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Download or read book Low Temperature and High Salt Concentration Effects on General CO2 Corrosion for Carbon Steel written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Fazlollah Madani Sani
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 670 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book The Effect of Salt Concentration on Aqueous Strong Acid, Carbon Dioxide, and Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion of Carbon Steel written by Fazlollah Madani Sani and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aqueous brines are often produced during hydrocarbon recovery from geological reservoirs as an unwanted by-product. Degree of salinity is always an issue in produced water. In the USA, salt concentration in waters produced from conventional oil and gas wells falls in the range of 1 g/l (~ 0.1 wt.%) to 400 g/l (~ 28 wt.%). Besides salts, CO2 and H2S are ubiquitous in the production stream. Dissolution of these gases in produced waters results in evolution of corrosive species, such as CO2(aq), H2S(aq), H2CO3(aq), H+(aq), HCO-3(aq), and HS-(aq) that cause severe corrosion problems for carbon steel; primary material used in the construction of oil and gas pipelines. Combination of aqueous salts with dissolved CO2(aq) and H2S(aq) and their related species, has always been a great concern for pipeline operators in terms of corrosion problems. A large body of research exists on CO2 and H2S corrosion of oil and gas facilities, mostly at low salt concentrations; up to 3 wt.%. However, only a limited number of studies has investigated CO2 corrosion at high salt concentrations and to the best of this author’s knowledge, this number is zero for H2S corrosion. In the present study, the effect of salt (NaCl) concentration on aqueous uniform strong acid, CO2, and H2S corrosion of carbon steel is investigated. The key parameters in the corrosion process that are influenced by salt concentration are identified: transport phenomena (solution density, solution viscosity and diffusion coefficients of dissolved species), solution chemistry, and electrochemistry of the underlying reactions. Models have been reproduced and developed to account for the effect of salinity (up to ~ 5 m NaCl) on transport phenomena and solution chemistry. The Smolyakov and the square root (Kohlrausch law) equations were chosen for correcting the diffusion coefficients for the effect of temperature, and salt concentration, respectively, using new coefficients obtained in this study. The mixed solvent electrolyte (MSE) model, which is the only comprehensive solution chemistry model available in the literature for the H2O-NaCl-CO2-H2S systems is reproduced. The MSE model is used to calculate the equilibrium activity and activity coefficients of dissolved species important in aqueous strong acids, CO2, and H2S corrosion of carbon steel. pH measurements at 1 bar total pressure and temperatures below 80oC showed that the autogenous pH of aqueous CO2- and H2S-saturated solutions decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. The reason for the decrease in the solution pH was attributed to the increase in the activity coefficient of the H+ ion. The effect of salt concentration on electrochemistry and rate of strong acid, CO2, and H2S corrosion was studied by performing eight sets of experiments in aqueous N2-, CO2-, and H2S-satuared solutions at temperatures below 80oC, 1 bar total pressure, solution pH values between 3 to 5, and different NaCl concentrations, ranging from 0.1 wt.% (0.017 m) to 20 wt.% (4.27 m). The weight loss and linear polarization resistance corrosion rate measurements showed that the corrosion rate for all three types of corrosion generally decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. The analysis of potentiodynamic polarization sweeps indicated that increasing NaCl concentration decreased the rate of the cathodic H+ ion reduction reaction continually, while the rate of the cathodic water reduction reaction was mostly increased. The rate of anodic dissolution of iron in the active region increased at lower NaCl concentrations and then switched trend and decreased at higher NaCl concentrations. In strong acid corrosion, salt concentration seemed to have no effect on the mechanism of active dissolution of iron.
Author : A. M. El-Sherik
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0081012195
Total Pages : 928 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)
Download or read book Trends in Oil and Gas Corrosion Research and Technologies written by A. M. El-Sherik and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-06-09 with total page 928 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trends in Oil and Gas Corrosion Research and Technologies: Production and Transmission delivers the most up-to-date and highly multidisciplinary reference available to identify emerging developments, fundamental mechanisms and the technologies necessary in one unified source. Starting with a brief explanation on corrosion management that also addresses today’s most challenging issues for oil and gas production and transmission operations, the book dives into the latest advances in microbiology-influenced corrosion and other corrosion threats, such as stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen damage just to name a few. In addition, it covers testing and monitoring techniques, such as molecular microbiology and online monitoring for surface and subsurface facilities, mitigation tools, including coatings, nano-packaged biocides, modeling and prediction, cathodic protection and new steels and non-metallics. Rounding out with an extensive glossary and list of abbreviations, the book equips upstream and midstream corrosion professionals in the oil and gas industry with the most advanced collection of topics and solutions to responsibly help solve today’s oil and gas corrosion challenges. Covers the latest in corrosion mitigation techniques, such as corrosion inhibitors, biocides, non-metallics, coatings, and modeling and prediction Solves knowledge gaps with the most current technology and discoveries on specific corrosion mechanisms, highlighting where future research and industry efforts should be concentrated Achieves practical and balanced understanding with a full spectrum of subjects presented from multiple academic and world-renowned contributors in the industry
Author : Roger Gordon Bates
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)
Download or read book Determination of PH written by Roger Gordon Bates and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In portraying the rise and fall, in eighteenth century Ireland and England, of Barry Lyndon - an adventurer-gambler, a cad and a romantic idealist - Kubrick departs from Thackeray's picaresque novel in scope and tone. The first person narrator of the novel gives way in the film to the third person who assumes a good deal of the storytelling function, adding to the sense of detachment and abstraction typical of Kubrick. The way that this film polarised the critics suggests that it may hold a key to his oeuvre. Enervating pictorialism or a stately meditation upon the trappings of cultural ritual that we call civilisation? The painterly tableaux suggest the 'otherness' of a past era - a world as alien as that of 2001 - in a way matched by few other period films.
Author : Lester Stanley Champion
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 106 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (375 download)
Download or read book The Effect of Temperature and Salt Concentration on Subaqueous Corrosion of Steel written by Lester Stanley Champion and published by . This book was released on 1923 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Linda Garverick
Publisher : ASM International
ISBN 13 : 9780871705051
Total Pages : 524 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (5 download)
Download or read book Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry written by Linda Garverick and published by ASM International. This book was released on 1994-01-01 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive collection of peer-reviewed data and information on corrosion in the petroleum, petrochemical, and chemical processing industries from a number of ASM International publications. The principal sources are Corrosion, Volume 13, and Failure Analysis and Prevention, Volume 11 of ASM H
Author : Diyana Ghazali
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 39 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)
Download or read book A Study of Corrosion to the Carbon Steel in the Present of Carbon Dioxide written by Diyana Ghazali and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study describes on effect of several environmental factors of the corrosion rate in the pipeline. Transmission gas pipeline is an important part of oil and gas industries and the carbon steel is a primary material for construction the pipeline due to its low cost and availability, but it is very susceptible to corrosion in CO2 environments. Carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion is the major problem in oil and gas industries that causes the pipeline failures. Aqueous carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) is corrosive and corrodes the carbon steel pipelines and it is influenced by several environmental factors such as pH, temperature, partial pressure of CO2, hydrodynamics, etc. Actually there are many types of corrosion which occur in pipeline but in this study only focused on CO2 corrosion and only two environmental factors which is pH and temperature were investigated. In this study, SOLTEQ Corrosion Study Kits, Model BP01 is used as an apparatus to examine the corrosion rate of metal. Based on the result from the experiment, it was stated that acidic condition recorded the corrosion rate of weight loss was very high. In the temperature test with 3.5% NaCl solution, corrosion rate was high at temperature 1200C. From the research, the corrosion occured in high temperature condition and at low pH environment. As the temperature increase, the corrosion rate also increases due to the dissolution of iron ion and formation of weak carbonic acid. The weak carbonic acid dissociates into carbonate and hydrogen ion, which increase the cathodic reaction on the metal surface. In acidic condition, the available H+ ions makes H+ reduction the dominating cathodic reaction and corrosion rate is found to be sensitive at this low pH.
Author : Philippe Marcus
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780203909188
Total Pages : 760 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice written by Philippe Marcus and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-07-24 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Called "a useful contribution to the current litereture on corrosion science, engineering, and technology" by Corrosion Review, this book offers real-world applications and problem-solving techniques to reduce the occurrence of pits, cracks, and deterioration in industrial, automotive, marine, and electronic structures. It details the electrochemic
Author : Ching-Ting Liu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (135 download)
Download or read book Corrosion of Stainless and Carbon Steel in Aqueous Piperazine for CO2 Capture written by Ching-Ting Liu and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current obstacles that prevent commercial implementation of amine-scrubbing CO2 capture are the high costs. Reducing capital costs by appropriate selection of construction materials, which requires knowledge of material corrosion performance for the process, will improve the economic feasibility of this technology. Corrosion was evaluated in three pilot plant campaigns using aqueous piperazine with the Advanced Stripper (PZAS). 316L stainless steel (SS) experienced higher corrosion than 304 SS and 2205 duplex SS, and the corrosion rate showed strong dependence on the temperature. 304 and 2205 performed well at all locations and should be good construction materials for PZAS. Degraded PZ exacerbated 316L corrosion, and removal of PZ degradation products using a carbon adsorption bed significantly reduced corrosion. Carbon steel (CS) corrosion showed a weak temperature effect because the corrosion was more dependent on the protective siderite film. The protectiveness of the films was related to fluid velocity. Ni-based alloys corroded in PZ, and the rate increased with temperature. Corrosion of C1010 CS and SS (304, 316L, 430) was measured at absorber and water wash conditions on the bench-scale. Corrosion rate decreases with increasing PZ. With more than 0.003 m PZ in solution, CS has acceptable corrosion performance. Corrosion of CS increases with increasing partial pressure of CO2, suggesting loading is another dominant parameter for carbon steel corrosion. Temperature has a less significant effect than PZ concentration and loading. CS corrosion increases with increasing flow velocity at both absorber and water wash conditions. SS had little corrosion at this lower temperature. Performance of siderite (FeCO3) protective films on CS was studied at representative stripper conditions on the bench-scale. Siderite films can deposit on the surface of CS in CO2-loaded PZ solution at temperatures >100 °C and protect CS from corrosion. The protection may fail in degraded PZ. Ethylenediamine (EDA) is one of the major contributors for the loss of film protectiveness or can be the surrogate for the effect of PZ degradation on siderite film protection. A link between protectiveness and the apparent density of siderite films was discovered. The apparent density of siderite films decreases with increasing flow velocity and decreasing CO2 loading, resulting in higher corrosion of CS
Author : Feng Cheng
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 41 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)
Download or read book Comparison of Design Experiment in Carbon Dioxide (co2) Corrosion Prediction written by Feng Cheng and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The excellent of mechanical properties and lower cost make carbon steel, low alloy steel, become the main structural material used in oil and gas industry. CO2 corrosion is a common and serious problem. Every year, the CO2 corrosion causes failure with a great loss. There are many factors influence CO2 corrosion such as flow rate, CO2 concentration, pH, temperature, pressure and material property. Base on the factors which affect in model calculation. Some of the models predict corrosion rates based on different parameters and assumptions. So, it can produce different results under the same cases. Consequently, data taken from the model can be over prediction or less prediction. The objective of the study is to compare the CO2 predictive models calculated by several experimental design models (CRD, FFD, TM and RSM). Investigate the effects on carbon steel corrosion in CO2 environment combination with pH, temperature, and flow. Application several designs of experiments are important to simplify CO2 corrosion behavior.
Author : Ruishu Feng
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (951 download)
Download or read book Electrochemical Corrosion of Carbon Steels in H2S-containing Brines written by Ruishu Feng and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electrochemical corrosion behaviors of high strength low alloy carbon steel, Grade S-135, and ultra-high strength low alloy carbon steel, Grade UD-165, were investigated in alkaline brines at pH of 7.9, 10.7, and 12.4 and four H2S partial pressures (PH2S) from 0 to 69 kPa at 85 oC using in situ electrochemical measurements, ex situ surface analyses, and software modeling. HS-(aq) was calculated to be the dominant sulfide species from pH 7.9 to 12.4. After 60 hours, polarization resistance (Rpol) of S-135 and UD-165 generally increased as pH increased at lower PH2S (0 and 0.83 kPa), whereas Rpol decreased and then increased as pH increased at higher PH2S (8.3 and 69 kPa). At each pH, the lower PH2S increased Rpol or did not significantly change Rpol, whereas the higher PH2S decreased Rpol. Two opposite effects from H2S were proposed, an accelerating effect due to H2S(aq) and HS-(aq) facilitating the Faradaic reactions and the localized corrosion, and an inhibiting effect due to the protectiveness of the corrosion products. The inhibiting effect was often observed at relatively low H2S concentrations at pH 7.9 and 12.4. The electrochemical impedance did not change significantly at different stir rates for both S-135 and UD-165, indicating that mass transport in the bulk solution was not the rate determining step. The corrosion products generally changed from iron carbonate and sulfides to iron oxide as pH increased, which agreed with the Pourbaix diagrams. Solution pH in the three solutions were calculated to be 8.1, 9.8, and 10.8 at 200 oC, respectively. Polarization resistance values of UD-165 at 200 °C were consistently one to two orders of magnitude lower than at 85 °C, which corresponded to a drastic increase in corrosion rate at elevated temperature. At 200 °C, Rpol at 9.8 was the smallest after 60 hours among the three solutions. The modeled results were in reasonable agreement with the experimental CR values within a factor of 4. A new method derived from the generalized Butler-Volmer equation allowed to obtain anodic Tafel slopes from LSV even with the effect of limiting current. At 200 oC, the ba values indicated that the anodic reactions followed the Bockris mechanism at pH 8.1 and a two-electron mechanism at pH 9.8 and 10.8. As pH increased, the major corrosion products changed from pyrrhotite/siderite to magnetite although the corrosion products were a mixture of iron carbonate, sulfide and oxide. At 4 °C and 10 MPa total pressure, experimental results for two drill steels, Grade S-135 and Grade UD-165, showed a distinct drop in corrosion rate when transitioning from sweet (CO2) corrosion to sour (H2S) corrosion in 5% wt. NaCl brine. It was found that a CO2:H2S ratio as high as 1000 was still enough for sour corrosion to dominate the conditions tested. The CO2+H2S condition and H2S condition had the similar anodic and cathodic Tafel slopes, which were smaller than the CO2 condition. The presence of H2S could have caused the formation of FeS(s) at the steel surface where the pH and Fe2+(aq) concentration might be higher than in the bulk solution.
Download or read book Analysis of Corrosion Data for Carbon Steels in Simulated Salt Repository Brines and Acid Chloride Solutions at High Temperatures written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon steel is currently the leading candidate material for fabrication of a container for isolation of high level nuclear waste in a salt repository. Since brine entrapped in the bedded salt can migrate to the container by several transport processes, corrosion is an important consideration in the long-term performance of the waste package. A detailed literature search was performed to compile relevant corrosion data for carbon steels in anoxic acid chloride solutions, and simulated salt repository brines at temperatures between approx. 20 and 400°C. The hydrolysis of Mg/sup 2 +/ ions in simulated repository brines containing high magnesium concentrations causes acidification at temperatures above 25°C, which, in turn, influences the protective nature of the magnetite corrosion product layer on carbon steel. The corrosion data for the steels were analyzed, and an analytical model for general corrosion was developed to calculate the amount of penetration (i.e., wall thinning) as a function of time, temperature, and the pressure of corrosion product hydrogen than can build up during exposure in a closed system (e.g., a sealed capsule). Both the temperature and pressure dependence of the corrosion rate of steels in anoxic acid chloride solutions indicate that the rate-controlling partial reaction is the cathodic reduction of water to form hydrogen. Variations in the composition and microstructure of the steels or the concentration of the ionic species in the chloride solutions (provided that they do not change the pH significantly) do not appear to strongly influence the corrosion rate.
Author : Nicola Maria Pugno
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889635813
Total Pages : 687 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)
Download or read book Frontiers in Materials: Rising Stars written by Nicola Maria Pugno and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-04-17 with total page 687 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Frontiers in Materials Editorial Office team are delighted to present the inaugural “Frontiers in Materials: Rising Stars” article collection, showcasing the high-quality work of internationally recognized researchers in the early stages of their independent careers. All Rising Star researchers featured within this collection were individually nominated by the Journal’s Chief Editors in recognition of their potential to influence the future directions in their respective fields. The work presented here highlights the diversity of research performed across the entire breadth of the materials science and engineering field, and presents advances in theory, experiment and methodology with applications to compelling problems. This Editorial features the corresponding author(s) of each paper published within this important collection, ordered by section alphabetically, highlighting them as the great researchers of the future. The Frontiers in Materials Editorial Office team would like to thank each researcher who contributed their work to this collection. We would also like to personally thank our Chief Editors for their exemplary leadership of this article collection; their strong support and passion for this important, community-driven collection has ensured its success and global impact. Laurent Mathey, PhD Journal Development Manager
Author : ASM International. Handbook Committee
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1440 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (97 download)
Download or read book Metals Handbook: Corrosion written by ASM International. Handbook Committee and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 1440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Ipsita Bordoloi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)
Download or read book Inhibition of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Closed-loop-water Heating/cooling Systems Using Sodium Caprylate as an Environmentally-friendly Corrosion Inhibitor written by Ipsita Bordoloi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Carbon steel (CS) is widely used in water transporting systems because of its exceptional mechanical properties. However, CS is highly prone to corrosion, and uniform corrosion is the most common form of corrosion that affects CS. The internal corrosion of CS equipment is the main reason behind the failure of a closed loop water heating/cooling system. Water quality parameters like dissolved salts and gases, low pH, high temperature, galvanic and microbial activity greatly affect the rate of internal corrosion. Thus, it is important to mitigate internal corrosion of CS. One common way of mitigating corrosion is by using corrosion inhibitors. However, the commercially available corrosion inhibitors are found to be toxic and current research is focused on developing environmentally-friendly corrosion inhibitors.The objective of this work is to investigate the possibility of using sodium caprylate (SC) as an environmentally-friendly corrosion inhibitor for closed-loop-water heating/cooling system with CS as the substrate (material of construction) and the Montreal tap water as the electrolyte, under various conditions; concentration of SC, water temperature and pH, and time. Four electrochemical techniques and scanning electron microscopy were employed in the study.The results revealed that SC offered a 96% corrosion inhibition efficiency at 10mM concentration and at pH 8 and room temperature (295 K). The inhibition efficiency was found to be SC concentration dependent. Two distinctive regions of efficiency (lower/high) were identified, with the sharp transition occurring when going from 6.28mM to 6.3mM of SC in the water. The corresponding low-to-high corrosion inhibition efficiency transition can be linked to the abrupt change in surface concentration and orientation of SC. Experiments at varying temperature revealed that SC can also efficiency inhibit corrosion up to 333K. The inhibitor can also efficiently inhibit corrosion in the pH range form 7-10 pH. The kinetics study showed that adsorption SC onto the CS surface is very quick (within a couple of minutes). Furthermore, surface analysis study using SEM showed that for CS kept in 10 mM SC solution for 30 days at 295 K, there was negligible corrosion as compared to the sample that was kept in the inhibitor-free solution. In conclusion, SC can efficiently be used as a corrosion inhibitor for water heating/cooling systems made of CS, up to 333K." --
Author : Jacob Thomas Mahaffey
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)
Download or read book Effect of Partial Pressure of Oxygen and Activity of Carbon on the Corrosion of High Temperature Alloys in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Environments written by Jacob Thomas Mahaffey and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the course of the past couple decades, increased concern has grown on the topics of climate change and energy consumption, focusing primarily on carbon emissions. With modernization of countries like India and China, there are no signs of slowing of global carbon emissions and energy usage. To combat this, new more efficient power conversion cycles must be utilized. The Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (s-CO2) Brayton cycle promises increased efficiency and smaller component sizes. These cycles will push the limits of current high temperature materials, and must be studied before implementation is made possible. A large collection of high temperature CO2 corrosion research has been reported over the last thirty years. While many of the studies in the past have focused on corrosion in research grade (RG) (99.999%) and industrial grade (IG) (99.5%) CO2, very few have focused on studying the specific effects that impurities can have on the corrosion rates and mechanisms. The work described in this document will lay the foundation for advancement of s-CO2 corrosion studies. A testing facility has been constructed and was designed as an open flow s-CO2 loop with a fluid residence time of 2 hours. This facility is capable of heating up to 750°C at pressures up to 20 MPa. Instrumentation for monitoring oxygen and carbon monoxide concentration were added to make measurements both before and after sample exposure, for the duration of testing. Testing of both model and commercial alloys was conducted for temperatures ranging from 450-750°C at 20MPa for 1,000 hours. The effect of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) was studied by adding 100ppm of O2 to RG CO2 during testing. The activity of carbon (aC) was studied by adding 1%CO to RG CO2. Each environment greatly altered the mechanisms and rates of oxidation and carburization on each material exposed to the environment.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 27 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)
Download or read book Effect of Chloride Content of Molten Nitrate Salt on Corrosion of A516 Carbon Steel written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The corrosion behavior of A516 carbon steel was evaluated to determine the effect of the dissolved chloride content in molten binary Solar Salt. Corrosion tests were conducted in a molten salt consisting of a 60-40 weight ratio of NaNO3 and KNO3 at 400{sup o}C and 450{sup o}C for up to 800 hours. Chloride concentrations of 0, 0.5 and 1.0 wt.% were investigated to determine the effect on corrosion of this impurity, which can be present in comparable amounts in commercial grades of the constituent salts. Corrosion rates were determined by descaled weight losses, corrosion morphology was examined by metallographic sectioning, and the types of corrosion products were determined by x-ray diffraction. Corrosion proceeded by uniform surface scaling and no pitting or intergranular corrosion was observed. Corrosion rates increased significantly as the concentration of dissolved chloride in the molten salt increased. The adherence of surface scales, and thus their protective properties, was degraded by dissolved chloride, fostering more rapid corrosion. Magnetite was the only corrosion product formed on the carbon steel specimens, regardless of chloride content or temperature.
