Lotteries, Knowledge, and Rational Belief

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108386407
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (83 download)

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Book Synopsis Lotteries, Knowledge, and Rational Belief by : Igor Douven

Download or read book Lotteries, Knowledge, and Rational Belief written by Igor Douven and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-02-04 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We talk and think about our beliefs both in a categorical (yes/no) and in a graded way. How do the two kinds of belief hang together? The most straightforward answer is that we believe something categorically if we believe it to a high enough degree. But this seemingly obvious, near-platitudinous claim is known to give rise to a paradox commonly known as the 'lottery paradox' – at least when it is coupled with some further seeming near-platitudes about belief. How to resolve that paradox has been a matter of intense philosophical debate for over fifty years. This volume offers a collection of newly commissioned essays on the subject, all of which provide compelling reasons for rethinking many of the fundamentals of the debate.

Knowledge and Lotteries

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Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199269556
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (992 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowledge and Lotteries by : John Hawthorne

Download or read book Knowledge and Lotteries written by John Hawthorne and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2004 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work is organized around an epistemological puzzle: in many cases, we seem consistently inclined to deny that we know a certain class of propositions while crediting ourselves with knowledge of propositions that imply them. The text explores questions on the nature and importance of knowledge.

Degrees of Belief

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402091982
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Degrees of Belief by : Franz Huber

Download or read book Degrees of Belief written by Franz Huber and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-21 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This anthology is the first book to give a balanced overview of the competing theories of degrees of belief. It also explicitly relates these debates to more traditional concerns of the philosophy of language and mind and epistemic logic.

When is True Belief Knowledge?

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Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691154724
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis When is True Belief Knowledge? by : Richard Foley

Download or read book When is True Belief Knowledge? written by Richard Foley and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2012-07-22 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A woman glances at a broken clock and comes to believe it is a quarter past seven. Yet, despite the broken clock, it really does happen to be a quarter past seven. Her belief is true, but it isn't knowledge. This is a classic illustration of a central problem in epistemology: determining what knowledge requires in addition to true belief. In this provocative book, Richard Foley finds a new solution to the problem in the observation that whenever someone has a true belief but not knowledge, there is some significant aspect of the situation about which she lacks true beliefs--something important that she doesn't quite "get." This may seem a modest point but, as Foley shows, it has the potential to reorient the theory of knowledge. Whether a true belief counts as knowledge depends on the importance of the information one does or doesn't have. This means that questions of knowledge cannot be separated from questions about human concerns and values. It also means that, contrary to what is often thought, there is no privileged way of coming to know. Knowledge is a mutt. Proper pedigree is not required. What matters is that one doesn't lack important nearby information. Challenging some of the central assumptions of contemporary epistemology, this is an original and important account of knowledge.

Credition - An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Nature of Beliefs and Believing

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Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832529933
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Credition - An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Nature of Beliefs and Believing by : Rüdiger J. Seitz

Download or read book Credition - An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Nature of Beliefs and Believing written by Rüdiger J. Seitz and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-07-27 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of credition represents an innovative research field at the interface of the natural sciences and the humanities addressing the nature of beliefs and believing. Credition signifies the integrative information processing that is brought about by neurophysiologically defined neural activity in the brain affording decision making. In analogy to cognition and emotion it is mediated by neural processes and constrains behavior by predictive coding. Three categories of beliefs have been defined on the background of evolutionary biology that can be differentiated linguistically. The goal of the collection of research papers is to provide an interdisciplinary discourse on an international level in the emerging field of credition. On this basis individual, group-specific and cultural narratives of secular and non-secular origin can become normative, in particular, when enhanced by ritual acts. Also, the recently defined belief categories can pave the way for novel approaches of empirical research on the formation of civilizations and cultures as well as for new perspectives on the psychopathological understanding of mental disorders. The disciplines of empirical research such as cognitive science, neurophysiology, neuropsychology, social neuroscience shall counteract with theoretical disciplines such as anthropology, philosophy, and theology in order to elaborate premises that are suited to bridge the scientific gap. The potential contributors will submit their abstracts such that they are available for the International meeting, Credition - An Interdisciplinary Challenge, that is going to take place in October 2021 in Hannover, Germany. Following the symposium, the participants shall elaborate their perspective concerning beliefs and believing, based on their expertise, and the information they have learned during the symposium. The authors are expected to submit a concise paper of 2000 words (C Type Article).

Logic, Rationality, and Interaction

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031455584
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

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Book Synopsis Logic, Rationality, and Interaction by : Natasha Alechina

Download or read book Logic, Rationality, and Interaction written by Natasha Alechina and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-10-23 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This LNCS book is part of the FOLLI book series and constitutes the proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Logic, Rationality, and Interaction, LORI 2023, held in Jinan, China, in October 2023. The 15 full papers presented together with 7 short papers in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 40 submissions. The workshop covers a wide range on the following topics such as agency; argumentation and agreement; belief representation; probability and uncertainty; belief revision and belief merging; knowledge and action; dynamics of informational attitudes; intentions, plans, and goals; decision making and planning; preference and utility; cooperation; strategic reasoning and game theory; epistemology; social choice; social interaction; speech acts; knowledge representation; norms and normative systems; natural language; rationality; philosophical logic.

Epistemology: 50 Puzzles, Paradoxes, and Thought Experiments

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000417026
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Epistemology: 50 Puzzles, Paradoxes, and Thought Experiments by : Kevin McCain

Download or read book Epistemology: 50 Puzzles, Paradoxes, and Thought Experiments written by Kevin McCain and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-07-26 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this new kind of entrée to contemporary epistemology, Kevin McCain presents fifty of the field’s most important puzzles, paradoxes, and thought experiments. Assuming no familiarity with epistemology from the reader, McCain titles each case with a memorable name, describes the details of the case, explains the issue(s) to which the case is relevant, and assesses its significance. McCain also briefly reviews the key responses to the case that have been put forward, and provides a helpful list of suggested readings on the topic. Each entry is accessible, succinct, and self-contained. Epistemology: 50 Puzzles, Paradoxes, and Thought Experiments is a fantastic learning tool as well as a handy resource for anyone interested in epistemological issues. Key Features: Though concise overall, offers broad coverage of the key areas of epistemology. Describes each imaginative case directly and in a memorable way, making the cases accessible and easy to remember. Provides a list of Suggested Readings for each case, divided into General Overviews, Seminal Presentations, and Other Important Discussions.

The Compact Compendium of Experimental Philosophy

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Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110716933
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis The Compact Compendium of Experimental Philosophy by : Alexander Max Bauer

Download or read book The Compact Compendium of Experimental Philosophy written by Alexander Max Bauer and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2023-11-20 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relatively new movement of Experimental Philosophy applies different systematic experimental methods to further illuminate classical philosophical issues. This book brings together experts from the field to give the reader a compact yet extensive overview, offering a ready at hand introduction to the state of the art.

Optimality Justifications

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198887558
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Optimality Justifications by : Gerhard Schurz

Download or read book Optimality Justifications written by Gerhard Schurz and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-02-08 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The leading idea of epistemology in the Enlightenment tradition was foundation-theoretic: to reach knowledge, we must not legitimize our beliefs by external authorities, but instead justify them by rational arguments. Recently, the foundation-theoretic ideal of justification has come under attack, the chief criticism being that universal standards of justification are illusory because the problem of a regress of justification is unsolvable. Alternatives to foundation theory (coherentism, externalism, or dogmatism) have been developed that give up central claims of Enlightenment epistemology such as empirical support, cognitive accessibility, or rational justifiability. Optimality Justifications develops a new account of foundation-theoretic epistemology based on the method of optimality justifications. Optimality justifications offer a solution to the regress problem. Rather than striving for a priori demonstrations of reliability, which are impossible, they show that certain epistemic methods are optimal with regard to all accessible alternatives, which is more modestly but provably possible. In particular, optimality justifications can achieve a non-circular justification of deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning. This volume pursues two goals: a general renewal of foundation-theoretic epistemology based on the account of optimality justifications, and the advancement of methods of optimality justification in important domains of epistemology and the philosophy of science, logic, and cognition. Connected with these goals is the aspiration to develop new ideas for mainstream epistemology, as well as for formal epistemology, philosophy of science, and cognitive science, which are intended to attract researchers, students, and all other readers interested in these fields.

The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Contextualism

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 131759469X
Total Pages : 502 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Contextualism by : Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Contextualism written by Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epistemic contextualism is a recent and hotly debated topic in philosophy. Contextualists argue that the language we use to attribute knowledge can only be properly understood relative to a specified context. How much can our knowledge depend on context? Is there a limit, and if so, where does it lie? What is the relationship between epistemic contextualism and fundamental topics in philosophy such as objectivity, truth, and relativism? The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Contextualism is an outstanding reference source to the key topics, problems, and debates in this exciting subject and is the first collection of its kind. Comprising thirty-seven chapters by a team of international contributors the Handbook is divided into eight parts: Data and motivations for contextualism Methodological issues Epistemological implications Doing without contextualism Relativism and disagreement Semantic implementations Contextualism outside ‘knows’ Foundational linguistic issues. Within these sections central issues, debates and problems are examined, including contextualism and thought experiments and paradoxes such as the Gettier problem and the lottery paradox; semantics and pragmatics; the relationship between contextualism, relativism, and disagreement; and contextualism about related topics like ethical judgments and modality. The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Contextualism is essential reading for students and researchers in epistemology and philosophy of language. It will also be very useful for those in related fields such as linguistics and philosophy of mind.

Knowledge and Practical Interests

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199230439
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (992 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowledge and Practical Interests by : Jason Stanley

Download or read book Knowledge and Practical Interests written by Jason Stanley and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jason Stanley presents a startling and provocative claim about knowledge: that whether or not someone knows a proposition at a given time is in part determined by his or her practical interests, i.e. by how much is at stake for that person at that time. In defending this thesis, Stanley introduces readers to a number of strategies for resolving philosophical paradox, making the book essential not just for specialists in epistemology but for all philosophers interested in philosophical methodology. Since a number of his strategies appeal to linguistic evidence, it will be of great interest to linguists as well.

The effect of knowledge on belief

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 31 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (243 download)

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Book Synopsis The effect of knowledge on belief by : University of British Columbia. Dept. of Computer Science

Download or read book The effect of knowledge on belief written by University of British Columbia. Dept. of Computer Science and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using this view of knowledge, a notion of conditioning that seems like a minimal property of a default is defined. Finally, a qualitative version of the lottery paradox is given; if we want to be able to say that individuals that are typical in every respect do not exist, we should not expect to conclude the conjunction of our default conclusions."

Putting Logic in Its Place

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199263256
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (992 download)

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Book Synopsis Putting Logic in Its Place by : David Christensen

Download or read book Putting Logic in Its Place written by David Christensen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2004-11-04 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What role, if any, does formal logic play in characterizing epistemically rational belief? Traditionally, belief is seen in a binary way - either one believes a proposition, or one doesn't. Given this picture, it is attractive to impose certain deductive constraints on rational belief: that one's beliefs be logically consistent, and that one believe the logical consequences of one's beliefs. A less popular picture sees belief as a graded phenomenon. This picture (explored more bydecision-theorists and philosophers of science thatn by mainstream epistemologists) invites the use of probabilistic coherence to constrain rational belief. But this latter project has often involved defining graded beliefs in terms of preferences, which may seem to change the subject away fromepistemic rationality.Putting Logic in its Place explores the relations between these two ways of seeing beliefs. It argues that the binary conception, although it fits nicely with much of our commonsense thought and talk about belief, cannot in the end support the traditional deductive constraints on rational belief. Binary beliefs that obeyed these constraints could not answer to anything like our intuitive notion of epistemic rationality, and would end up having to be divorced from central aspects of ourcognitive, practical, and emotional lives.But this does not mean that logic plays no role in rationality. Probabilistic coherence should be viewed as using standard logic to constrain rational graded belief. This probabilistic constraint helps explain the appeal of the traditional deductive constraints, and even underlies the force of rationally persuasive deductive arguments. Graded belief cannot be defined in terms of preferences. But probabilistic coherence may be defended without positing definitional connections between beliefsand preferences. Like the traditional deductive constraints, coherence is a logical ideal that humans cannot fully attain. Nevertheless, it furnishes a compelling way of understanding a key dimension of epistemic rationality.

The Theory of Epistemic Rationality

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Theory of Epistemic Rationality by : Richard Foley

Download or read book The Theory of Epistemic Rationality written by Richard Foley and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author gives a novel and provocative account of the nature of epistemic rationality.

Epistemic Consequentialism

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198779682
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Epistemic Consequentialism by : Kristoffer Ahlström

Download or read book Epistemic Consequentialism written by Kristoffer Ahlström and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important issue in epistemology concerns the source of epistemic normativity. Epistemic consequentialism maintains that epistemic norms are genuine norms in virtue of the way in which they are conducive to epistemic value, whatever epistemic value may be. So, for example, the epistemic consequentialist might say that it is a norm that beliefs should be consistent, in that holding consistent beliefs is the best way to achieve the epistemic value of accuracy. Thus epistemic consequentialism is structurally similar to the family of consequentialist views in ethics. Recently, philosophers from both formal epistemology and traditional epistemology have shown interest in such a view. In formal epistemology, there has been particular interest in thinking of epistemology as a kind of decision theory where instead of maximizing expected utility one maximizes expected epistemic utility. In traditional epistemology, there has been particular interest in various forms of reliabilism about justification and whether such views are analogous to-and so face similar problems to-versions of consequentialism in ethics. This volume presents some of the most recent work on these topics as well as others related to epistemic consequentialism, by authors that are sympathetic to the view and those who are critical of it.

Paradox

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317489225
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Paradox by : Doris Olin

Download or read book Paradox written by Doris Olin and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-12-18 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Paradoxes are more than just intellectual puzzles - they raise substantive philosophical issues and offer the promise of increased philosophical knowledge. In this introduction to paradox and paradoxes, Doris Olin shows how seductive paradoxes can be, why they confuse and confound, and why they continue to fascinate. Olin examines the nature of paradox, outlining a rigorous definition and providing a clear and incisive statement of what does and does not count as a resolution of a paradox. The view that a statement can be both true and false, that contradictions can be true, is seen to provide a challenge to the account of paradox resolution, and is explored. With this framework in place, the book then turns to an in-depth treatment of the Prediction Paradox, versions of the Preface/Fallibility Paradox, the Lottery Paradox, Newcomb's Problem, the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Sorites Paradox. Each of these paradoxes is shown to have considerable philosophical punch. Olin unpacks the central arguments in a clear and systematic fashion, offers original analyses and solutions, and exposes further unsettling implications for some of our most deep-seated principles and convictions.

Epistemic Game Theory

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107008913
Total Pages : 581 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Epistemic Game Theory by : Andrés Perea

Download or read book Epistemic Game Theory written by Andrés Perea and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-06-07 with total page 581 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first textbook to explain the principles of epistemic game theory.