Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging

Download Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482256932
Total Pages : 1301 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging by : Helmut H. Telle

Download or read book Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging written by Helmut H. Telle and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-04-17 with total page 1301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "a very valuable book for graduate students and researchers in the field of Laser Spectroscopy, which I can fully recommend" —Wolfgang Demtröder, Kaiserslautern University of Technology How would it be possible to provide a coherent picture of this field given all the techniques available today? The authors have taken on this daunting task in this impressive, groundbreaking text. Readers will benefit from the broad overview of basic concepts, focusing on practical scientific and real-life applications of laser spectroscopic analysis and imaging. Chapters follow a consistent structure, beginning with a succinct summary of key principles and concepts, followed by an overview of applications, advantages and pitfalls, and finally a brief discussion of seminal advances and current developments. The examples used in this text span physics and chemistry to environmental science, biology, and medicine. Focuses on practical use in the laboratory and real-world applications Covers the basic concepts, common experimental setups Highlights advantages and caveats of the techniques Concludes each chapter with a snapshot of cutting-edge advances This book is appropriate for anyone in the physical sciences, biology, or medicine looking for an introduction to laser spectroscopic and imaging methodologies. Helmut H. Telle is a full professor at the Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. Ángel González Ureña is head of the Department of Molecular Beams and Lasers, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.

Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging

Download Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780367868215
Total Pages : 750 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (682 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging by : Helmut H. Telle

Download or read book Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging written by Helmut H. Telle and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-12-12 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "a very valuable book for graduate students and researchers in the field of Laser Spectroscopy, which I can fully recommend" --Wolfgang Demtröder, Kaiserslautern University of Technology How would it be possible to provide a coherent picture of this field given all the techniques available today? The authors have taken on this daunting task in this impressive, groundbreaking text. Readers will benefit from the broad overview of basic concepts, focusing on practical scientific and real-life applications of laser spectroscopic analysis and imaging. Chapters follow a consistent structure, beginning with a succinct summary of key principles and concepts, followed by an overview of applications, advantages and pitfalls, and finally a brief discussion of seminal advances and current developments. The examples used in this text span physics and chemistry to environmental science, biology, and medicine. Focuses on practical use in the laboratory and real-world applications Covers the basic concepts, common experimental setups Highlights advantages and caveats of the techniques Concludes each chapter with a snapshot of cutting-edge advances This book is appropriate for anyone in the physical sciences, biology, or medicine looking for an introduction to laser spectroscopic and imaging methodologies. Helmut H. Telle is a full professor at the Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. Ángel González Ureña is head of the Department of Molecular Beams and Lasers, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.

Laser Spectroscopy for Sensing

Download Laser Spectroscopy for Sensing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 085709873X
Total Pages : 592 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Laser Spectroscopy for Sensing by : Matthieu Baudelet

Download or read book Laser Spectroscopy for Sensing written by Matthieu Baudelet and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-02-15 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Laser spectroscopy is a valuable tool for sensing and chemical analysis. Developments in lasers, detectors and mathematical analytical tools have led to improvements in the sensitivity and selectivity of spectroscopic techniques and extended their fields of application. Laser Spectroscopy for Sensing examines these advances and how laser spectroscopy can be used in a diverse range of industrial, medical, and environmental applications. Part one reviews basic concepts of atomic and molecular processes and presents the fundamentals of laser technology for controlling the spectral and temporal aspects of laser excitation. In addition, it explains the selectivity, sensitivity, and stability of the measurements, the construction of databases, and the automation of data analysis by machine learning. Part two explores laser spectroscopy techniques, including cavity-based absorption spectroscopy and the use of photo-acoustic spectroscopy to acquire absorption spectra of gases and condensed media. These chapters discuss imaging methods using laser-induced fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopies before focusing on light detection and ranging, photothermal spectroscopy and terahertz spectroscopy. Part three covers a variety of applications of these techniques, particularly the detection of chemical, biological, and explosive threats, as well as their use in medicine and forensic science. Finally, the book examines spectroscopic analysis of industrial materials and their applications in nuclear research and industry. The text provides readers with a broad overview of the techniques and applications of laser spectroscopy for sensing. It is of great interest to laser scientists and engineers, as well as professionals using lasers for medical applications, environmental applications, military applications, and material processing. Presents the fundamentals of laser technology for controlling the spectral and temporal aspects of laser excitation Explores laser spectroscopy techniques, including cavity-based absorption spectroscopy and the use of photo-acoustic spectroscopy to acquire absorption spectra of gases and condensed media Considers spectroscopic analysis of industrial materials and their applications in nuclear research and industry

Laser Spectroscopy

Download Laser Spectroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824792657
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (926 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Laser Spectroscopy by : E. Roland Menzel

Download or read book Laser Spectroscopy written by E. Roland Menzel and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1994-09-01 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work describes experimental techniques using laser spectroscopy and presents specific practical applications for this technology in many fields, including physics, engineering, chemistry, medicine and bioscience. The general spectroscopic features of molecules are delineated; transition metal and rare earth complexes are examined; and transition selection rules are explained.

Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging

Download Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466588233
Total Pages : 751 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging by : Helmut H. Telle

Download or read book Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging written by Helmut H. Telle and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-04-17 with total page 751 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "a very valuable book for graduate students and researchers in the field of Laser Spectroscopy, which I can fully recommend" —Wolfgang Demtröder, Kaiserslautern University of Technology How would it be possible to provide a coherent picture of this field given all the techniques available today? The authors have taken on this daunting task in this impressive, groundbreaking text. Readers will benefit from the broad overview of basic concepts, focusing on practical scientific and real-life applications of laser spectroscopic analysis and imaging. Chapters follow a consistent structure, beginning with a succinct summary of key principles and concepts, followed by an overview of applications, advantages and pitfalls, and finally a brief discussion of seminal advances and current developments. The examples used in this text span physics and chemistry to environmental science, biology, and medicine. Focuses on practical use in the laboratory and real-world applications Covers the basic concepts, common experimental setups Highlights advantages and caveats of the techniques Concludes each chapter with a snapshot of cutting-edge advances This book is appropriate for anyone in the physical sciences, biology, or medicine looking for an introduction to laser spectroscopic and imaging methodologies. Helmut H. Telle is a full professor at the Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. Ángel González Ureña is head of the Department of Molecular Beams and Lasers, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.

Ultrasensitive Laser Spectroscopy

Download Ultrasensitive Laser Spectroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 032314988X
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (231 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ultrasensitive Laser Spectroscopy by : David Kliger

Download or read book Ultrasensitive Laser Spectroscopy written by David Kliger and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ultrasensitive Laser Spectroscopy covers the experimental methods involved in various sensitive techniques to which lasers have been applied for the study of weak transitions. This book is organized into seven chapters. Each chapter discusses the theories, experiments, and application of the specific technique. A discussion on the advantages, disadvantages, and modifications made in each technique is also provided. Ultrasensitive techniques considered in this text include photoacoustic, one- and two-photon excitation, absorption, mass, and laser ionization spectroscopies. Other chapters examine the techniques of laser intracavity-enhanced, laser absorption, and emission spectroscopy. This book will be of value to spectroscopists, analytical chemists, and researchers in the field of ultrasensitive analysis.

Introduction to Laser Spectroscopy

Download Introduction to Laser Spectroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080455255
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Laser Spectroscopy by : Halina Abramczyk

Download or read book Introduction to Laser Spectroscopy written by Halina Abramczyk and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-05-06 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Laser Spectroscopy is a well-written, easy-to-read guide to understanding the fundamentals of lasers, experimental methods of modern laser spectroscopy and applications. It provides a solid grounding in the fundamentals of many aspects of laser physics, nonlinear optics, and molecular spectroscopy. In addition, by comprehensively combining theory and experimental techniques it explicates a variety of issues that are essential to understanding broad areas of physical, chemical and biological science. Topics include key laser types - gas, solid state, and semiconductor - as well as the rapidly evolving field of ultrashort laser phenomena for femtochemistry applications. The examples used are well researched and clearly presented. Introduction to Laser Spectroscopy is strongly recommended to newcomers as well as researchers in physics, engineering, chemistry and biology. * A comprehensive course that combines theory and practice * Includes a systematic and comprehensive description for key laser types * Written for students and professionals looking to gain a thorough understanding of modern laser spectroscopy

Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy

Download Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128188715
Total Pages : 706 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy by : V.P. Gupta

Download or read book Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy written by V.P. Gupta and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-07-10 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy, Advances and Applications: Volume 2 gives students and researchers an up-to-date understanding of the fast-developing area of molecular and laser spectroscopy. This book covers basic principles and advances in several conventional as well as new and upcoming areas of molecular and laser spectroscopy, such as a wide range of applications in medical science, material science, standoff detection, defence and security, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and environmental science. It covers the latest advancements, both in terms of techniques and applications, and highlights future projections. Editors V.P. Gupta and Yukihiro Ozaki have brought together eminent scientists in different areas of spectroscopy to develop specialized topics in conventional molecular spectroscopy (Cavity ringdown, Matrix Isolation, Intense THz, Far- and Deep- UV, Optogalvanic ), linear and nonlinear laser spectroscopy (Rayleigh & Raman Scattering), Ultrafast Time-resolved spectroscopy, and medical applications of molecular spectroscopy. and advanced material found in research articles. This new volume expands upon the topics covered in the first volume for scientists to learn the latest techniques and put them to practical use in their work. Covers several areas of spectroscopy research and expands upon topics covered in the first volume Includes exhaustive lists of research articles, reviews, and books at the end of each chapter to further learning objectives Uses illustrative examples of the varied applications to provide a practical guide to those interested in using molecular and laser spectroscopy tools in their research

Medical Applications of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning

Download Medical Applications of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781510645349
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (453 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Medical Applications of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning by : Yury V. Kistenev

Download or read book Medical Applications of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning written by Yury V. Kistenev and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Lasers and Their Applications

Download Lasers and Their Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Scientific e-Resources
ISBN 13 : 183947386X
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (394 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lasers and Their Applications by : Phoenix Walsh

Download or read book Lasers and Their Applications written by Phoenix Walsh and published by Scientific e-Resources. This book was released on 2018-11-26 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "e;laser"e; originated as an acronym for "e;light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation"e;. Laser Applications provides a firm grounding in the fundamental concepts over governing the field on Optics. This reference book is useful for the students of B.E., B.Tech. and M.Tech., courses. The present book is an attempt to treat the subject of Laser as an introductory course. With recent major breakthroughs in ultrafast laser technology and femtosecond nonlinear spectroscopic techiques, Femtosecond Laser Spectroscopy is currently a burgeoning field in many branches of science, including physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science. Attempts have also been made to cover the frontline areas in the subject. The development of Laser and its various applications in Communications, Radiation, medicine, Holography etc., has been given due importance.

Laser Spectroscopy and its Applications

Download Laser Spectroscopy and its Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824775254
Total Pages : 712 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (752 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Laser Spectroscopy and its Applications by : Richard W. Solarz

Download or read book Laser Spectroscopy and its Applications written by Richard W. Solarz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1986-09-29 with total page 712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph offers detailed and easy-to-read descriptions of the main techniques of laser spectroscopy and its applications. It is useful to engineers, technical managers, nonlaser scientists who require an introduction to the field, graduate students, and laser spectroscopists.

Femtosecond Laser Spectroscopy

Download Femtosecond Laser Spectroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 038723294X
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (872 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Femtosecond Laser Spectroscopy by : Peter Hannaford

Download or read book Femtosecond Laser Spectroscopy written by Peter Hannaford and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-27 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The embryonic development of femtoscience stems from advances made in the generation of ultrashort laser pulses. Beginning with mode-locking of glass lasers in the 1960s, the development of dye lasers brought the pulse width down from picoseconds to femtoseconds. The breakthrough in solid state laser pulse generation provided the current reliable table-top laser systems capable of average power of about 1 watt, and peak power density of easily watts per square centimeter, with pulse widths in the range of four to eight femtoseconds. Pulses with peak power density reaching watts per square centimeter have been achieved in laboratory settings and, more recently, pulses of sub-femtosecond duration have been successfully generated. As concepts and methodologies have evolved over the past two decades, the realm of ultrafast science has become vast and exciting and has impacted many areas of chemistry, biology and physics, and other fields such as materials science, electrical engineering, and optical communication. In molecular science the explosive growth of this research is for fundamental reasons. In femtochemistry and femtobiology chemical bonds form and break on the femtosecond time scale, and on this scale of time we can freeze the transition states at configurations never before seen. Even for n- reactive physical changes one is observing the most elementary of molecular processes. On a time scale shorter than the vibrational and rotational periods the ensemble behaves coherently as a single-molecule trajectory.

An Introduction to Laser Spectroscopy

Download An Introduction to Laser Spectroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461303370
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Introduction to Laser Spectroscopy by : David L. Andrews

Download or read book An Introduction to Laser Spectroscopy written by David L. Andrews and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here is the first graduate-level textbook to offer an introduction to the field of laser spectroscopy. Chapters cover a broad range of topics in detail, emphasizing the theoretical and experimental aspects of the field. This much-needed text will allow students to explore current research and gain an understanding of the analytical and industrial applications of laser spectroscopy.

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Download Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128188308
Total Pages : 624 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy by : Jagdish P. Singh

Download or read book Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy written by Jagdish P. Singh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-06-02 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Second Edition, covers the basic principles and latest developments in instrumentation and applications of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Written by active experts in the field, it serves as a useful resource for analytical chemists and spectroscopists, as well as graduate students and researchers engaged in the fields of combustion, environmental science, and planetary and space exploration. This fully revised second edition includes several new chapters on new LIBS techniques as well as several new applications, including flame and off-gas measurement, pharmaceutical samples, defense applications, carbon sequestration and site monitoring, handheld instruments, and more. LIBS has rapidly developed into a major analytical technology with the capability of detecting all chemical elements in a sample, of real- time response, and of close-contact or stand-off analysis of targets. It does not require any sample preparation, unlike conventional spectroscopic analytical techniques. Samples in the form of solids, liquids, gels, gases, plasmas, and biological materials (like teeth, leaves, or blood) can be studied with almost equal ease. This comprehensive reference introduces the topic to readers in a simple, direct, and accessible manner for easy comprehension and maximum utility. Covers even more applications of LIBS beyond the first edition, including combustion, soil physics, environment, and life sciences Includes new chapters on LIBS techniques that have emerged in the last several years, including Femtosecond LIBS and Molecular LIBS Provides inspiration for future developments in this rapidly growing field in the concluding chapter

Frontiers in Laser Spectroscopy

Download Frontiers in Laser Spectroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : North Holland
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frontiers in Laser Spectroscopy by : S. Haroche

Download or read book Frontiers in Laser Spectroscopy written by S. Haroche and published by North Holland. This book was released on 1977 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: List of participants (vol. I).

Handbook of Laser Technology and Applications

Download Handbook of Laser Technology and Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1315310848
Total Pages : 359 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (153 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Laser Technology and Applications by : Chunlei Guo

Download or read book Handbook of Laser Technology and Applications written by Chunlei Guo and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-06-23 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive handbook gives a fully updated guide to lasers and laser technologies, including the complete range of their technical applications. This third volume covers modern applications in engineering and technology, including all new and updated case studies spanning telecommunications and data storage to medicine, optical measurement, defense and security, nanomaterials processing and characterization. Key Features: • Offers a complete update of the original, bestselling work, including many brand-new chapters. • Deepens the introduction to fundamentals, from laser design and fabrication to host matrices for solid-state lasers, energy level diagrams, hosting materials, dopant energy levels, and lasers based on nonlinear effects. • Covers new laser types, including quantum cascade lasers, silicon-based lasers, titanium sapphire lasers, terahertz lasers, bismuth-doped fiber lasers, and diode-pumped alkali lasers. • Discusses the latest applications, e.g., lasers in microscopy, high-speed imaging, attosecond metrology, 3D printing, optical atomic clocks, time-resolved spectroscopy, polarization and profile measurements, pulse measurements, and laser-induced fluorescence detection. • Adds new sections on laser materials processing, laser spectroscopy, lasers in imaging, lasers in environmental sciences, and lasers in communications. This handbook is the ideal companion for scientists, engineers, and students working with lasers, including those in optics, electrical engineering, physics, chemistry, biomedicine, and other relevant areas.

Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy

Download Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323914705
Total Pages : 692 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy by : V.P. Gupta

Download or read book Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy written by V.P. Gupta and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-08-21 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy, Advances and Applications: Volume 3 gives students and researchers an up-to-date understanding of the fast-developing area of molecular and laser spectroscopy. This book covers basic principles and advances in several conventional as well as new and upcoming areas of molecular and laser spectroscopy. This third volume is an extension of the two previous volumes of the same title and includes all-new topics. Each chapter is devoted to a particular fast-growing area of research and fills the gap between elementary texts and advanced material found in research articles. Some of the topics covered include: terahertz spectroscopy and its applications in health care· linear and non-linear vibrational optical activity spectroscopy; cascade laser IR-spectroscopy and frequency comb techniques; step-scan infrared spectroscopy (absorption and emission) for detecting reaction intermediates· surface-enhanced (SERS) and tip-enhanced (TERS) Raman scattering; infrared and Raman micro-spectroscopy; time-resolved linear and non-linear infrared spectroscopy using pico-second and femtosecond lasers. The spectroscopic techniques have been applied to medical sciences, forensics, security, material science, agriculture, food, chemical, pharmaceutical and petrochemical industries and used to study molecular vibrational dynamics, and hydrogen bonding in ground and excited states. This book serves as a valuable resource for students, teachers, and beginning researchers engaged in the area of molecular and laser spectroscopy. On account of the wide range of applications, researchers and scientific personnel in many industries will find this book useful for learning about the latest techniques and putting them to practical use. Written by eminent research scientists having an intricate knowledge of the latest activities in the field Includes exhaustive lists of research articles, reviews, and books at the end of each chapter to aid in further pursuit of research activity Uses illustrative examples of the varied applications to provide a practical guide to those interested in using molecular and laser spectroscopy tools in their research Each chapter is written in simple, clear language and develops its topic systematically, from basics to the latest developments and future projections