric. Using clear explanations, standard Python libraries, and step-by-step tutorial lessons, you will learn how to find the optimum point to numerical functions confidently using modern optimization algorithms.

Towards a New Evolutionary Computation

Author : Jose A. Lozano
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540324941
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Towards a New Evolutionary Computation by : Jose A. Lozano

Download or read book Towards a New Evolutionary Computation written by Jose A. Lozano and published by Springer. This book was released on 2006-01-21 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Estimation of Distribution Algorithms (EDAs) are a set of algorithms in the Evolutionary Computation (EC) field characterized by the use of explicit probability distributions in optimization. Contrarily to other EC techniques such as the broadly known Genetic Algorithms (GAs) in EDAs, the crossover and mutation operators are substituted by the sampling of a distribution previously learnt from the selected individuals. EDAs have experienced a high development that has transformed them into an established discipline within the EC field. This book attracts the interest of new researchers in the EC field as well as in other optimization disciplines, and that it becomes a reference for all of us working on this topic. The twelve chapters of this book can be divided into those that endeavor to set a sound theoretical basis for EDAs, those that broaden the methodology of EDAs and finally those that have an applied objective.

Theory of Randomized Search Heuristics

Author : Anne Auger
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814282669
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (142 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Theory of Randomized Search Heuristics by : Anne Auger

Download or read book Theory of Randomized Search Heuristics written by Anne Auger and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2011 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume covers both classical results and the most recent theoretical developments in the field of randomized search heuristics such as runtime analysis, drift analysis and convergence.

The Master Algorithm

Author : Pedro Domingos
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 0465061923
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Master Algorithm by : Pedro Domingos

Download or read book The Master Algorithm written by Pedro Domingos and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2015-09-22 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recommended by Bill Gates A thought-provoking and wide-ranging exploration of machine learning and the race to build computer intelligences as flexible as our own In the world's top research labs and universities, the race is on to invent the ultimate learning algorithm: one capable of discovering any knowledge from data, and doing anything we want, before we even ask. In The Master Algorithm, Pedro Domingos lifts the veil to give us a peek inside the learning machines that power Google, Amazon, and your smartphone. He assembles a blueprint for the future universal learner--the Master Algorithm--and discusses what it will mean for business, science, and society. If data-ism is today's philosophy, this book is its bible.

Genetic Algorithm Essentials

Author : Oliver Kramer
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331952156X
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Genetic Algorithm Essentials by : Oliver Kramer

Download or read book Genetic Algorithm Essentials written by Oliver Kramer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-07 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces readers to genetic algorithms (GAs) with an emphasis on making the concepts, algorithms, and applications discussed as easy to understand as possible. Further, it avoids a great deal of formalisms and thus opens the subject to a broader audience in comparison to manuscripts overloaded by notations and equations. The book is divided into three parts, the first of which provides an introduction to GAs, starting with basic concepts like evolutionary operators and continuing with an overview of strategies for tuning and controlling parameters. In turn, the second part focuses on solution space variants like multimodal, constrained, and multi-objective solution spaces. Lastly, the third part briefly introduces theoretical tools for GAs, the intersections and hybridizations with machine learning, and highlights selected promising applications.

Springer Handbook of Computational Intelligence

Author : Janusz Kacprzyk
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662435055
Total Pages : 1637 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (624 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Springer Handbook of Computational Intelligence by : Janusz Kacprzyk

Download or read book Springer Handbook of Computational Intelligence written by Janusz Kacprzyk and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-28 with total page 1637 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Springer Handbook for Computational Intelligence is the first book covering the basics, the state-of-the-art and important applications of the dynamic and rapidly expanding discipline of computational intelligence. This comprehensive handbook makes readers familiar with a broad spectrum of approaches to solve various problems in science and technology. Possible approaches include, for example, those being inspired by biology, living organisms and animate systems. Content is organized in seven parts: foundations; fuzzy logic; rough sets; evolutionary computation; neural networks; swarm intelligence and hybrid computational intelligence systems. Each Part is supervised by its own Part Editor(s) so that high-quality content as well as completeness are assured.

An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms

Author : Melanie Mitchell
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262631853
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms by : Melanie Mitchell

Download or read book An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms written by Melanie Mitchell and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1998-03-02 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic algorithms have been used in science and engineering as adaptive algorithms for solving practical problems and as computational models of natural evolutionary systems. This brief, accessible introduction describes some of the most interesting research in the field and also enables readers to implement and experiment with genetic algorithms on their own. It focuses in depth on a small set of important and interesting topics—particularly in machine learning, scientific modeling, and artificial life—and reviews a broad span of research, including the work of Mitchell and her colleagues. The descriptions of applications and modeling projects stretch beyond the strict boundaries of computer science to include dynamical systems theory, game theory, molecular biology, ecology, evolutionary biology, and population genetics, underscoring the exciting "general purpose" nature of genetic algorithms as search methods that can be employed across disciplines. An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms is accessible to students and researchers in any scientific discipline. It includes many thought and computer exercises that build on and reinforce the reader's understanding of the text. The first chapter introduces genetic algorithms and their terminology and describes two provocative applications in detail. The second and third chapters look at the use of genetic algorithms in machine learning (computer programs, data analysis and prediction, neural networks) and in scientific models (interactions among learning, evolution, and culture; sexual selection; ecosystems; evolutionary activity). Several approaches to the theory of genetic algorithms are discussed in depth in the fourth chapter. The fifth chapter takes up implementation, and the last chapter poses some currently unanswered questions and surveys prospects for the future of evolutionary computation.

Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs

Author : Zbigniew Michalewicz
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662033151
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs by : Zbigniew Michalewicz

Download or read book Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs written by Zbigniew Michalewicz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic algorithms are founded upon the principle of evolution, i.e., survival of the fittest. Hence evolution programming techniques, based on genetic algorithms, are applicable to many hard optimization problems, such as optimization of functions with linear and nonlinear constraints, the traveling salesman problem, and problems of scheduling, partitioning, and control. The importance of these techniques is still growing, since evolution programs are parallel in nature, and parallelism is one of the most promising directions in computer science. The book is self-contained and the only prerequisite is basic undergraduate mathematics. This third edition has been substantially revised and extended by three new chapters and by additional appendices containing working material to cover recent developments and a change in the perception of evolutionary computation.

Evolutionary Computation

Author : David B. Fogel
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0471749206
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (717 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Evolutionary Computation by : David B. Fogel

Download or read book Evolutionary Computation written by David B. Fogel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-01-03 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Third Edition provides the latest tools and techniques that enable computers to learn The Third Edition of this internationally acclaimed publication provides the latest theory and techniques for using simulated evolution to achieve machine intelligence. As a leading advocate for evolutionary computation, the author has successfully challenged the traditional notion of artificial intelligence, which essentially programs human knowledge fact by fact, but does not have the capacity to learn or adapt as evolutionary computation does. Readers gain an understanding of the history of evolutionary computation, which provides a foundation for the author's thorough presentation of the latest theories shaping current research. Balancing theory with practice, the author provides readers with the skills they need to apply evolutionary algorithms that can solve many of today's intransigent problems by adapting to new challenges and learning from experience. Several examples are provided that demonstrate how these evolutionary algorithms learn to solve problems. In particular, the author provides a detailed example of how an algorithm is used to evolve strategies for playing chess and checkers. As readers progress through the publication, they gain an increasing appreciation and understanding of the relationship between learning and intelligence. Readers familiar with the previous editions will discover much new and revised material that brings the publication thoroughly up to date with the latest research, including the latest theories and empirical properties of evolutionary computation. The Third Edition also features new knowledge-building aids. Readers will find a host of new and revised examples. New questions at the end of each chapter enable readers to test their knowledge. Intriguing assignments that prepare readers to manage challenges in industry and research have been added to the end of each chapter as well. This is a must-have reference for professionals in computer and electrical engineering; it provides them with the very latest techniques and applications in machine intelligence. With its question sets and assignments, the publication is also recommended as a graduate-level textbook.

Introduction to Evolutionary Computing

Author : A.E. Eiben
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540401841
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Introduction to Evolutionary Computing by : A.E. Eiben

Download or read book Introduction to Evolutionary Computing written by A.E. Eiben and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-06 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first complete overview of evolutionary computing, the collective name for a range of problem-solving techniques based on principles of biological evolution, such as natural selection and genetic inheritance. The text is aimed directly at lecturers and graduate and undergraduate students. It is also meant for those who wish to apply evolutionary computing to a particular problem or within a given application area. The book contains quick-reference information on the current state-of-the-art in a wide range of related topics, so it is of interest not just to evolutionary computing specialists but to researchers working in other fields.

Evolutionary Machine Learning Techniques

Author : Seyedali Mirjalili
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9813299908
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Evolutionary Machine Learning Techniques by : Seyedali Mirjalili

Download or read book Evolutionary Machine Learning Techniques written by Seyedali Mirjalili and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-11 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an in-depth analysis of the current evolutionary machine learning techniques. Discussing the most highly regarded methods for classification, clustering, regression, and prediction, it includes techniques such as support vector machines, extreme learning machines, evolutionary feature selection, artificial neural networks including feed-forward neural networks, multi-layer perceptron, probabilistic neural networks, self-optimizing neural networks, radial basis function networks, recurrent neural networks, spiking neural networks, neuro-fuzzy networks, modular neural networks, physical neural networks, and deep neural networks. The book provides essential definitions, literature reviews, and the training algorithms for machine learning using classical and modern nature-inspired techniques. It also investigates the pros and cons of classical training algorithms. It features a range of proven and recent nature-inspired algorithms used to train different types of artificial neural networks, including genetic algorithm, ant colony optimization, particle swarm optimization, grey wolf optimizer, whale optimization algorithm, ant lion optimizer, moth flame algorithm, dragonfly algorithm, salp swarm algorithm, multi-verse optimizer, and sine cosine algorithm. The book also covers applications of the improved artificial neural networks to solve classification, clustering, prediction and regression problems in diverse fields.

Data-Driven Evolutionary Optimization

Author : Yaochu Jin
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030746402
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Data-Driven Evolutionary Optimization by : Yaochu Jin

Download or read book Data-Driven Evolutionary Optimization written by Yaochu Jin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-28 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intended for researchers and practitioners alike, this book covers carefully selected yet broad topics in optimization, machine learning, and metaheuristics. Written by world-leading academic researchers who are extremely experienced in industrial applications, this self-contained book is the first of its kind that provides comprehensive background knowledge, particularly practical guidelines, and state-of-the-art techniques. New algorithms are carefully explained, further elaborated with pseudocode or flowcharts, and full working source code is made freely available. This is followed by a presentation of a variety of data-driven single- and multi-objective optimization algorithms that seamlessly integrate modern machine learning such as deep learning and transfer learning with evolutionary and swarm optimization algorithms. Applications of data-driven optimization ranging from aerodynamic design, optimization of industrial processes, to deep neural architecture search are included.

Recent Advances in Simulated Evolution and Learning

Author : K. C. Tan
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 981256179X
Total Pages : 836 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (125 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Simulated Evolution and Learning by : K. C. Tan

Download or read book Recent Advances in Simulated Evolution and Learning written by K. C. Tan and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2004 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inspired by the Darwinian framework of evolution through natural selection and adaptation, the field of evolutionary computation has been growing very rapidly, and is today involved in many diverse application areas. This book covers the latest advances in the theories, algorithms, and applications of simulated evolution and learning techniques. It provides insights into different evolutionary computation techniques and their applications in domains such as scheduling, control and power, robotics, signal processing, and bioinformatics. The book will be of significant value to all postgraduates, research scientists and practitioners dealing with evolutionary computation or complex real-world problems. This book has been selected for coverage in: . OCo Index to Scientific & Technical Proceedings (ISTP CDROM version / ISI Proceedings). OCo CC Proceedings OCo Engineering & Physical Sciences. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1: Co-Evolutionary Learning in Strategic Environments (231 KB). Contents: Evolutionary Theory: Using Evolution to Learn User Preferences (S Ujjin & P J Bentley); Evolutionary Learning Strategies for Artificial Life Characters (M L Netto et al.); The Influence of Stochastic Quality Functions on Evolutionary Search (B Sendhoff et al.); A Real-Coded Cellular Genetic Algorithm Inspired by PredatorOCoPrey Interactions (X Li & S Sutherland); Automatic Modularization with Speciated Neural Network Ensemble (V R Khare & X Yao); Evolutionary Applications: Image Classification using Particle Swarm Optimization (M G Omran et al.); Evolution of Fuzzy Rule Based Controllers for Dynamic Environments (J Riley & V Ciesielski); A Genetic Algorithm for Joint Optimization of Spare Capacity and Delay in Self-Healing Network (S Kwong & H W Chong); Joint Attention in the Mimetic Context OCo What is a OC Mimetic SameOCO? (T Shiose et al.); Time Series Forecast with Elman Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms (L X Xu et al.); and other articles. Readership: Upper level undergraduates, graduate students, academics, researchers and industrialists in artificial intelligence, evolutionary computation, fuzzy logic and neural networks."

Reinforcement Learning Algorithms with Python

Author : Andrea Lonza
Publisher : Packt Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1789139708
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (891 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Reinforcement Learning Algorithms with Python by : Andrea Lonza

Download or read book Reinforcement Learning Algorithms with Python written by Andrea Lonza and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2019-10-18 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Develop self-learning algorithms and agents using TensorFlow and other Python tools, frameworks, and libraries Key FeaturesLearn, develop, and deploy advanced reinforcement learning algorithms to solve a variety of tasksUnderstand and develop model-free and model-based algorithms for building self-learning agentsWork with advanced Reinforcement Learning concepts and algorithms such as imitation learning and evolution strategiesBook Description Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a popular and promising branch of AI that involves making smarter models and agents that can automatically determine ideal behavior based on changing requirements. This book will help you master RL algorithms and understand their implementation as you build self-learning agents. Starting with an introduction to the tools, libraries, and setup needed to work in the RL environment, this book covers the building blocks of RL and delves into value-based methods, such as the application of Q-learning and SARSA algorithms. You'll learn how to use a combination of Q-learning and neural networks to solve complex problems. Furthermore, you'll study the policy gradient methods, TRPO, and PPO, to improve performance and stability, before moving on to the DDPG and TD3 deterministic algorithms. This book also covers how imitation learning techniques work and how Dagger can teach an agent to drive. You'll discover evolutionary strategies and black-box optimization techniques, and see how they can improve RL algorithms. Finally, you'll get to grips with exploration approaches, such as UCB and UCB1, and develop a meta-algorithm called ESBAS. By the end of the book, you'll have worked with key RL algorithms to overcome challenges in real-world applications, and be part of the RL research community. What you will learnDevelop an agent to play CartPole using the OpenAI Gym interfaceDiscover the model-based reinforcement learning paradigmSolve the Frozen Lake problem with dynamic programmingExplore Q-learning and SARSA with a view to playing a taxi gameApply Deep Q-Networks (DQNs) to Atari games using GymStudy policy gradient algorithms, including Actor-Critic and REINFORCEUnderstand and apply PPO and TRPO in continuous locomotion environmentsGet to grips with evolution strategies for solving the lunar lander problemWho this book is for If you are an AI researcher, deep learning user, or anyone who wants to learn reinforcement learning from scratch, this book is for you. You’ll also find this reinforcement learning book useful if you want to learn about the advancements in the field. Working knowledge of Python is necessary.

Hands-On Neuroevolution with Python

Author : Iaroslav Omelianenko
Publisher : Packt Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1838822003
Total Pages : 359 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (388 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Hands-On Neuroevolution with Python by : Iaroslav Omelianenko

Download or read book Hands-On Neuroevolution with Python written by Iaroslav Omelianenko and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2019-12-24 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increase the performance of various neural network architectures using NEAT, HyperNEAT, ES-HyperNEAT, Novelty Search, SAFE, and deep neuroevolution Key FeaturesImplement neuroevolution algorithms to improve the performance of neural network architecturesUnderstand evolutionary algorithms and neuroevolution methods with real-world examplesLearn essential neuroevolution concepts and how they are used in domains including games, robotics, and simulationsBook Description Neuroevolution is a form of artificial intelligence learning that uses evolutionary algorithms to simplify the process of solving complex tasks in domains such as games, robotics, and the simulation of natural processes. This book will give you comprehensive insights into essential neuroevolution concepts and equip you with the skills you need to apply neuroevolution-based algorithms to solve practical, real-world problems. You'll start with learning the key neuroevolution concepts and methods by writing code with Python. You'll also get hands-on experience with popular Python libraries and cover examples of classical reinforcement learning, path planning for autonomous agents, and developing agents to autonomously play Atari games. Next, you'll learn to solve common and not-so-common challenges in natural computing using neuroevolution-based algorithms. Later, you'll understand how to apply neuroevolution strategies to existing neural network designs to improve training and inference performance. Finally, you'll gain clear insights into the topology of neural networks and how neuroevolution allows you to develop complex networks, starting with simple ones. By the end of this book, you will not only have explored existing neuroevolution-based algorithms, but also have the skills you need to apply them in your research and work assignments. What you will learnDiscover the most popular neuroevolution algorithms – NEAT, HyperNEAT, and ES-HyperNEATExplore how to implement neuroevolution-based algorithms in PythonGet up to speed with advanced visualization tools to examine evolved neural network graphsUnderstand how to examine the results of experiments and analyze algorithm performanceDelve into neuroevolution techniques to improve the performance of existing methodsApply deep neuroevolution to develop agents for playing Atari gamesWho this book is for This book is for machine learning practitioners, deep learning researchers, and AI enthusiasts who are looking to implement neuroevolution algorithms from scratch. Working knowledge of the Python programming language and basic knowledge of deep learning and neural networks are mandatory.

Evolutionary Computation 1

Author : Thomas Baeck
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351989421
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Evolutionary Computation 1 by : Thomas Baeck

Download or read book Evolutionary Computation 1 written by Thomas Baeck and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of evolutionary computation is expanding dramatically, fueled by the vast investment that reflects the value of applying its techniques. Culling material from the Handbook of Evolutionary Computation, Evolutionary Computation 1: Basic Algorithms and Operators contains up-to-date information on algorithms and operators used in evolutionary computing. This volume discusses the basic ideas that underlie the main paradigms of evolutionary algorithms, evolution strategies, evolutionary programming, and genetic programming. It is intended to be used by individual researchers, teachers, and students working and studying in this expanding field.