Living Longer, Retiring Earlier, Rethinking the Social Security Retirement Age : Hearing Before the Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, Second Session, Washington, DC, July 15, 1998

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Living Longer, Retiring Earlier, Rethinking the Social Security Retirement Age : Hearing Before the Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, Second Session, Washington, DC, July 15, 1998 by : United States. Congress. Senate. Special Committee on Aging

Download or read book Living Longer, Retiring Earlier, Rethinking the Social Security Retirement Age : Hearing Before the Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, Second Session, Washington, DC, July 15, 1998 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Special Committee on Aging and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Aging and the Macroeconomy

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Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309261961
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Aging and the Macroeconomy by : National Research Council

Download or read book Aging and the Macroeconomy written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-10 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States is in the midst of a major demographic shift. In the coming decades, people aged 65 and over will make up an increasingly large percentage of the population: The ratio of people aged 65+ to people aged 20-64 will rise by 80%. This shift is happening for two reasons: people are living longer, and many couples are choosing to have fewer children and to have those children somewhat later in life. The resulting demographic shift will present the nation with economic challenges, both to absorb the costs and to leverage the benefits of an aging population. Aging and the Macroeconomy: Long-Term Implications of an Older Population presents the fundamental factors driving the aging of the U.S. population, as well as its societal implications and likely long-term macroeconomic effects in a global context. The report finds that, while population aging does not pose an insurmountable challenge to the nation, it is imperative that sensible policies are implemented soon to allow companies and households to respond. It offers four practical approaches for preparing resources to support the future consumption of households and for adapting to the new economic landscape.

Longevity Policy

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Publisher : W.E. Upjohn Institute
ISBN 13 : 0880993774
Total Pages : 171 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Longevity Policy by : John Andrew Turner

Download or read book Longevity Policy written by John Andrew Turner and published by W.E. Upjohn Institute. This book was released on 2011 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on public policy issues concerning Social Security, pensions, and older workers that arise because people are living longer. The question it addresses is, ¿What should be the retirement policy responses to increased longevity?¿ Not only has increased longevity occurred for all major demographic groups, but people are healthier at older ages. This book draws on international experience to recommend solutions for U.S. policy.

Work Optional

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Publisher : Hachette Books
ISBN 13 : 0316450871
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (164 download)

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Book Synopsis Work Optional by : Tanja Hester

Download or read book Work Optional written by Tanja Hester and published by Hachette Books. This book was released on 2019-02-12 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical action guide for financial independence and early retirement from the popular Our Next Life blogger. In today's work culture, we're expected to hustle around the clock. But what if you could escape the traditional path and get on one that doesn't require working full-time until age 65? What if you could wake up every day without an alarm clock and do the things you love most? Tanja Hester and her husband Mark left their crazed careerist lifestyle to live their dream life in Lake Tahoe, retiring early from high-stress careers. Now Tanja will help you map out a customized plan for freedom and make it easy to succeed, whether you're good at math and budgeting -- or not! Work Optional is more than just a financial plan: it's a plan for your whole life -- designed by you, not by an employer or clients. Tanja walks you through envisioning your dream life, accounting for variables such as health care and children, protecting yourself from recessions and future unknowns, and achieving a purpose-filled early retirement, semi-retirement, or career intermission with completely doable, non-penny-pinching steps. You can live a happier, more meaningful life, free from the daily grind. Regardless of where you are in your career, Work Optionalwill get you there.

Too Young to Retire

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Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 9780452285576
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (855 download)

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Book Synopsis Too Young to Retire by : Marika Stone

Download or read book Too Young to Retire written by Marika Stone and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2004-04-27 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “This little gem of a book offers sage advice on everything from downsizing to diet and exercise.”—The New York Times With Americans living longer, healthier lives, the conventional idea of retirement is obsolete. Millions of Americans are working past the age of sixty-five—not because they have to, but because they want to. Many, like Marika and Howard Stone, discover second careers, start their own businesses, or go back to school. Too Young to Retire offers inventive and exciting retirement alternatives to help readers find their labors of love, inner activists, or how to make a home away from home. Enlightening exercises and workbook pages as well as a comprehensive list of publications, home exchange organizations, and websites are included to assist readers in making meaningful choices. For those who aren’t ready to throw in the towel, Too Young to Retire is the essential resource for discovering what comes next.

What Retirees Want

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119648084
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis What Retirees Want by : Ken Dychtwald

Download or read book What Retirees Want written by Ken Dychtwald and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-07-15 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Dychtwald and Morison offer a brilliant and convincing perspective: an essential re-think of what 'aging' and 'retirement' mean today and an invitation to help mobilize the best in the tidal wave of Boomer Third Agers." —Daniel Goleman, PhD, Author, Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ Throughout 99 percent of human history, life expectancy at birth was less than 18 years. Few people had a chance to age. Today, thanks to extraordinary medical, demographic, and economic shifts, most of us expect to live long lives. Consequently, the world is witnessing a powerful new version of retirement, driven by the power and needs of the Baby Boomer generation. Consumers over age 50 account for more than half of all spending and control more than 70% of our total net worth – yet are largely ignored by youth-focused marketers. How will work, family, and retirement be transformed to accommodate two billion people over the age of 60 worldwide? In the coming years, we'll see explosive business growth fueled by this unprecedented longevity revolution. What Retirees Want presents the culmination of 30 years of research by world-famous "Age Wave" expert Ken Dychtwald, Ph.D., and author and consultant Robert Morison. It explains how the aging of the Baby Boomers will forever change our lives, businesses, government programs, and the consumer marketplace. This exciting new stage of life, the "Third Age," poses daunting questions: What will "old" look like in the years ahead? With continued advances in longevity, all of the traditional life-stage markers and boundaries will need to be adjusted. What new products and services will boom as a result of this coming longevity revolution? What unconscious ageist marketing practices are hurting people – and business growth? Will the majority of elder boomers outlive their pensions and retirement savings and how can this financial disaster be prevented? What incredible new technologies of medicine, life extension, and human enhancement await us in the near future? What purposeful new roles can we create for elder boomers so that the aging nations of the Americas, Europe, and Asia capitalize on the upsides of aging? Which pioneering organizations and companies worldwide have created marketing strategies and programs that resonate with the quirky and demanding Boomer generation? In this entertaining, thought-provoking, and wide-ranging book, Dychtwald and Morison explain how individuals, businesses, non-profits, and governments can best prepare for a new era – where the needs and demands of the "Third Age" will set the lifestyle, health, social, marketplace, and political priorities of generations to come.

The Longevity Economy

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Publisher : PublicAffairs
ISBN 13 : 1610396650
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis The Longevity Economy by : Joseph F. Coughlin

Download or read book The Longevity Economy written by Joseph F. Coughlin and published by PublicAffairs. This book was released on 2017-11-07 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oldness: a social construct at odds with reality that constrains how we live after middle age and stifles business thinking on how to best serve a group of consumers, workers, and innovators that is growing larger and wealthier with every passing day. Over the past two decades, Joseph F. Coughlin has been busting myths about aging with groundbreaking multidisciplinary research into what older people actually want -- not what conventional wisdom suggests they need. In The Longevity Economy, Coughlin provides the framing and insight business leaders need to serve the growing older market: a vast, diverse group of consumers representing every possible level of health and wealth, worth about $8 trillion in the United States alone and climbing. Coughlin provides deep insight into a population that consistently defies expectations: people who, through their continued personal and professional ambition, desire for experience, and quest for self-actualization, are building a striking, unheralded vision of longer life that very few in business fully understand. His focus on women -- they outnumber men, control household spending and finances, and are leading the charge toward tomorrow's creative new narrative of later life -- is especially illuminating. Coughlin pinpoints the gap between myth and reality and then shows businesses how to bridge it. As the demographics of global aging transform and accelerate, it is now critical to build a new understanding of the shifting physiological, cognitive, social, family, and psychological realities of the longevity economy.

Retire Happy! Retired and Inspired - Retirement YOUR Way, Live by Your Own Rules

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781989607213
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Retire Happy! Retired and Inspired - Retirement YOUR Way, Live by Your Own Rules by : Kristi Nielsen

Download or read book Retire Happy! Retired and Inspired - Retirement YOUR Way, Live by Your Own Rules written by Kristi Nielsen and published by . This book was released on 2020-01-02 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the LARGE PRINT VERSION also available in regular font. Retirement has changed! Those who retire in 2020 and beyond are living longer than previous generations. Those who retire in 2020 and beyond are living longer than previous generations. A generation with fewer seniors receiving company pensions and the first generation in a century without a retirement age enacted by the government. While the absence of mandatory retirement may seem like an advantage, those facing health issues may be compelled to continue working. Will the social systems be there to help those who need help? More seniors today, have dependent children living at home. Many have lost their retirement nest eggs, because of a faltering stock market. Don't Worry RETIRE Happy! is your guide to planning a retirement that suits your needs and goals. There are more choices open to mature and aging adults than ever before. There are more variables and more need than ever to have a plan. A happy retirement does not happen by coincidence. It requires a plan. Living with intention and passion can enable retirees to live many fulfilling years. Do you know what you really want? Do you have a plan? Do you have a contingency plan? Retirement Coach Kristi Nielsen has worked with many people as they face the decisions necessary as they reach this life transition. Transition can be stressful. Learning some techniques for dealing with this transition, can be make it easier. This book is suitable for anyone considering early retirement, facing the need to continue to work much longer than you planned or those transitioning from one life stage to another, no matter what your challenges are. The strategies discussed in this book will work for anyone facing decisions and transition. Enjoy the retirement you deserve. You have worked for years to achieve this goal. What does the ideal retirement look like for you? Are there hurdles that make your goals seem unattainable? This is a big life transition. It is not uncommon to feel overwhelmed. What you really want is probably easier to attain than you may think.

Living Longer, Retiring Earlier

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Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0788186868
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (881 download)

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Book Synopsis Living Longer, Retiring Earlier by : Charles Grassley

Download or read book Living Longer, Retiring Earlier written by Charles Grassley and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2000-05 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Witnesses: Sen. Charles Grassley, John Breaux, Susan Collins, Rick Santorum, John Warner, and Larry Craig; Barbara Bovbjerg, assoc. dir., Income Security Issues, Health, Education, and Human Services, Div., GAO; David Smith, director of Public Policy, AFL-CIO; Gary Burtless, senior fellow, Brookings Institution; Donna Wagner, dir., The Center for Productive Aging, Towson Univ.; Paul Huard, v.p. of Policy and Communications, Nat. Assoc. of Manufacturers; and Carolyn Lukensmeyer, exec. dir., Americans Discuss Social Security Project, Wash., DC.

How to Retire Early

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Publisher : SERGIO RIJO
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 93 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis How to Retire Early by : Sergio Rijo

Download or read book How to Retire Early written by Sergio Rijo and published by SERGIO RIJO. This book was released on 2023-09-22 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are you dreaming of early retirement, where you can bid farewell to the 9-to-5 grind and savor the freedom to live life on your own terms? "How to Retire Early: A Guide to Financial Planning and Early Retirement" is your roadmap to turn that dream into a reality. In this comprehensive guide, you'll find a treasure trove of expert advice, actionable strategies, and invaluable insights to help you embark on the journey toward financial independence and early retirement. Whether you're in your 20s, 30s, 40s, or beyond, it's never too late or too early to take control of your financial future. Inside these pages, you'll discover: The Benefits of Early Retirement: Explore the profound advantages of retiring early, from increased freedom and flexibility to improved overall well-being. Setting Clear Retirement Goals: Learn how to define your retirement age, calculate your future expenses, and envision your ideal retirement lifestyle. Assessing Your Financial Situation: Dive deep into evaluating your assets, liabilities, income, and expenses to understand your current financial standing. Building a Strong Financial Foundation: Discover the importance of emergency funds, debt reduction, and budgeting in securing your financial future. The Power of Investing: Explore different investment vehicles, risk tolerance, and diversification strategies to grow your wealth. Tax-Efficient Investing: Gain insights into tax-advantaged accounts and strategies for minimizing taxes in retirement. Retirement Accounts and Pension Plans: Unravel the mysteries of 401(k)s, IRAs, Roth IRAs, and maximizing employer benefits. Alternative Income Streams: Explore real estate investments, dividend stocks, bonds, and side businesses to boost your income. Creating a Retirement Savings Plan: Set milestones, track your progress, and adapt your plan as needed for a secure retirement. Minimizing Lifestyle Inflation: Learn to curb the dangers of lifestyle creep and embrace contentment on your journey to early retirement. Health and Insurance Considerations: Navigate healthcare, long-term care insurance, and medical expenses to protect your well-being. Social Security and Medicare: Maximize your Social Security benefits and understand Medicare for a smooth transition into retirement. Protecting Your Wealth: Explore estate planning, wills, trusts, and strategies to minimize estate taxes. The Psychology of Early Retirement: Dive into the emotional aspects of retirement, find purpose, and avoid common post-retirement pitfalls. Finalizing Your Retirement Plan: Revisit your retirement goals, make timeline adjustments, and address last-minute financial considerations. Pre-Retirement Checklist: Prepare for retirement by addressing financial tasks, legal matters, and the transition itself. Retirement Budgeting and Withdrawal Strategies: Discover safe withdrawal rates, create a retirement budget, and adjust spending as needed. Post-Retirement Lifestyle: Explore the joys of travel, hobbies, volunteer work, and staying physically and mentally active in retirement. Dealing with Unexpected Challenges: Learn to navigate market volatility, health crises, and unexpected expenses while reinventing your retirement plan. Success Stories and Inspirations: Draw inspiration from real-life early retirees and gain valuable lessons from their experiences. Additional Resources and Tools: Access recommended books, websites, worksheets, and calculators to aid your retirement planning journey. No matter where you are in your financial journey, this guide is designed to empower you with the knowledge and tools you need to achieve early retirement. Start turning your dreams into reality and embrace a future where financial independence allows you to live life on your own terms. Your early retirement adventure begins now!

Retire Early

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Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781974051106
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (511 download)

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Book Synopsis Retire Early by : Anthony Heston

Download or read book Retire Early written by Anthony Heston and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-07-29 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How would it feel to retire several years or even decades before than just about anyone else you know of? Most people think of retirement as the ultimate 'prize' to be achieved, only after several decades of hard work. However, did you know that now, more than at any other time period, retirees are going back to work because of the volatile economy and improper planning?There's a simple blueprint to follow for those that wish to quit the rat race forever. It doesn't matter if you're in your 20's or 60's, there are simple 'tweaks' you can start applying now to your finances to drastically reduce the amount of time it will take you to retire. Early retirement can be easily achievable to everyone that wants to be in total control of their financial life. Here's some of what you can expect to learn inside the pages of this book: Discover the common mistakes that should be avoided in order to retire forever and never step back into the office ever again! The best forms of 'retirement friendly' investments. A brief guide for the late starter. Learn all about the inevitable financial gap. How to make the money that you've saved up last up to 3x or 5x times. This book is part of the Rock-Solid Financial Confidence Series. No previous skill or knowledge is required. Just like any other skill, learning how to be in control of your finances can be easily achievable by following the right advice and taking action. Are you ready to live your new life? It's time to take control of your future job-free life and stop stressing about your finances. Start by scrolling up and clicking the BUY NOW button at the top of this page!

Gaining The Dividends Of Longer Life

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429724225
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

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Book Synopsis Gaining The Dividends Of Longer Life by : Jarold A. Kieffer

Download or read book Gaining The Dividends Of Longer Life written by Jarold A. Kieffer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-04-08 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Not all older people are unfit for work. Indeed, most people over age 55 remain physically and mentally able to work, and rather than suffer the pressures of inflation or the boredom of idleness, many would prefer to stay productive longer. Dr. Kieffer says that their extensive experience and education qualify most of them to remain self-reliant well past current retirement ages. If they are enabled to do so, it would delay and reduce the time when they are forced to be financially and, in some cases, physically dependent. He argues that unless policy leaders in both the public and private sectors act quickly and imaginatively to gain the financial and social dividends that can accrue from longer life, our country, by default, will find itself preoccupied over the next thirty years with unnecessarily high costs of supporting its longer-living and rapidly increasing older population. Dr. Kieffer explains why current retirement policies are no longer economically and politically manageable, and he suggests a cost-effective strategy whereby public and private funds could be used to enable millions of older people to remain active in jobs that serve unmet community needs. He also outlines a strategy for helping young workers build retirement income assets during their entire work lives so that the unintended burdens that have fallen on the Social Security, pension, and public assistance programs can be eased and made more manageable in the future. Lastly, he describes the roles that government agencies, businesses, educational institutions, foundations, and older people themselves can play in carrying out the jobs and retirement income strategies.

Retire Early

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Retire Early by : Richard Sodin

Download or read book Retire Early written by Richard Sodin and published by . This book was released on 2020-02-24 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you have tried everything imaginable, but have never been able to figure out how to quit the rat race and retire early, then this could be one of the most important books you have read in years. Do you want to know how you can build enough wealth to retire from full-time work early? Are you interested in knowing how an ordinary individual like you can retire in their 40s or 30s and live a happier more fulfilling life? "Retire Early: How to Plan an Early Retirement and Start Living Your Life" is your comprehensive, go-to guide for understanding how to escape the rat race and retire early whether you are in your 20s or 50s. Within the pages of this practical guide, you will discover how you can set achievable long-term goals, eliminate debts and quickly attain financial independence for early retirement. It is a research-backed fact that early retirement offers a wide range of benefits such as good health and more travels. However, with lots of wrong information about the early retirement out there, it can be hard for beginners to separate fact from fiction. This is where this step-by-step playbook comes in to help. Inside this book, you'll find a friendly guide to everything there is to know about making worthy sacrifices, creating effective health care plans, planning your whole life and transitioning from full-time employment to early retirement within a few years. Here is a preview of what you will discover inside this book: Robust information on how you can create a blueprint for a purpose-driven early retirement Specific ways you can eliminate your debts and invest in yourself How to save efficiently and create an investment plan How to get the best health insurance in early retirement A unique section, covering how to design an effective pension plan And much more... Whether your goal is to discover ways to protect yourself and your family from future problems or know how to minimize your living expenses, you will find the knowledge you need in this book. Scroll Up and Click on the "Buy Now" Button to Get This Entire Book Right Now!

Living Longer, Retiring Earlier, Rethinking the Social Security Retirement Age : Hearing Before the Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, Second Session, Washington, DC, July 15, 1998

Download Living Longer, Retiring Earlier, Rethinking the Social Security Retirement Age : Hearing Before the Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, Second Session, Washington, DC, July 15, 1998 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Living Longer, Retiring Earlier, Rethinking the Social Security Retirement Age : Hearing Before the Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, Second Session, Washington, DC, July 15, 1998 by : United States. Congress. Senate. Special Committee on Aging

Download or read book Living Longer, Retiring Earlier, Rethinking the Social Security Retirement Age : Hearing Before the Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, Second Session, Washington, DC, July 15, 1998 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Special Committee on Aging and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Growing Older in America

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Growing Older in America by :

Download or read book Growing Older in America written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Future Directions for the Demography of Aging

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309474108
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Future Directions for the Demography of Aging by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Future Directions for the Demography of Aging written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-07-21 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Almost 25 years have passed since the Demography of Aging (1994) was published by the National Research Council. Future Directions for the Demography of Aging is, in many ways, the successor to that original volume. The Division of Behavioral and Social Research at the National Institute on Aging (NIA) asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to produce an authoritative guide to new directions in demography of aging. The papers published in this report were originally presented and discussed at a public workshop held in Washington, D.C., August 17-18, 2017. The workshop discussion made evident that major new advances had been made in the last two decades, but also that new trends and research directions have emerged that call for innovative conceptual, design, and measurement approaches. The report reviews these recent trends and also discusses future directions for research on a range of topics that are central to current research in the demography of aging. Looking back over the past two decades of demography of aging research shows remarkable advances in our understanding of the health and well-being of the older population. Equally exciting is that this report sets the stage for the next two decades of innovative researchâ€"a period of rapid growth in the older American population.

Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries

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Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309217105
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries by : National Research Council

Download or read book Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-06-27 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last 25 years, life expectancy at age 50 in the United States has been rising, but at a slower pace than in many other high-income countries, such as Japan and Australia. This difference is particularly notable given that the United States spends more on health care than any other nation. Concerned about this divergence, the National Institute on Aging asked the National Research Council to examine evidence on its possible causes. According to Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries, the nation's history of heavy smoking is a major reason why lifespans in the United States fall short of those in many other high-income nations. Evidence suggests that current obesity levels play a substantial part as well. The book reports that lack of universal access to health care in the U.S. also has increased mortality and reduced life expectancy, though this is a less significant factor for those over age 65 because of Medicare access. For the main causes of death at older ages-cancer and cardiovascular disease-available indicators do not suggest that the U.S. health care system is failing to prevent deaths that would be averted elsewhere. In fact, cancer detection and survival appear to be better in the U.S. than in most other high-income nations, and survival rates following a heart attack also are favorable. Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries identifies many gaps in research. For instance, while lung cancer deaths are a reliable marker of the damage from smoking, no clear-cut marker exists for obesity, physical inactivity, social integration, or other risks considered in this book. Moreover, evaluation of these risk factors is based on observational studies, which-unlike randomized controlled trials-are subject to many biases.