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Laser Isotope Separation Of Erbium And Other Isotopes
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Book Synopsis Laser Isotope Separation of Erbium and Other Isotopes by :
Download or read book Laser Isotope Separation of Erbium and Other Isotopes written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Laser isotope separation is accomplished using at least two photoionization pathways of an isotope simultaneously, where each pathway comprises two or more transition steps. This separation method has been applied to the selective photoionization of erbium isotopes, particularly for the enrichment of .sup. 167 Er. The hyperfine structure of .sup. 167 Er was used to find two three-step photoionization pathways having a common upper energy level.
Book Synopsis Laser Isotope Separation in Atomic Vapor by : Petr Artemovich Bokhan
Download or read book Laser Isotope Separation in Atomic Vapor written by Petr Artemovich Bokhan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-12-13 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by leading Russian scientists, including Nobel laureate, A.M. Prokhorov (1916-2002), this first book on this important technology allows an understanding of the physics of atomic vapor laser isotope separation and new photochemical methods of laser isotope separation. One entire chapter is devoted to chemical reactions of atoms in excited states, while further chapters deal with the separation of isotopes by one photon isotope-selective and coherent isotope-selective two photon excitation of atoms. A final chapter looks at the prospects for the industrial production of isotope products by laser isotope separation. The whole is rounded off by six appendices.
Book Synopsis Special Isotope Separation Project Construction & Operation Using Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Technology (ID,WA,SC) by :
Download or read book Special Isotope Separation Project Construction & Operation Using Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Technology (ID,WA,SC) written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Introduction to Laser Isotope Separation by : Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Applied Photochemistry Division
Download or read book Introduction to Laser Isotope Separation written by Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Applied Photochemistry Division and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Separation of Isotopes of Biogenic Elements in Two-phase Systems by : Boris Mikhailovich Andreev
Download or read book Separation of Isotopes of Biogenic Elements in Two-phase Systems written by Boris Mikhailovich Andreev and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-12-01 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Separation of Isotopes of Biogenic Elements provides a detailed overview of this area of research covering all aspects from the value of isotope effects to their practical use (equilibrium single-stage isotope effect - kinetics and mass transfer – multiplication of the single-stage isotope separation factor - technological peculiarity of processes) with the purpose of extraction from the natural mixture of the enriched and highly concentrated isotopes. In contrast to traditional books on the theory of isotope separation, the theoretical part of the book describes separation in two-phase processes in counter-flow columns. The experimental part of the book presents systematic analysis of specialists in the field of isotope separation in counter-flow columns. This book will be of interest to scientists, engineers and technical workers engaged in isotope separation processes and isotope application in nuclear physics, medicine, agro-chemistry, biology and other areas. This book may also be used in teaching theory and practical aspects in courses on physical chemistry and Isotope separation of light elements by physicochemical methods. * summarises current state of isotope research, especially biogenic elements* covering all aspects from the value of isotope effects to their practical use* of interest to scientists, engineers and technical workers engaged in isotope separation processes and isotope application
Book Synopsis Laser Isotope Enrichment for Medical and Industrial Applications by :
Download or read book Laser Isotope Enrichment for Medical and Industrial Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Laser Isotope Enrichment for Medical and Industrial Applications by Jeff Eerkens (University of Missouri), Jay Kunze (Idaho State University), and Leonard Bond (Idaho National Laboratory) The principal isotope enrichment business in the world is the enrichment of uranium for commercial power reactor fuels. However, there are a number of other needs for separated isotopes. Some examples are: 1) Pure isotopic targets for irradiation to produce medical radioisotopes. 2) Pure isotopes for semiconductors. 3) Low neutron capture isotopes for various uses in nuclear reactors. 4) Isotopes for industrial tracer/identification applications. Examples of interest to medicine are targets to produce radio-isotopes such as S-33, Mo-98, Mo-100, W-186, Sn-112; while for MRI diagnostics, the non-radioactive Xe-129 isotope is wanted. For super-semiconductor applications some desired industrial isotopes are Si-28, Ga-69, Ge-74, Se-80, Te-128, etc. An example of a low cross section isotope for use in reactors is Zn-68 as a corrosion inhibitor material in nuclear reactor primary systems. Neutron activation of Ar isotopes is of interest in industrial tracer and diagnostic applications (e.g. oil-logging). . In the past few years there has been a sufficient supply of isotopes in common demand, because of huge Russian stockpiles produced with old electromagnetic and centrifuge separators previously used for uranium enrichment. Production of specialized isotopes in the USA has been largely accomplished using old" calutrons" (electromagnetic separators) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. These methods of separating isotopes are rather energy inefficient. Use of lasers for isotope separation has been considered for many decades. None of the proposed methods have attained sufficient proof of principal status to be economically attractive to pursue commercially. Some of the authors have succeeded in separating sulfur isotopes using a rather new and different method, known as condensation repression. In this scheme a gas, of the selected isotopes for enrichment, is irradiated with a laser at a particular wavelength that would excite only one of the isotopes. The entire gas is subject to low temperatures sufficient to cause condensation on a cold surface. Those molecules in the gas that the laser excited are not as likely to condense as are the unexcited molecules. Hence the gas drawn out of the system will be enriched in the isotope that was excited by the laser. We have evaluated the relative energy required in this process if applied on a commercial scale. We estimate the energy required for laser isotope enrichment is about 20% of that required in centrifuge separations, and 2% of that required by use of "calutrons."
Book Synopsis Magnetically Activated and Guided Isotope Separation by : Thomas R. Mazur
Download or read book Magnetically Activated and Guided Isotope Separation written by Thomas R. Mazur and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-19 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis describes a proof-of-principle experiment demonstrating a technique for stable isotope enrichment called Magnetically Activated and Guided Isotope Separation (MAGIS). Over the past century many enriched isotopes have become available, thanks largely to electromagnetic separators called calutrons. Due to substantial maintenance and operating costs, the United States decommissioned the last of its calutrons in 1998, leading to demand for alternative methods of isotope separation. The work presented here suggests the promise for MAGIS as a viable alternative to the calutrons. The MAGIS technique combines optical pumping with a scalable magnetic field gradient to enrich atoms of a specific isotope in an atomic beam. Benchmarking this work against the calutron using lithium as a test case, the author demonstrated comparable enrichment in a manner that should scale to the production of similar quantities, while requiring vastly less energy input.
Book Synopsis Isotope Separation and Isotope Exchange by :
Download or read book Isotope Separation and Isotope Exchange written by and published by . This book was released on 1953 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Theory of Isotope Separation as Applied to the Large Scale Production of U235 by : Karl Cohen
Download or read book The Theory of Isotope Separation as Applied to the Large Scale Production of U235 written by Karl Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2015-03-07 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element by removing other isotopes. The use of the nuclides produced is various. The largest variety is used in research (e.g. in chemistry where atoms of "marker" nuclide are used to figure out reaction mechanisms). By tonnage, separating natural uranium into enriched uranium and depleted uranium is the largest application. In the following text, mainly the uranium enrichment is considered. This process is a crucial one in the manufacture of uranium fuel for nuclear power stations, and is also required for the creation of uranium based nuclear weapons. Plutonium-based weapons use plutonium produced in a nuclear reactor, which must be operated in such a way as to produce plutonium already of suitable isotopic mix or grade. While different chemical elements can be purified through chemical processes, isotopes of the same element have nearly identical chemical properties, which makes this type of separation impractical, except for separation of deuterium. There are three types of isotope separation techniques: Those based directly on the atomic weight of the isotope. Those based on the small differences in chemical reaction rates produced by different atomic weights. Those based on properties not directly connected to atomic weight, such as nuclear resonances. The third type of separation is still experimental; practical separation techniques all depend in some way on the atomic mass. It is therefore generally easier to separate isotopes with a larger relative mass difference. For example deuterium has twice the mass of ordinary (light) hydrogen and it is generally easier to purify it than to separate uranium-235 from the more common uranium-238. On the other extreme, separation of fissile plutonium-239 from the common impurity plutonium-240, while desirable in that it would allow the creation of gun-type nuclear weapons from plutonium, is generally agreed to be impractical.
Book Synopsis Selected Papers on Laser Isotope Separation by : Jeff W. Eerkens
Download or read book Selected Papers on Laser Isotope Separation written by Jeff W. Eerkens and published by SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering. This book was released on 1995 with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SPIE Milestones are collections of seminal papers from the world literature covering important discoveries and developments in optics and photonics.
Book Synopsis Laser Isotope Separation and the Future of Nuclear Proliferation by : Ruben M. Serrato
Download or read book Laser Isotope Separation and the Future of Nuclear Proliferation written by Ruben M. Serrato and published by Universal-Publishers. This book was released on 2010-10 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Laser isotope separation (LIS) is an emerging technology that uses relatively small, widely-available lasers to achieve civilian or weapons grade concentration of fissile material to fuel nuclear reactions. To date only a few, limited proliferation risk analyses of LIS technology have been conducted. This paper provides a historically and technically informed update on the current state of LIS technology and it explains the high likelihood of increased global LIS adoption. The paper also explains how international rules governing nuclear energy are ill-equipped to handle such new technology. It traces the current limitations to broader issues in international relations theory, especially the incomplete accounts of the role of technology in the proliferation dynamic in the dominant neorealism and social construction of technology approaches. The paper introduces the concept of "international technology development structure," a framework for understanding how technology-related opportunities and constraints at the international system-level influence state nuclear weapons choices. The paper provides a thorough update of recent international laser innovations relevant to laser isotope separation and it explains how the spread of laser-related knowledge expands state nuclear options and influences their choices. The paper also provides a country-by-country update on LIS programs and it uses the example of Iran's laser isotope separation program to show how existing International Atomic Energy Agency efforts and export control approaches will be inadequate to addressing dual-use technologies such as LIS. It concludes by proposing a new course that links good standing in nuclear non-proliferation agreements to participation in the World Trade Organization, global conferences, and fundamental university research. Ultimately, the paper attempts to provide a comprehensive account of how emerging laser isotope separation technology presents non-proliferation challenges and it attempts to explore options for addressing this new period in technological achievement and change.
Book Synopsis Chemical Exchange as a Versatile Isotope Separation Process by : G. H. Clewett
Download or read book Chemical Exchange as a Versatile Isotope Separation Process written by G. H. Clewett and published by . This book was released on 1950 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis LASER ISOTOPE SEPARATION- REPORT- 2ND SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL CONFERENCE- SCHOOL- INSTITUTE OF SPECTROSCOPY OF THE USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (MOSCOW)- SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF STABLE ISOTOPES (TBILISI) - PHYSICOTECHNICAL INSTITUTE (SUHUMI). by :
Download or read book LASER ISOTOPE SEPARATION- REPORT- 2ND SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL CONFERENCE- SCHOOL- INSTITUTE OF SPECTROSCOPY OF THE USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (MOSCOW)- SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF STABLE ISOTOPES (TBILISI) - PHYSICOTECHNICAL INSTITUTE (SUHUMI). written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Theory of Isotope Separation as Applied to the Large-scale Production of U235 by : Karl P. Cohen
Download or read book The Theory of Isotope Separation as Applied to the Large-scale Production of U235 written by Karl P. Cohen and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Production of High-Value Isotopically Separated Materials by :
Download or read book Production of High-Value Isotopically Separated Materials written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this project was to complete the development of the laser systems and separator systems needed to investigate the potential for the economical separation of high value isotopes used in medical and industrial applications, then demonstrate this separation capability. The project was to focus on the isotopic purification of lead for use as solder in high-end electronics, and on the isotopic enrichment of thallium for medical applications. Ultimately the goal is to demonstrate the economical and technical viability of the technology for lead and thallium and to develop a more general capability for other possible isotope separation missions. Both lead and thallium are useful applications in this context because they require dye lasers, solid-state lasers, and a frequency doubling capability of some of the lasers. This later capability allows access to the wavelength range 250 to 450 nm, with tunable, high-power and high repetition frequency lasers. Until recently, these wavelengths have been largely inaccessible in combination with these other laser characteristics. In addition, up to two new potential laser-isotope separation applications would be conceptually developed through a process of needs analysis and technical feasibility studies.
Book Synopsis The Separation of Uranium Isotopes by : P. Caldirola
Download or read book The Separation of Uranium Isotopes written by P. Caldirola and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Energy Research and Development Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :80 pages Book Rating :4.0/5 (17 download)
Book Synopsis Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation Program by : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Energy Research and Development
Download or read book Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation Program written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Energy Research and Development and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
