Las Tic, La Innovación Y Los Efectos En La Competitividad De La Pyme (ICT, Innovation and Effects on Competitiveness of SMEs).

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 22 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Las Tic, La Innovación Y Los Efectos En La Competitividad De La Pyme (ICT, Innovation and Effects on Competitiveness of SMEs). by : Luis Enrique Valdez Juárez

Download or read book Las Tic, La Innovación Y Los Efectos En La Competitividad De La Pyme (ICT, Innovation and Effects on Competitiveness of SMEs). written by Luis Enrique Valdez Juárez and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spanish Abstract: En la actualidad las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) son un factor determinante para las actividades de innovación en la pequeña y mediana empresa (Pyme). Estas se han vuelto imprescindibles en las operaciones cotidianas de las organizaciones, principalmente en las estrategias corporativas y en el logro de la competitividad. La literatura señala que las herramientas tecnológicas son generadoras de crecimiento económico, ventaja competitiva y crecimiento organizacional, tanto para los grandes corporativos como para las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes). En este trabajo, la muestra está conformada por 100 empresas del sector industrial y de servicios de la ciudad de Guaymas Sonora (México). El objetivo principal del trabajo es analizar la influencia que tienen las TIC (infraestructura y operatividad) sobre la innovación y a su vez como la innovación influye sobre la competitividad tecnológica de la Pyme. El análisis estadístico de los datos se ha realizado a través de la técnica de regresión lineal por MCO (Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios). Los hallazgos indican que la infraestructura y operatividad de las TIC tienen una influencia positiva y significativa sobre las actividades de innovación. Además la innovación (productos, procesos y gestión) manifiesta una influencia positiva y significativa sobre la competitividad tecnológica en la Pyme.

Las TIC Como Fuente De Ventaja Competitiva En Las Pymes (ICTS as a Source of Competitive Advantage in SMES).

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Las TIC Como Fuente De Ventaja Competitiva En Las Pymes (ICTS as a Source of Competitive Advantage in SMES). by : Alvaro Moncada N.

Download or read book Las TIC Como Fuente De Ventaja Competitiva En Las Pymes (ICTS as a Source of Competitive Advantage in SMES). written by Alvaro Moncada N. and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its appearance the Information and Communications Technology (ICTS) have increasingly become a strategic resource for companies to compete in most industries, generalizing the concept that these are the source of competitive advantage. But really when ICTS are a potential source of competitive advantage for SMES? Under what conditions is obtained that these contribute to create value and improve its competitive position? What characteristics must meet these to achieve and sustain competitive advantage? This document supported in resource based view (RBV) perspective answers these questions and presents VRIO analysis as a tool for determining the value and potential of ICTS in SMES can reach and how they can help the company achieve advantages sustainable competitive in addition to their resources and organizational capabilities.

TICs en Las PYMES de Centroamérica

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Publisher : IDRC
ISBN 13 : 1552502147
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (525 download)

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Book Synopsis TICs en Las PYMES de Centroamérica by : Ricardo Monge Gonzalez

Download or read book TICs en Las PYMES de Centroamérica written by Ricardo Monge Gonzalez and published by IDRC. This book was released on 2005 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La revolucin digital, las tecnolog as de la informacin y la comunicacin (TICs) y la globalizacin imponen nuevos retos al desempeo de las micros, pequeas y medianas empresas (PYMES), principalmente en los pa ses en v as de desarrollo. Cuil es el acceso real que tienen las PYMES a las computadoras y a la Internet? Qu(r) usos le dan a estas tecnolog as? Cuil es su impacto en el desempeo de estas empresas? Basados en un extenso trabajo de campo en cinco pa ses de Centroam(r)rica, los autores abordan estas y otras preguntas, derivando en conjunto de recomendaciones de pol tica para mejorar la competitividad de las PYMES, dentro des nuevo contexto de la econom a basada en el conocimiento."

Las TIC y su efecto en el desarrollo de las pymes

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9786077929932
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (299 download)

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Book Synopsis Las TIC y su efecto en el desarrollo de las pymes by : Marco Antonio Rodríguez Peñuelas

Download or read book Las TIC y su efecto en el desarrollo de las pymes written by Marco Antonio Rodríguez Peñuelas and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Factors Affecting Innovation Revisited

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788469175255
Total Pages : 27 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (752 download)

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Book Synopsis Factors Affecting Innovation Revisited by : José Molero

Download or read book Factors Affecting Innovation Revisited written by José Molero and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Annals of Industrial Engineering 2012

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447153499
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

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Book Synopsis Annals of Industrial Engineering 2012 by : J. Carlos Prado-Prado

Download or read book Annals of Industrial Engineering 2012 written by J. Carlos Prado-Prado and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-03 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Industrial Management and the XVI Congreso de Ingeniería de Organización (CIO 2012). The aim of CIO is to establish a forum for the open and free exchange of ideas, opinions and academic experiences about research, technology transfer or successful business experiences in the field of Industrial Engineering. The CIO 2012 is an annual meeting promoted by “Asociación para el Desarrollo de la Ingeniería de Organización” (Industrial Engineers Association, ADINGOR) with a Scientific Committee composed of 61 international referees and more than 200 professionals from 7 countries. A selection of the lectures and presentations made over three days by researchers and practitioners from different countries are presented here. A range of topics is covered including: A selection of the lectures and presentations made over three days by researchers and practitioners from different countries are presented here. A range of topics is covered including: · Business Administration & Economic Environment · Technological & Organizational Innovation · Logistics & Supply Chain Management · Production & Operations Management · Management Systems & Sustainability The conference in Industrial Engineering (CIO) and its proceedings are an excellent platform for the dissemination of the outputs of the scientific projects developed in the frame of the International Research and Development plans.

Techniques, Tools and Methodologies Applied to Global Supply Chain Ecosystems

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030264882
Total Pages : 457 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Techniques, Tools and Methodologies Applied to Global Supply Chain Ecosystems by : Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz

Download or read book Techniques, Tools and Methodologies Applied to Global Supply Chain Ecosystems written by Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-08-29 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the latest developments concerning techniques, tools, and methodologies in supply chain ecosystems. It gathers contributions from a variety of experts, who analyze a range of case studies and industrial sectors such as manufacturing, energy, agricultural, healthcare, humanitarian logistics, and urban goods distribution, to name but a few. The book is chiefly intended to meet the needs of two sectors: firstly, the academic sector, so as to familiarize students, professors, and researchers with the tools that are now being used to optimize supply chains; and secondly, the industrial and managerial sector, so that supply chain management practitioners can benefit from methods and tools that are yielding valuable results in other contexts.

Information Technology and Systems

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030406903
Total Pages : 726 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Information Technology and Systems by : Álvaro Rocha

Download or read book Information Technology and Systems written by Álvaro Rocha and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-30 with total page 726 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is composed by the papers accepted for presentation and discussion at The 2019 International Conference on Information Technology & Systems (ICITS'20), held at the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, in Bogotá, Colombia, on 5th to 7th February 2020. ICIST is a global forum for researchers and practitioners to present and discuss recent findings and innovations, current trends, professional experiences and challenges of modern information technology and systems research, together with their technological development and applications. The main topics covered are: information and knowledge management; organizational models and information systems; software and systems modelling; software systems, architectures, applications and tools; multimedia systems and applications; computer networks, mobility and pervasive systems; intelligent and decision support systems; big data analytics and applications; human–computer interaction; ethics, computers & security; health informatics; information technologies in education.

SMEs and Open Innovation: Global Cases and Initiatives

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Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1613505205
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis SMEs and Open Innovation: Global Cases and Initiatives by : Rahman, Hakikur

Download or read book SMEs and Open Innovation: Global Cases and Initiatives written by Rahman, Hakikur and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2011-12-31 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Open innovation has been widely implemented in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with the aim of influencing business promotion, value gain, and economic empowerment. However, little is known about the processes used to implement open innovation in SMEs and the associated challenges and benefits. SMEs and Open Innovation: Global Cases and Initiatives unites knowledge on how SMEs can apply open innovation strategies to development by incorporating academic, entrepreneurial, institutional, research, and empirical cases. This book discusses diverse policy, economic, and cultural issues, including numerous opportunities and challenges surrounding open innovation strategies; studies relevant risks and risk management; analyzes SMEs evolution pattern on adopting open innovation strategies through available measurable criteria; and assists practitioners in designing action plans to empower SMEs.

Theory and Practice of Industrial Policy

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Publisher : United Nations Publications
ISBN 13 : 9789211216974
Total Pages : 51 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (169 download)

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Book Synopsis Theory and Practice of Industrial Policy by : Wilson Peres

Download or read book Theory and Practice of Industrial Policy written by Wilson Peres and published by United Nations Publications. This book was released on 2009 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The publication attempts to define the concept of industrial policy, to review certain relevant historical experiences, and to examine the current state of the art of industrial policy in Latin America. First section presents introductory notes regarding the importance of manufacturing in the development process. The second section defines the concept of industrial policy and its scope. The third section discusses industrial policy’s raison d’être. The fourth section provides an overview of the principal features of industrial policy at various historical times and places. The fifth section focuses on industrial policy in Latin America, presenting a balance of progresses and obstacles, and examining measures to overcome implementation problems, while the sixth section concludes.

What is Innovation?

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781840520101
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (21 download)

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Book Synopsis What is Innovation? by : Bruce Tether

Download or read book What is Innovation? written by Bruce Tether and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Moments of Peace for the Evening

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Publisher : Bethany House Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9780764201707
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Moments of Peace for the Evening by :

Download or read book Moments of Peace for the Evening written by and published by Bethany House Publishers. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inspirational Thoughts and Prayers to End Your Day Selected lines of Scripture motivate readers to use the gifts God has given. This Moments of Peace book will encourage readers of all ages.

Marketing and Smart Technologies

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9813341831
Total Pages : 783 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Marketing and Smart Technologies by : Álvaro Rocha

Download or read book Marketing and Smart Technologies written by Álvaro Rocha and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-09 with total page 783 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes selected papers presented at the International Conference on Marketing and Technologies (ICMarkTech 2020), held at ISCTE - University Institute of Lisbon, in the city of Lisbon in Portugal, between 8 and 10 October 2020. It covers up-to-date cutting-edge research on artificial intelligence applied in marketing, virtual and augmented reality in marketing, business intelligence databases and marketing, data mining and big data, marketing data science, web marketing, e-commerce and v-commerce, social media and networking, geomarketing and IoT, marketing automation and inbound marketing, machine learning applied to marketing, customer data management and CRM, and neuromarketing technologies.

Peaceful Surrender

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Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443831360
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis Peaceful Surrender by : Fernando Collantes

Download or read book Peaceful Surrender written by Fernando Collantes and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2011-05-25 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Migration to the cities had been a part of European rural life long before the start of modern industrialisation and urbanisation. In the era of modern development, however, rural-urban migration intensified in an unprecedented way and many rural communities depopulated. While during the pre-industrial period migration had contributed to the economic and social reproduction of rural communities, it now challenged the continuity of the rural lifestyle. This book analyses the topic for the case of Spain, which in the twentieth century experienced one of the most intense processes of rural depopulation in modern Europe. The interaction between Spanish industrialisation and rural migration, the demographic implications of agrarian change, the obstacles to the development of rural non-farm activities, the rural problems of access to infrastructures and services, the role of public policy, and the consequences of depopulation for the rural community are the central elements of this study, which inserts the Spanish case within its European context. Distanced from both the anti-modern stance that idealises paradise lost and the Panglossian mood that welcomes anything that came with modernisation, the book explains how the adaptive strategies put into practice by rural populations led to a “peaceful surrender” of traditional rural society.

Firm Innovation and Productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1349581518
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (495 download)

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Book Synopsis Firm Innovation and Productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean by : Inter-American Development Bank

Download or read book Firm Innovation and Productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean written by Inter-American Development Bank and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-01 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume uses the study of firm dynamics to investigate the factors preventing faster productivity growth in Latin America and the Caribbean, pushing past the limits of traditional macroeconomic analyses. Each chapter is dedicated to an examination of a different factor affecting firm productivity - innovation, ICT usage, on-the-job-training, firm age, access to credit, and international linkages - highlighting the differences in firm characteristics, behaviors, and strategies. By showcasing this remarkable heterogeneity, this collection challenges regional policymakers to look beyond one-size-fits-all solutions and create balanced policy mixes tailored to distinct firm needs. This book is open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO license.

ICGR 2018 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Gender Research

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Publisher : Acpil
ISBN 13 : 9781911218777
Total Pages : 650 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis ICGR 2018 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Gender Research by : Ana Azevedo

Download or read book ICGR 2018 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Gender Research written by Ana Azevedo and published by Acpil. This book was released on 2018-03-22 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These proceedings represent the work of researchers participating in the International Conference on Gender Research (ICGR 2018) which is being hosted this year by the ISCAP in Porto, Portugal on 12-13 April 2018. ICGR is a new event on the international research conferences calendar and provides a valuable platform for individuals to present their research findings, display their work in progress and discuss conceptual and empirical advances in the areas surrounding Gender Research. It provides an important opportunity for researchers across a diverse range of fields all looking at aspects relating to Gender to come together with peers to share their varied and valuable experiences. The first day will be opened with a keynote presentation by Bruce I Newman from DePaul University in Chicago, USA who will address the topic Gender and Democracy. In the afternoon, there will be an additional keynote address on Empowering women in the IT/IS research: the importance of role models given by Isabel Ramos from, University of Minho, Portugal. The second day of the conference will be opened by Paola Paoloni from "NiccolÒ Cusano" University, Rome, Italy. Paola will be talking about A Relational Capital Dimension in Universities. In this event, participants will have the opportunity to have access to the latest research and developments concerning Gender Research and after an initial submission of 180 Abstracts, there will be 62 Research Papers, 8 PhD Research Papers, 2 Masters Papers, 1 Non-Academic and 4 Work in Progress Paper published in these Conference Proceedings. These papers represent truly global research in the field, with contributions from Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, The Netherlands, Turkey, UAE, UK and USA.

Hidden Champions of the Twenty-First Century

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387981470
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (879 download)

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Book Synopsis Hidden Champions of the Twenty-First Century by : Hermann Simon

Download or read book Hidden Champions of the Twenty-First Century written by Hermann Simon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-10 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chapter 5: Customers, Products, Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Close Customer Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Customer Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Dependence on the Customer and Risk Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Achieving Closeness to Customer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Product and Service Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Chapter 6: Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 What Does Innovation Mean?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 High Level of Innovativeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Driving Forces of Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 The Origin of Innovations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Leadership and Organizational Aspects of Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Chapter 7: Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Competitive Structure and Conduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 The Hidden Champions in the Light of Porter’s “Five Forces” . . . . . 195 Competitive Advantages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Sustainability of Competitive Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Demonstration of Competitive Superiority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Competitive Edge and Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Sparring Partners for Competitive Fitness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Excessive Competitive Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Chapter 8: Financing, Organization, and Business Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Contents ix Organization of the Value Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Business Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Entrepreneurial Clusters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Chapter 9: Employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Job Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Corporate Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Quali?cations and Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Creativity of Employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Recruiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Chapter 10: The Leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Structures of Ownership and Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 How Crucial Is Leadership? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Leadership Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Young to the Top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Powerful Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Internationalization of Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Personalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Leadership Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Management Succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Chapter 11: Hidden Champions: Audit and Strategy Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 What Is Strategy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Hidden Champion Strategy: For Whom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Hidden Champions – Audits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Strategy Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Strategies for Value Propositions and Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Organization and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .