Load Testing, Analysis and Structural Health Monitoring for Evaluating the Load Capacity of Aged Reinforced Concrete Bridges Without Documentation

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 444 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Load Testing, Analysis and Structural Health Monitoring for Evaluating the Load Capacity of Aged Reinforced Concrete Bridges Without Documentation by : John Blair Prader

Download or read book Load Testing, Analysis and Structural Health Monitoring for Evaluating the Load Capacity of Aged Reinforced Concrete Bridges Without Documentation written by John Blair Prader and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Load Testing of Bridges

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429556489
Total Pages : 429 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

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Book Synopsis Load Testing of Bridges by : Eva Lantsoght

Download or read book Load Testing of Bridges written by Eva Lantsoght and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-06-26 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Load Testing of Bridges, featuring contributions from almost fifty authors from around the world across two interrelated volumes, deals with the practical aspects, the scientific developments, and the international views on the topic of load testing of bridges. Volume 13, Load Testing of Bridges: Proof Load Testing and the Future of Load Testing, focuses first on proof load testing of bridges. It discusses the specific aspects of proof load testing during the preparation, execution, and post-processing of such a test (Part 1). The second part covers the testing of buildings. The third part discusses novel ideas regarding measurement techniques used for load testing. Methods using non-contact sensors, such as photography- and video-based measurement techniques are discussed. The fourth part discusses load testing in the framework of reliability-based decision-making and in the framework of a bridge management program. The final part of the book summarizes the knowledge presented across the two volumes, as well as the remaining open questions for research, and provides practical recommendations for engineers carrying out load tests. This work will be of interest to researchers and academics in the field of civil/structural engineering, practicing engineers and road authorities worldwide.

Load Testing of Bridges

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429555970
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

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Book Synopsis Load Testing of Bridges by : Eva Lantsoght

Download or read book Load Testing of Bridges written by Eva Lantsoght and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-06-19 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Load Testing of Bridges, featuring contributions from almost fifty authors from around the world across two interrelated volumes, deals with the practical aspects, the scientific developments, and the international views on the topic of load testing of bridges. Volume 12, Load Testing of Bridges: Current practice and Diagnostic Load Testing, starts with a background to bridge load testing, including the historical perspectives and evolutions, and the current codes and guidelines that are governing in countries around the world. The second part of the book deals with preparation, execution, and post-processing of load tests on bridges. The third part focuses on diagnostic load testing of bridges. This work will be of interest to researchers and academics in the field of civil/structural engineering, practicing engineers and road authorities worldwide.

Diagnostic and Proof Load Tests on Bridges

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889662128
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Diagnostic and Proof Load Tests on Bridges by : Fikret Necati Catbas

Download or read book Diagnostic and Proof Load Tests on Bridges written by Fikret Necati Catbas and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-12-11 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Load Testing of Bridges: Two Volume Set

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351596926
Total Pages : 774 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Load Testing of Bridges: Two Volume Set by : Eva Lantsoght

Download or read book Load Testing of Bridges: Two Volume Set written by Eva Lantsoght and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-07-30 with total page 774 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Load Testing of Bridges, featuring contributions from almost fifty authors from around the world across two interrelated volumes, deals with the practical aspects, the scientific developments, and the international views on the topic of load testing of bridges. Volume 12, Load Testing of Bridges: Current practice and Diagnostic Load Testing, starts with a background to bridge load testing, including the historical perspectives and evolutions, and the current codes and guidelines that are governing in countries around the world. The second part of the book deals with preparation, execution, and post-processing of load tests on bridges. The third part focuses on diagnostic load testing of bridges. Volume 13, Load Testing of Bridges: Proof Load Testing and the Future of Load Testing, focuses first on proof load testing of bridges. It discusses the specific aspects of proof load testing during the preparation, execution, and post-processing of such a test (Part 1). The second part covers the testing of buildings. The third part discusses novel ideas regarding measurement techniques used for load testing. Methods using non-contact sensors, such as photography- and video-based measurement techniques are discussed. The fourth part discusses load testing in the framework of reliability-based decision-making and in the framework of a bridge management program. The final part of the book summarizes the knowledge presented across the two volumes, as well as the remaining open questions for research, and provides practical recommendations for engineers carrying out load tests. This work will be of interest to researchers and academics in the field of civil/structural engineering, practicing engineers and road authorities worldwide.

Guidelines for the Supplementary Load Testing of Bridges

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Publisher : Thomas Telford
ISBN 13 : 9780727727374
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Guidelines for the Supplementary Load Testing of Bridges by : Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain). National Steering Committee for the Load Testing of Bridges

Download or read book Guidelines for the Supplementary Load Testing of Bridges written by Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain). National Steering Committee for the Load Testing of Bridges and published by Thomas Telford. This book was released on 1998 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridge authorities in the UK are currently facing a large programme of bridge assessment and strengthening. This has been caused, in part, by the necessity of ensuring that the European Union deadline for allowing 40-tonne lorries on to UK roads can be met. Many bridges have failed theoretical assessments and some bridge owners, frustrated by the fact that many failed structures are apparently in good condition and showing no signs of distress, have resorted to load testing their bridges to try to provide additional information. A National Steering Committee for the Load Testing of Bridges was set up to examine the role of bridge load testing as a tool for assisting the assessment process. The National Steering Committee consists of representatives from all major bridge owners including the Highways Agency, the County Surveyors Society, the London Bridges Engineering Group, Railtrack and the British Waterways Board. It also includes representatives from consulting engineers and universities and has the support of the Institution of Civil Engineers. The overall objective of the National Steering Committee was to produce authoritative guidance on load-testing techniques; which could be used by the practising engineer to determine capacities of existing bridges/structures that are safe, prudent and minimize levels of restriction to the transport infrastructure. In June 1995 the committee appointed Rendel Palmer & Tritton in association with Peter Lindsell & Associates and supported by Professors Bakht, Clark and Harding as consultants to carry out a preliminary study of all the available information on bridge load testing. They were to recommend a detailed methodology which would form the basis of a brief to consultants appointed to produce authoritative guidelines for the load testing of bridges. Their report concluded that there is a place for load testing in the evaluation of bridges and other structures and that load testing is a valid tool for bridge managers. They also concluded that there was enough information and experience available to permit safe and effective guidelines to be written. As a result of the preliminary study the National Steering Committee decided to divide the second stage work and restrict the scope of this document to guidelines for supplementary load testing. Work on proof and proving load testing is being carried out by others under the auspices of the Highways Agency. The guidelines contained in this document were not drafted in a prescriptive form, but seek to provide advice on the appropriate use of supplementary load testing as an aid to assessment by calculation. The guidelines have been written to enable engineers to determine: when it is appropriate to consider the use of supplementary load testing; the level of risk, both public safety and economic, associated with load testing; how to plan and carry out a load test including the level of expertise necessary, the appropriate loading methods and the type and quantity of instrumentation required. In addition, the document is intended to be a source of information on load testing, measuring equipment and specialist techniques that engineers can use for reference.

Evaluating Bridge Performance: Load Rating Bridges Without Plans and Experimental Displacement Influence Lines

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781109860559
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluating Bridge Performance: Load Rating Bridges Without Plans and Experimental Displacement Influence Lines by : Jun Huang

Download or read book Evaluating Bridge Performance: Load Rating Bridges Without Plans and Experimental Displacement Influence Lines written by Jun Huang and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the best alternatives for bridges which need accurate load rating, is through field testing. Presented in this dissertation are two studies on evaluating the performance of bridges based on the results of a diagnostic load test. The first topic is focused on load rating bridges without plans using the results of a diagnostic test. The second topic is focused on utilizing measured displacements from a field test to evaluate the bridge performance.

Development of a Load Test for the Evaluation and Rating of Short-span Reinforced Concrete Slab Bridges

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)

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Book Synopsis Development of a Load Test for the Evaluation and Rating of Short-span Reinforced Concrete Slab Bridges by : Amy Eitel

Download or read book Development of a Load Test for the Evaluation and Rating of Short-span Reinforced Concrete Slab Bridges written by Amy Eitel and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There exists in the state of Ohio a large inventory of short span reinforced concrete bridges, particularly on rural secondary highways, whose actual structural reliability cannot be accurately ascertained. Quite often little or no documentation exists to assist the responsible local jurisdictions in assessing the ability of these bridges to safely carry modern truck loading.

Maintenance, Monitoring, Safety, Risk and Resilience of Bridges and Bridge Networks

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351801368
Total Pages : 946 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Maintenance, Monitoring, Safety, Risk and Resilience of Bridges and Bridge Networks by : Tulio Nogueira Bittencourt

Download or read book Maintenance, Monitoring, Safety, Risk and Resilience of Bridges and Bridge Networks written by Tulio Nogueira Bittencourt and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-11-17 with total page 946 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maintenance, Monitoring, Safety, Risk and Resilience of Bridges and Bridge Networks contains the lectures and papers presented at the Eighth International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management (IABMAS 2016), held in Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil, 26-30 June, 2016. This volume consists of a book of extended abstracts and a DVD containing the full papers of 369 contributions presented at IABMAS 2016, including the T.Y. Lin Lecture, eight Keynote Lectures, and 360 technical papers from 38 countries. The contributions deal with the state-of-the-art as well as emerging concepts and innovative applications related to all main aspects of bridge maintenance, safety, management, resilience and sustainability. Major topics covered include: advanced materials, ageing of bridges, assessment and evaluation, bridge codes, bridge diagnostics, bridge management systems, composites, damage identification, design for durability, deterioration modeling, earthquake and accidental loadings, emerging technologies, fatigue, field testing, financial planning, health monitoring, high performance materials, inspection, life-cycle performance and cost, load models, maintenance strategies, non-destructive testing, optimization strategies, prediction of future traffic demands, rehabilitation, reliability and risk management, repair, replacement, residual service life, resilience, robustness, safety and serviceability, service life prediction, strengthening, structural integrity, and sustainability. This volume provides both an up-to-date overview of the field of bridge engineering as well as significant contributions to the process of making more rational decisions concerning bridge maintenance, safety, serviceability, resilience, sustainability, monitoring, risk-based management, and life-cycle performance using traditional and emerging technologies for the purpose of enhancing the welfare of society. It will serve as a valuable reference to all involved with bridge structure and infrastructure systems, including students, researchers and engineers from all areas of bridge engineering.

Diagnostic Load Testing of Six Old Reinforced Concrete Bridges

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 562 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Diagnostic Load Testing of Six Old Reinforced Concrete Bridges by : Chad Michael Streeter

Download or read book Diagnostic Load Testing of Six Old Reinforced Concrete Bridges written by Chad Michael Streeter and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to data obtained from the National Bridge Inventory (NBI), there are over 12,000 reinforced concrete bridges within the state of Iowa on the county road system Of these 12,000 bridges, over 1,900 are considered structurally deficient based on traditional analytical rating methods. Current rating practices are based on the procedures outlined in the Manual for Maintenance Inspection of Bridges which typically underestimates the load carrying capacity of existing bridges. Since the cost of replacing all these bridges is prohibitive, a procedure needs to be incorporated which gives a more accurate assessment of each bridges actual safe load carrying capacity.

Structural Health Monitoring for Suspension Bridges

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811333475
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Health Monitoring for Suspension Bridges by : Yang Deng

Download or read book Structural Health Monitoring for Suspension Bridges written by Yang Deng and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-19 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents extensive information on structural health monitoring for suspension bridges. During the past two decades, there have been significant advances in the sensing technologies employed in long-span bridge health monitoring. However, interpretation of the massive monitoring data is still lagging behind. This book establishes a series of measurement interpretation frameworks that focus on bridge site environmental conditions, and global and local responses of suspension bridges. Using the proposed frameworks, it subsequently offers new insights into the structural behaviors of long-span suspension bridges. As a valuable resource for researchers, scientists and engineers in the field of bridge structural health monitoring, it provides essential information, methods, and practical algorithms that can facilitate in-service bridge performance assessments.

Development of a Strategy to Address Load-posted Bridges Through Reduction in Uncertainty in Load Ratings

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis Development of a Strategy to Address Load-posted Bridges Through Reduction in Uncertainty in Load Ratings by : Mary Beth Deisz Hueste

Download or read book Development of a Strategy to Address Load-posted Bridges Through Reduction in Uncertainty in Load Ratings written by Mary Beth Deisz Hueste and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maintaining the functionality of the transportation infrastructure depends on the successful management of aging bridge assets. Departments of transportation rely on the load rating process to evaluate the sufficiency of the bridge structures in their state, and they post load restrictions if the capacity of a bridge does not meet the maximum load effect based on current legal loads. Removing load postings is always of interest because there can be commerce, traffic, and emergency egress issues due to rerouting of vehicles. Posted structures come in various shapes and sizes, are built in different eras and environments, and exhibit vastly different structural behaviors. Thus, there is no clear-cut single solution for addressing the possibility of removing postings. In this study, strategies were developed to reduce uncertainty in load rating procedures in a safe and appropriate manner to potentially increase or remove the load postings of typical steel and concrete bridges. The Volume 1 report (Hueste et al. 2019a) documented findings that included a review of the state-of-the practice and state-of-the-art for load rating existing bridges, a review and synthesis of the bridge characteristics of load-posted bridges in Texas, and the basic load rating analysis conducted for selected representative bridges to identify the controlling limit states. This Volume 2 report documents further study for typical bridges, including refined analysis for more accurate prediction of load distribution, load testing, model updating and calibration, and refined load rating analysis. The load testing of the selected load-posted bridges, along with model updating and calibration based on the field measurements, is used to determine refined load ratings to compare with the basic load ratings. The results are reviewed with respect to the implications and opportunities for load rating these bridges and similar bridge structures to potentially increase the posted loads or remove the load restrictions.

Load-Carrying Capacity Evaluation of Damaged Reinforced Concrete Structures by Dynamic Testing and Finite-Element Model Updating

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 7 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis Load-Carrying Capacity Evaluation of Damaged Reinforced Concrete Structures by Dynamic Testing and Finite-Element Model Updating by : P-Q Xia

Download or read book Load-Carrying Capacity Evaluation of Damaged Reinforced Concrete Structures by Dynamic Testing and Finite-Element Model Updating written by P-Q Xia and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are many nondestructive test methods for the detailed condition evaluation of existing bridges. However, on detection of damage or deterioration, it may be possible only to make a subjective or qualitative judgement on safety. Resulting from research aimed at providing quantitative measures of bridge condition and fitness for purpose, this paper presents a practical method for evaluating the load-carrying capacity of damaged reinforced concrete (RC) beam structures based on dynamic testing and finite-element (FE) model updating. The distribution of the second moment of the cross section along an RC beam structure that had been loaded until failure was identified using FE model updating. Based on the identified second moment of cross section, the effective steel ratio and the ultimate moment of the damaged structure were estimated, leading to an estimate of load-carrying capacity. The paper describes a laboratory study using techniques that can be applied to prototype structures.

Estimating the Load Rating of Reinforced Concrete Bridges Without Plans

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (117 download)

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Book Synopsis Estimating the Load Rating of Reinforced Concrete Bridges Without Plans by : Edgardo Ruiz

Download or read book Estimating the Load Rating of Reinforced Concrete Bridges Without Plans written by Edgardo Ruiz and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are over 250,000 reinforced concrete bridges in the U.S. many of which do not have a load rating on record nor the plans required to perform the calculations. The U.S. Army owns and maintains hundreds of these bridges throughout the U.S. This dissertation describes the development of multiple regression models to estimate the load rating of reinforced concrete bridges. An exploratory data analysis of the 2017 NBI data was performed for the selection of a representative data sample. The data was found to have multiple errors and required significant processing in order to extract a reliable sample for modeling. After processing, a data sample of 31,112 bridges remained, providing sufficient sample for model training and testing. A six-variable model (Model A) was determined to provide the best performance while maintaining a desired low level of complexity. The model was tested by comparing the percentage of cases that fell within its 95% prediction interval, which resulted in 94.9% of the real values falling within the prediction interval. Given the concerns that arose of the quality of the 2017 NBI data during its exploration, as built-drawings from 50 slab bridges throughout the U.S. were collected. With these drawings a new data sample was generated by calculating the load rating of each bridge. Availability of the as-built drawings provided the opportunity to investigate other variables not available in the 2017 NBI, most notably the slab thickness. This data sample was significantly smaller than the previous one, therefore a repeated 10-fold cross-validation approach was taken to evaluate model performance. It was determined that a five-variable model (Model B) provided the best trade-off between complexity and performance. Model B performed significantly better than Model A due to the inclusion of the slab thickness variable. The models presented in this dissertation provide a valuable tool for reinforced concrete bridge owners tasked with the assigning a load rating when no structural plans are available helping.

Service Response and Evaluation of Prestressed Concrete Bridges Through Load Testing

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Service Response and Evaluation of Prestressed Concrete Bridges Through Load Testing by : Eli Saul Hernandez Ramos

Download or read book Service Response and Evaluation of Prestressed Concrete Bridges Through Load Testing written by Eli Saul Hernandez Ramos and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "During the last two decades, self-consolidating concrete (SCC) has emerged as an alternative to produce structures with longer life expectancy. Despite the advantages that come with using SCC, there are some concerns related to its structural and serviceability response. The effect of the larger paste content and smaller coarse aggregate size is of particular interest because this combination may inhibit the development of the SCC's target mechanical properties. Field tests are an effective method to monitor the service response of infrastructure. In addition, field tests have largely confirmed reserves of strength capacity in existing bridges despite their visual condition and age. Sources that explain the difference in the reported strength capacity are diverse and may be attributed to in-situ parameters that are not considered during the design or evaluation of a bridge. This study aimed at presenting an evaluation protocol using experimental data to obtain the load rating of prestressed concrete bridges in Load and Resistance Factor Rating (LRFR) format. The proposed experimental evaluation approach will enable bridge owners to estimate, isolate and remove the unreliable parameters' contribution from a bridge load rating. Bridge A7957 is the first implementation project executed by MoDOT using high-strength and normal-strength SCC in prestressed concrete members. In addition, Bridge A7957 was a unique opportunity to monitor and establish the baseline service response and strength capacity of its main supporting members. The proposed experimental data and evaluation methodology are expected to encourage more discussion among bridge evaluators to better understand and improve current bridge analysis and evaluation practices of prestressed concrete bridges"--Abstract, page iv.

Development of a Strategy to Address Load-posted Bridges Through Reduction in Uncertainty in Load Ratings

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis Development of a Strategy to Address Load-posted Bridges Through Reduction in Uncertainty in Load Ratings by : Mary Beth Deisz Hueste

Download or read book Development of a Strategy to Address Load-posted Bridges Through Reduction in Uncertainty in Load Ratings written by Mary Beth Deisz Hueste and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maintaining the functionality of the transportation infrastructure depends on the successful management of aging bridge assets. Departments of Transportation rely on the load rating process to evaluate the sufficiency of the bridge structures in their state, and post load restrictions if the capacity of a bridge does not meet the maximum load effect based on the current legal loads. Removing load postings is always of interest because there can be commerce, traffic, and emergency egress issues due to rerouting of vehicles. Posted structures come in various shapes and sizes, built in different eras and environments, and exhibit vastly different structural behaviors. As such, there is no clear-cut single solution for addressing the possibility of removing postings. In this study, strategies have been developed to reduce uncertainty in load rating procedure in a safe and appropriate manner to potentially increase or remove the load postings of typical steel and concrete bridges. The Volume 1 Report documents findings including a review of the state-of-the-practice and state-of-the-art for load rating existing bridges, a review and synthesis of the bridge characteristics of load posted bridges in Texas, and the basic load rating analysis conducted for selected representative bridges to identify the controlling limit states. The Volume 2 Report provides details of further study for typical bridges including refined analysis for more accurate prediction of load distribution, load testing, model updating and calibration, and refined load rating analysis. This Volume 3 Report provides specific recommendations for refined load rating analysis for the four selected bridges types, and provides detailed refined load rating examples for each bridge type. The effect of each refinement on the revised load ratings is evaluated, and the implications for potentially increasing the posted loads or removal of load posting are discussed.

ACI 562-19 Code Requirements for Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures (ACI 562-19) and Comment

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781641950626
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (56 download)

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Book Synopsis ACI 562-19 Code Requirements for Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures (ACI 562-19) and Comment by : ACI Committee 562

Download or read book ACI 562-19 Code Requirements for Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures (ACI 562-19) and Comment written by ACI Committee 562 and published by . This book was released on 2019-05 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: